重症急性胰腺炎并存慢重症患者肠内营养不耐受的护理

对1例重症急性胰腺炎术后并存慢重症患者予抗感染、抑酸、抑酶、维持电解质稳定、补充白蛋白、纤维蛋白原、调节免疫等治疗,启动早期肠内营养,采用肠内营养泵输注肠内营养制剂;治疗过程中发生5次肠内营养不耐受,加强肠内营养耐受性评估与管理,根据肠内营养耐受性分级干预方案进行护理干预;加强腹腔穿刺引流和腹腔双套管持续冲洗;严密监测和控制血糖,避免高血糖引起的喂养不耐受;根据营养耐受情况调整肠内营养制剂及用量;加强造口及皮肤护理;术后早期功能锻炼,做好序贯性脱机护理.住院104 d患者恢复百普力目标量全肠内营养支持,全身营养状况改善;住院126 d患者呼吸机撤机成功,转至普通病房继续治疗.     

食管癌术后肠内营养患者胃潴留的影响因素分析

目的探讨食管癌术后肠内营养患者胃潴留的影响因素。方法观察165例食管癌术后肠内营养患者胃潴留的发生情况,分析其影响因素。结果胃潴留发生率22.42%,高血糖、低血压、低血钾、便秘、肺部感染为其影响因素(均P0.01)。结论食管癌术后肠内营养的患者发生胃潴留与多重因素相关,尤其是伴高血糖、低血压、低血钾、便秘、肺部感染患者,需采取措施积极处理,预防胃潴留的发生。     

住院患者营养风险筛查及营养支持状况分析

目的调查住院患者营养风险及营养支持的应用状况。方法采用横断面调查的方法,对1 182例住院患者进行营养风险筛查,并调查其营养支持应用现状。结果 1 182例住院患者中,营养风险的发生率为24.45%,男性营养风险发生率23.89%,女性25.14%。住院患者营养支持应用率为35.03%,肠内营养应用率为4.65%,肠外营养应用率为28.09%,肠内联合肠外营养应用率为2.28%。结论住院患者存在营养风险,肠内肠外营养临床应用存在不合理性,应推广和应用基于循证医学的肠外肠内营养指南和应用规范。     

胃癌根治术后早期肠内营养支持的效果观察

目的探讨早期肠内营养支持对胃癌根治术后患者恢复的影响。方法将22例胃癌术后患者随机分为肠内营养组与肠外营养组,于术后20h内开始分别给予肠内与肠外营养,比较两组患者术后肛门首次排气时间、住院时间及并发症情况。结果与肠外营养组比较,肠内营养组患者术后肛门首次排气时间短、住院时间短,两组均无严重并发症发生。结论早期肠内营养可加快胃癌根治术后患者胃肠功能的恢复,是一种安全可行的营养支持方式。     

食管癌患者术后早期肠内营养的临床研究

目的 研究食管癌患者术后早期肠内营养的实施方法、效果。方法 对209例食管癌患者依据术后给予不同的营养支持方法分为两组，肠内营养组：146例，食管癌术后施行早期肠内营养；静脉营养组：63例，食管癌术后给予全静脉营养支持；比较两组患者术后并发症发生情况、术后恢复情况，检测手术后理化指标。结果 两组患者术后均未发生吻合口瘘。术后并发症发生率肠内营养组明显低于静脉营养组（P〈0．01），而肠内营养组腹泻发生率高于静脉营养组（P=0．000）；术后肠鸣音恢复时间，肛门排气、排便时间和住院时间肠内营养组较静脉营养组短（P=0．000），住院费用、胃肠减压总量、胸腔引流液量亦较静脉营养组明显减少（P=0．000）。术后白蛋白、球蛋白、总蛋白量肠内营养组高于静脉营养组（P=0．000），而血尿素氮、肌酐和中性粒细胞数低于静脉营养组（P=0．000）。结论 食管癌患者术后早期肠内营养是安全、有效、可行的，较静脉营养有明显的优势。     

含缓释淀粉的肠内营养在重型颅脑损伤患者中的应用

目的探讨含缓释淀粉的肠内营养液(瑞代)在重性颅脑损伤患者中的应用。方法将本本院2013年1月至2016年12月80例重型颅脑损伤后高血糖患者,并按随机数字表法分为观察组及对照组,每组40例。所有患者均按照《颅脑创伤临床救治指南》的要求给予手术、脱水、抗感染、抗癫痫、营养脑细胞、保护胃等常规治疗,并于入院后24~48小时内开始鼻胃管行肠内营养。其中观察组为:缓释淀粉肠内营养组;对照组为:一般肠内营养组。比较两组干预前及干预后7天、14天、21天清晨空腹血糖水平、住院21天糖化血红蛋白、28天死亡率,观察指标用SPSS17.0进行统计分析。结果两组患者干预前血糖水平无统计学意义(P0.05),而使用观察组干预后7天、14天、21天清晨空腹血糖水平、住院21天糖化血红蛋白以及28天死亡率均明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论使用含缓释淀粉的肠内营养能有效降低重型颅脑损伤患者应激性高血糖病人的血糖水平,同时也降低了这类病人的病死率,从而改善预后。     

对肠内营养支持的再认识

目的对肠内营养支持的发展现状进行总结。方法复习近年来国内外关于肠内营养支持的研究文献,并进行综述。结果存在营养不良和营养风险的患者仍占据住院患者群体的一大部分。在其治疗过程中,肠内营养支持发挥了重要作用,其能够改善患者不良临床结局,如缩短住院时间及减少住院花费。肠内营养途径有口服和管饲,目前喂养管放置技术包括鼻胃置管、鼻空肠置管、术中胃或空肠造口、经皮内镜下胃造口、经皮内镜下胃造口-空肠置管等。在实施肠内营养(尤其是术后开展早期肠内营养支持)过程中,需重视患者的耐受性,如腹胀腹泻、反流和误吸,以利于患者的术后康复。结论专业化和个体化应始终贯彻在临床肠内营养支持的全过程。     

胆肠吻合术中空肠盲襻造瘘行肠内营养的临床应用

目的探讨实施肠内营养的途径。方法采用回顾性研究的方法，分析兰州大学第一医院2007年1月1日至2007年12月31日实施胆肠吻合术的15例患者的临床资料，包括复发性胆管结石4例，胆管癌3例，胆总管囊肿3例，壶腹癌（不能根治）5例；平均年龄75．5岁；在行胆肠Roux—en—Y吻合时，利用空肠盲襻实施空肠造瘘，术后第12h开始肠内营养。统计肛门排气时间、住院时间及并发症。结果15例患者平均肛门排气时间为54．6h，平均住院时间为12d，平均营养管拔除时间为20d；发生吻合口漏1例，肺部感染1例，切口感染1例，无一例因造瘘而发生机械性肠梗阻。结论胆肠吻合利用空肠盲襻实施空肠造瘘肠内营养是肠内营养一种方便、可行的途径，它可以减少并发症的发生，缩短患者的住院时间，减轻患者的经济负担。与传统的方法比较，不会引起咽部不适及肺部感染，患者依从性好；不会导致机械性肠梗阻，安全可行。     

外科护士对围术期常规检查认知情况的调查

目的 探讨自制肠内营养液在食管癌术后患者早期应用的临床疗效。方法 将100例食管癌患者随机分为观察组和对照组各50例。对照组采用常规全胃肠外营养治疗方法，即术后静脉输入营养混合液，停止胃肠减压后过渡至肠内营养；观察组采用术中置入鼻肠管，术后24～48h经鼻肠管滴注自制肠内营养液。结果 观察组肛门排气时间、住院时间显著短于对照组（均P〈0．01）；并发症发生率显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论 食管癌术后早期应用自制肠内营养液，对维持机体的正常代谢功能，减少并发症的发生有重要作用。     

食管癌和贲门癌患者术后早期鼻饲匀浆膳并发症分析

食管癌、贲门癌术后早期进行肠内营养既安全可行又可减少患者并发症,促进康复。但术后十二指肠营养管的管理是肠内营养成功的必要保证。我院自2001年1月至2004年12月共施行食管癌、贲门癌切除术1631例。在术中均放置十二指肠营养管（以下简称营养管），于术后第2天鼻饲匀浆膳进行肠内营养。现将术后与营养管有关的并发症发生情况做回顾性分析．以提高营养管及肠内营养的管理。     

等热量不同糖成分营养制剂对重型颅脑损伤患者血糖影响的随机对照研究

目的探讨持续泵人等热量不同糖成分营养制剂对重型颅脑损伤患者血糖的影响。方法60例重型颅脑损伤患者随机分为普通肠内营养制剂组（30例）和糖尿病专用型肠内营养制剂组（30例）,在相等非蛋白热量（104．6kJ／Kg·d）摄入条件下,进行14天不同糖成分的肠内营养制剂对重型颅脑损伤患者血糖影响的前瞻性随机对照研究。结果两组患者2周内每日平均血糖水平及每日平均胰岛素剂量比较差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。28天生存率和改良Rankin评分两组比较差异均无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论持续肠内泵入普通肠内营养制剂和糖尿病专用型肠内营养制剂对血糖影响差异不明显,重型颅脑损伤并发高血糖患者可选择该制剂。     

胃癌术后患者早期肠内营养达标状况及其影响因素研究

目的了解胃癌术后患者早期肠内营养达标状况,分析影响营养达标的因素,为进一步制定有效护理措施改善胃癌术后患者营养支持状况提供参考。方法根据肠内营养制剂第3天供给热量能否达到患者需求[104.6kJ/(kg.d)]的60%,将82例患者分为达标组和未达标组,分析比较两组患者的一般资料及临床特征,通过Logistic回归进行多因素分析,探讨影响早期肠内营养达标的主要因素。结果82例患者中17例(20.73%)达标。达标组患者体质量水平、术中出血量、肠内营养不耐受例数显著低于/少于未达标组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。Logistic回归分析显示,患者体质量、术中失血量、肠内营养不耐受对早期营养达标有影响。结论胃癌术后早期肠内营养实施状况有待进一步提高,体质量越重、术中失血量越多、肠内营养不耐受发生率越高的患者早期肠内营养不达标的危险大。     

Nutrition support for patients after cardiopulmonary bypass: required modifications of the TPN solution.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to identify the unique metabolic characteristics of patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery who require postoperative parenteral nutrition. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Patients undergoing CPB surgery occasionally develop postoperative complications that result in the need for nutrition support. Although enteral nutrition is generally the preferred feeding route, symptomatic hyperlipasemia has been described in critically ill CPB patients receiving enteral nutrition proximal to the ligament of Treitz. In such instances, enteral feeding must be temporarily discontinued or severely curtailed, thereby necessitating the initiation of parenteral nutrition for full or partial support. METHODS: The period from 1988 through 1993 during which time 4091 CPB procedures were performed was reviewed. Data were retrospectively collected on 208 (5%) of the patients who underwent CPB who developed postoperative complications that necessitated the initiation of parenteral nutrition (PN) support. A random sample of 79 patients who underwent CPB who did not require PN were selected as controls. RESULTS: Patients requiring PN after CPB were significantly older and had a higher prevalence of diabetes and metabolic complications, specifically volume overload, hyponatremia, metabolic alkalosis, uremia, and hyperglycemia, than those patients who did not require PN after CPB. In addition, patients requiring PN after CPB were significantly more hypotensive and required more vasopressive drugs during the first 24 to 48 hours after surgery than control patients. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with postoperative complications after CPB, PN is often necessary to correct the metabolic characteristics of overhydration, hyponatremia, uremia, hyperglycemia, and alkalosis.     

贲门周围血管离断术后早期肠内外营养支持的临床研究

目的比较早期肠内外营养在肝硬化门静脉高压症贲门周围血管离断术后病人支持治疗中的作用和地位。方法40例贲门周围血管离断术病人按随机表分别进入肠内(EN)或肠外(PN)营养组，术后分别接受肠内外营养，观察两种营养方式对病人基础营养状况、内脏蛋白合成能力、肝功能、门静脉血流速度、胃肠功能、肠道细菌移位、死亡率、并发症率、住ICU时间、术后住院时间和经济消耗等方面的影响。结果两种营养方式均能改善病人的营养状况。肠内营养术后并发症少，在提高门静脉血流速度，刺激肠道蠕动，防止肠道菌群移位，缩短住ICU和住院时间以及减少经济消耗方面优于肠外营养，且差异显著。结论建议临床中对此类病人尽可能选用肠内营养支持。     

Nutrition and anabolic agents in burned patients

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Much of the morbidity and mortality of severely burned patients is connected with hypermetabolism and catabolism with its accompanying impairment of wound healing and increased infection risks. In order to prevent the erosion of body mass, nutritional support and other strategies to prevent catabolism have become a major focus in the care of severely burned patients. RECENT FINDINGS: Major themes discussed in recent literature are dealing with enteral versus parenteral nutrition and gastric versus duodenal feeding. The possibility of overfeeding is another important aspect of high calorie nutrition as commonly used in burned patients. Specific formulas for enteral nutrition for specific metabolic abnormalities are under evaluation as well as the role of anabolic and anticatabolic agents. SUMMARY: From the clinical literature, total enteral nutrition starting as early as possible without any supplemental parenteral nutrition is the preferred feeding method for burned patients. Using a duodenal approach, especially in the early postburn phase, seems to be superior to gastric feeding. Administration of high calorie total enteral nutrition in any later septic phase should be critically reviewed due to possible impairment of splanchnic oxygen balance. Therefore, measurement of CO(2)-gap should be considered as a monitoring method during small bowel nutrition. The impact on the course of disease of supplements such as arginine, glutamine and vitamins as well as the impact of the use of anabolic and anticatabolic agents is not yet evident. Furthermore, the effect of insulin administration and low blood sugar regimes on wound healing and outcome in burned patients should be evaluated in future studies.     

ICU患者肠内营养相关性腹胀预防及管理最佳证据总结

目的 检索并获取ICU患者肠内营养相关性腹胀的的相关证据,为临床医务人员提供循证决策依据.方法 按照证据金字塔"6S"模型检索Best Practice、UpToDate、Joanna Briggs Institute(JBI)循证卫生保健中心数据库、美国肠外肠内营养学会、Cochrane Library、PubMed...     

Bactericidal activity against coagulase-negative staphylococci is impaired in infants receiving long-term parenteral nutrition

OBJECTIVE: To examine the role of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) in predisposing infants to infection caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Total parenteral nutrition is an important means of providing essential nutrients to newborn infants. However, its use has been associated with complications, particularly infection caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci. Recent data suggest that TPN may modulate immune function; however, reports directly indicating impaired immunity against coagulase-negative staphylococci during TPN are limited. METHODS: Study 1 involved 31 infants younger than 4 months who had undergone surgery and were not receiving antibiotics; 20 were receiving TPN and 11 were receiving a normal enteral diet. An in vitro whole blood model was used to measure the host bactericidal activity against coagulase-negative staphylococci. Bacterial killing and phagocytosis were measured after a 45-minute challenge with viable coagulase-negative staphylococci. In study 2, whole blood killing and intracellular killing of coagulase-negative staphylococci were measured in five newborn infants (younger than 2 months) who were receiving long-term TPN (>10 days), five control infants receiving a normal enteral diet, and five healthy adults. RESULTS: In study 1, infants receiving a normal enteral diet showed a high capacity to ingest and kill coagulase-negative staphylococci. In contrast, the blood of infants receiving long-term TPN showed a reduction in coagulase-negative staphylococci phagocytosis and killing. There were significant negative linear correlations between the duration of TPN and killing of coagulase-negative staphylococci and phagocytosis of coagulase-negative staphylococci. In study 2, infants receiving long-term TPN had lower whole blood killing and intracellular killing than infants receiving a normal enteral diet and healthy adult volunteers. These data seem to indicate a neutrophil dysfunction mediated by TPN in infancy. CONCLUSIONS: Host defense mechanisms, including phagocytosis and killing of coagulase-negative staphylococci, are impaired during long-term TPN. The impaired bactericidal activity seems to be related to defective intracellular killing in neutrophils. These findings may explain the high rate of septicemia caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci in infants receiving TPN.     

胃癌切除术后患者肠内营养实施中应注重的细节

肠内营养可以提高患者免疫力,为患者的营养支持提供合理的营养途径。由于其廉价、简便、不良反应小等优点。目前的应用越来越广泛。肠内营养具有诸多优势,尤其对于术后患者的恢复具有积极作用。然而。肠内营养支持同样具有局限性．在具体的实施中也要格外注意应用细节。本文以胃癌患者为例．探讨分析了肠内营养支持中应注意的一些重要细节。     

重度颅脑损伤患者早期合理营养支持治疗60例的体会

目的探讨重型颅脑损伤患者早期营养支持的方法及合理性。方法 观察组60例重型颅脑损伤患者实施早期肠外营养及肠内营养支持,对照组56例同类患者采用传统的营养支持治疗,观察血糖、白蛋白、淋巴细胞计数。结果观察组7、14 d的血浆白蛋白、血糖控制程度及外周血淋巴细胞总数未出现明显异常。结论重型颅脑损伤后进行早期合理营养支持对改善预后有重要的临床价值。     

住院患儿营养风险筛查及营养护理现状调查

目的了解住院患儿的营养风险、营养不良发生率及临床营养支持现状,为开展临床营养支持护理提供参考。方法对309例住院患儿采用STRONGkids儿童营养风险筛查工具、世界卫生组织2006年儿童青少年体格发育参考标准及自制患儿营养支持情况调查表,通过现场查阅病历信息、床边查看营养护理及测量相关数据的方法收集资料。结果 8.41%住院患儿存在高度营养风险,48.87%存在中度营养风险;营养不良检出率为22.65%。111例(35.92%)患儿实施营养支持,其中肠内营养17例、肠外营养68例,肠内联合肠外营养26例。结论住院患儿的营养不良及营养风险发生率较高,营养支持率偏低,营养支持方式欠佳。应正确评估住院患儿的营养状况,指导制定合理的营养支持方案,以改善患儿营养状况,促进疾病恢复。