游离股前内侧嵌合穿支肌皮瓣在舌癌术后舌再造中的临床应用

目的探讨游离股前内侧嵌合穿支肌皮瓣在舌癌术后舌再造中的应用。方法2015年6月—2018年11月应用股前内侧嵌合穿支肌皮瓣对14例舌癌患者舌颌颈联合根治术后同期行舌及口底缺损修复,口底腔隙同时用不同来源肌瓣充填。肿瘤根治术后形成6.0 cm×4.0 cm～12.0 cm×7.0cm大小缺损,应用游离股前内侧嵌合穿支肌皮瓣修复,皮瓣面积为8.0 cm×4.0 cm～13.0 cm×8.0cm,肌瓣体积为4.0 cm×3.0 cm×2.0 cm～7.0 cm×5.0 cm×4.0 cm,术中将股前内侧穿支血管蒂的动脉与甲状腺上动脉吻合,伴行静脉与甲状腺上静脉或颈内静脉吻合。结果所有患者股前内侧穿支恒定存在,其中来源于股动脉主干7例（50%）,血管蒂长度为(7.8±0.4)cm;来源于旋股外侧动脉主干4例（28.6%）,血管蒂长度为(8.2±0.5)cm;来源于旋股外侧动脉降支3例（21.4%）,血管蒂长度为(7.4±0.3)cm。肌瓣来源于股直肌为8例,肌瓣来源于股内侧肌为6例。其中8例血管蒂类型为1支动脉2支静脉,6例血管蒂类型为1支动脉1支静脉,甲状腺上静脉为首选的受区静脉,游离股前内侧穿支动脉伴行静脉与甲状腺上静脉端端吻合14例,其中8例的第2支伴行静脉另外与颈内静脉端侧吻合8例。术后皮瓣全部顺利成活,供区愈合良好。术后随访12～40个月,平均18.8个月,游离股前内侧穿支皮瓣修复舌外形不臃肿,两点辨别觉距离为8～15 mm,舌运动未见明显受限;大腿功能未见明显影响,可正常行走及进行相关日常活动。结论股前内侧嵌合穿支肌皮瓣是舌癌术后采用皮瓣移植再造舌的理想选择。     

游离腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣应用于舌癌术后缺损修复与舌再造

目的探讨游离腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣应用在舌癌术后缺损修复与舌再造中的效果。方法2008年12月~2016年1月应用游离腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣对42例舌癌患者行舌癌根治术同期行舌口底缺损修复与舌再造，其中舌缘癌22例，舌腹癌17例，口底癌累及舌3例，肿瘤根治术后形成6.5 cm×3.5 cm～11.0 cm×7.5 cm大小缺损。术中将腹壁下动脉与甲状腺上动脉吻合，伴行静脉与甲状腺上静脉或颈内静脉吻合。结果皮瓣长(8.6±0.3)cm、宽(5.1±0.2)cm、厚(2.3±0.5)cm。腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣血管蒂长度为(9.6±0.4)cm。42例肌皮瓣全部存活，供区直接闭合。皮瓣外观满意，供区仅遗留线性瘢痕，腹直肌功能未见明显影响。随访14～64个月。再造舌形态良好，吞咽、语言功能满意，肿瘤局部无复发。结论腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣组织量丰富，质地好，再造舌外形及功能良好，供区损伤小，是舌癌术后舌、口底缺损修复与舌再造的理想选择。     

游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣重建头颈肿瘤术后缺损

目的 探讨应用游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣重建头颈肿瘤切除术后组织缺损的方法及其效果.方法 2006年7月～2011年12月采用游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复头颈恶性肿瘤切除术后组织缺损75例,男52例,女23例;最大年龄80岁,最小年龄24岁,其中舌癌42例,颊癌20例,软腭癌2例,扁桃体癌9例,眶部肿瘤1例,外耳道癌1例.组织缺损范围8cm×5cm～18cm×10cm,病程4～24个月.结果 75例应用股前外侧穿支皮瓣游离移植修复,仅2例股前外侧皮瓣远端因静脉回流障碍发生部分坏死,其余均成活,皮瓣成活率97.3％,3例供区部分植皮未成活,延期愈合.术后随访6～24个月,肿瘤无复发,供区外观平整,瘢痕不明显,受区吞咽及言语功能良好,修复重建效果满意.结论 游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣制作方便,对供区损伤小,厚薄适中,适宜修复头颈肿瘤切除术后组织缺损.     

上颌窦癌游离皮瓣修复术后缺损的疗效观察

目的探讨上颌窦癌不同T分期术后游离皮瓣修复术后缺损的疗效。方法上颌窦癌术后游离皮瓣修复共30例，采用前臂桡侧游离皮瓣一期修复术后缺损18例，股前外侧皮瓣一期修复术后缺损12例。结果18例前臂皮瓣修复者中，17例成活，成活率94．4％；12例股前外侧皮瓣修复者中，11例成活，成活率91．7％。结论前臂桡侧游离皮瓣、股前外侧皮瓣一期修复上颌窦癌术后缺损是一种切实可行的有效方法。     

游离穿支皮瓣修复晚期颅底肿瘤手术缺损

目的探讨应用游离穿支皮瓣修复技术,对晚期颅底肿瘤术后缺损的修复。方法回顾性分析2004年10月～2011年5月采用游离穿支皮瓣一期修复14例晚期颅底肿瘤术后缺损患者的临床资料,其中采用腹壁下深动脉穿支皮瓣8例,股前外侧皮瓣5例,胸背动脉穿支皮瓣1例。结果 14例皮瓣中13例游离穿支皮瓣成活,1例皮瓣坏死,成活率为93%。术后并发脑脊液鼻漏3例,其中2例继发颅内感染。供区均直接缝合关闭并一期愈合,未发现并发症。结论游离穿支皮瓣保留了供区的肌肉、筋膜和神经,将供区的并发症降到最低限度,同时涉及皮肤或黏膜手术缺损的修复,适用于颅底晚期复发肿瘤,是颅底缺损修复新的可靠技术。     

游离臂外侧嵌合肌皮瓣修复口颊癌术后口颊缺损的临床分析

目的 探讨采用不同形式游离臂外侧嵌合肌皮瓣修复口颊癌术后口颊缺损的效果。方法2006年1月—2017年9月应用臂外侧嵌合肌皮瓣修复10例口颊癌患者根治术后口颊缺损,男9例,女1例;年龄36~67岁,平均年龄44.5岁。病理类型均为鳞状上皮细胞癌, TNM 分期其中T4N0M0 4例,T4N1M0 3例,T3N1M03例。病程4~26个月,平均9.8个月。口颊缺损6.0 cm×3.0 cm～8.5 cm×4.5 cm大小,皮瓣轴线为三角肌止点至肱骨外上髁连线。根据缺损实际情况设计皮瓣修复口颊创面,根据血管蒂肌支发出情况和口底腔隙具体设计切取肱肌或肱三头肌肌瓣用于填补口底腔隙。结果臂外侧嵌合肌皮瓣血管蒂长度为(7.7±0.4) cm。桡侧副动脉后支的皮穿支共有17支,其中2支穿支型为7例,1支穿支型为3例,全部携带于皮瓣内,皮岛面积为6.0 cm×3.0 cm～8.5 cm×4.5 cm,肌瓣为3.0 cm×2.0 cm×2.0 cm～4.5 cm×2.5 cm×2.0 cm大小,其中7例为肱三头肌肌瓣,3例为肱肌肌瓣。10例嵌合穿支肌皮瓣全部存活,供区均直接闭合。随访12～59个月,平均25.7个月,重建口颊外形不臃肿,无毛发生长,功能满意,肿瘤局部无复发;2例发生颈部淋巴结转移。供区仅遗留线性瘢痕,上臂功能未见明显影响。结论臂外侧嵌合肌皮瓣可以作为口颊癌术后口颊缺损修复的方法选择之一。 ［Chinese Journal of Otorhinolaryngology Skull Base Surgery,2020,26（1）：00-00］     

游离股前外侧皮瓣修复头颈肿瘤术后缺损

目的探索供区功能和外观损伤更小的游离股前外侧(anterolateralthigh,ALT)皮瓣修复技术,运用于头颈肿瘤术后缺损。方法2003年12月—2005年5月中国医科院肿瘤医院头颈外科用于头颈部手术缺损修复的游离股前外侧皮瓣8例。头颈部肿瘤手术缺损按受区部位分为口咽侧壁3例,舌活动部2例,颊黏膜、舌根和颅底各1例。结果8例游离ALT皮瓣手术均获成功。供区伤口一期愈合,未发现切口裂开,下肢运动和感觉功能障碍等手术并发症。8例皮瓣的穿支血管类型均为肌皮穿支,皮瓣应用面积为(4~8)cm×(5~10)cm。手术时间5~10h,平均7h。皮瓣切取制作时间65~115min,平均80min。结论游离股前外侧皮瓣具有修复技术可靠、供区部位隐蔽和并发症少等优点,是头颈部缺损修复的理想皮瓣之一。     

股前外侧皮瓣修复颊部大面积洞穿性组织缺损

目的探讨应用股前外侧皮瓣修复颊部肿瘤切除术后大面积洞穿性组织缺损的方法及疗效。方法 2006年10月～2009年10月应用游离双皮岛股前外侧穿支皮瓣,Ⅰ期修复颊部肿瘤切除术后大面积洞穿性缺损19例,面颊面皮肤缺损范围8cm×6cm～4cm×4cm,口颊面黏膜缺损范围9cm×7cm～6cm×5cm,所用股前外侧皮瓣面积20cm×8cm～12cm×6cm。结果 19例游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣全部成活,其中18例创面Ⅰ期愈合;1例颊部皮肤面部分坏死,黏膜面成活,经换药后伤口愈合。结论游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣组织量丰富,修复颊部缺损形态与功能保持好,是修复颊部大面积洞穿性缺损的理想皮瓣。     

股前外侧皮瓣修复口腔颌面组织缺损

目的总结游离股前外侧皮瓣在修复口腔肿瘤切除术后组织缺损的经验和教训。方法2004年12月-2005年12月应用吻合血管的游离股前外侧皮瓣修复舌鳞癌17例,口颊鳞癌6例和其他恶性肿瘤切除术后的口腔颌面部组织缺损8例,皮瓣(4～8)cm×(6—23)cm。术中同时气管切开4例。结果皮瓣完全成活者30例,成活率96．8％。3例术后12 h～4 d出现静脉血管危象,其中1例静脉血管危象和1例静脉血栓均抢救成功,皮瓣完全成活;另1例术后因皮瓣淤血时间较长,最后皮瓣坏死约25％。30例患者无瘤生存,1例术后8个月死于颈部淋巴结复发未控。结论股前外侧皮瓣厚薄适中,是修复口腔组织缺损的良好材料。皮瓣大小应与受区缺损大小相当,避免皮瓣挤压。肿瘤手术必须在保证安全切缘的同时,尽可能保留牙齿等重要的口腔功能结构;缝合皮瓣应防止扭曲血管蒂,避免静脉受压。修复软硬腭时加行气管切开比较安全。     

头颈部巨大皮肤恶性肿瘤切除术后缺损修复

目的探讨头颈部巨大皮肤恶性肿瘤切除术后缺损修复的方法，提高患者生活质量。方法分别采用游离股前外侧皮瓣、游离腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣、胸大肌皮瓣及下斜方肌皮瓣对17例头颈部巨大皮肤恶性肿瘤术后的缺损进行一期重建与整复，观察分析患者缺损修复的临床疗效。结果16例皮瓣完全存活，1例股前外侧皮瓣远端坏死，经换药后愈合；所有患者均随访3个月至5年，11例患者生存，其中1例带瘤生存；6例患者分别死于局部复发、淋巴结转移、远隔转移及二重癌。结论根据患者年龄，肿瘤位置等因素，选择合适的皮瓣进行重建，对头颈部巨大皮肤恶性肿瘤术后缺损，可以取得良好的效果     

游离股动脉蒂穿支皮瓣在口颊癌术后缺损修复中的临床应用

目的 探讨游离股动脉穿支皮瓣的临床解剖及其在口颊癌术后缺损修复中的应用。方法 2015年12月—2019年6月选取接受了游离股动脉穿支皮瓣颊修复术男性口颊癌患者13例,年龄37～61岁,平均48.5岁。病理类型为鳞状细胞癌。据TNM分期其中T4N0M0 5例,T4N1M0 2例,T3N1M0 2例,T3N2M0 4例。病程3～16个月,平均9.8个月。游离股动脉穿支皮瓣的具体选择形式包括：(1)单纯穿支皮瓣7例;(2)穿支嵌合体肌皮瓣6例。结果 术中皮瓣大小规划范围在6.5 cm×4.0 cm～10.0 cm×6.5 cm,厚度为2.5～3.5 cm。股动脉穿支血管蒂长为(6.2±0.4)cm,供区聚拢闭合缝合。13例皮瓣均成活,供受区一期愈合。随访患者12～30个月,平均21.3个月。重建的口腔外观无肿胀偏移,外形美观,功能良好。供区余轻微瘢痕,肌肉功能良好。结论 游离股动脉穿支皮瓣可用于修复口颊癌根治术后局部缺损。     

游离股前外侧皮瓣在头颈外科中的应用

目的 总结应用游离股前外侧皮瓣修复头颈肿瘤术后缺损的临床经验.方法 回顾性分析2007年11月至2010年6月辽宁省肿瘤医院头颈外科应用游离股前外侧皮瓣修复重建头颈部恶性肿瘤术后缺损43例患者的临床资料.患者男32例,女11例;年龄40～81岁,中位年龄56岁.口腔癌23例,咽侧壁扁桃体7例,下咽癌11例,头皮癌、枕部肉瘤各1例.肿瘤分期:T1期9例,T2期17例,T3期11例,T4期6例.为保证有足够的安全切缘,所有患者手术切除范围为距肉眼所见肿瘤边缘至少2 cm,43例患者肿瘤切除术后应用游离股前外侧皮瓣进行修复重建,恢复咀嚼、吞咽及呼吸功能.皮瓣血管蒂长8～18 cm,平均12.5 cm.左股前外侧皮瓣41例,右侧2例.皮瓣面积(4～15)cm×(5～25)cm.结果 游离股前外侧皮瓣移植一期成功40例,1例术后第5天出现静脉血栓,重新吻合血管皮瓣成活.坏死3例,其中2例分别于术后第1天、第4天胸大肌肌皮瓣修复.1例第20天皮瓣坏死脱落后长肉芽愈合.11例下咽癌患者中3例行喉全切除术,8例保留喉功能(72.7%).23例口腔癌、7例咽侧壁扁桃体癌术后均恢复较好的咀嚼、吞咽、发音功能.头皮癌、枕部肉瘤患者较好地修复了大面积皮肤缺损.结论 游离股前外侧皮瓣修复技术可靠,成活率高,供区无严重并发症.皮瓣薄厚适中,可塑性好,是头颈肿瘤术后修复重建理想的修复皮瓣.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the results of reconstruction by free anterolateral thigh flaps ( ALT) after operation of head and neck tumors. Methods Forty-three cases underwent the reconstruction of postoperative defects with free anterolateral thigh flaps after head and neck cancer surgeries between November 2007 and June 2010 were reviewed. Ages of the patients ranged from 40 to 81 years, with a median of 56 years; 32 males and 11 females; 23 cases of oral carcinoma, 7 cases of tonsil carcinoma, 11 cases of hypopharyngeal carcinoma,and 2 cases of head skin cancer. TNM classified as follows; no case of distant metastasis; T1 9 cases; T2 17 cases; T3 11 cases; T4 6 cases. All patients were applied with ALT to restore swallowing and respiratory functions. The mean length of blood vessel pedicles of the ALT free flaps was 12. 5 (8-18) cm. The flaps were 4 - 15 cm in width,5 - 25 cm in length. Results In the 43 cases applied with ALT free flaps, 40 cases were successful and 3 cases unsuccessful. Two of the failed cases were reconstructed with pectoralis major flap. In 11 cases of hypopharyngeal carcinoma, except 3 cases with total laryngectomy, 8 cases(72. 7% ) had their laryngeal function been preserved. Conclusions The successful rate of ALT free flaps is perfect. There were no serious complication in offered areas. The flap could be shaped into various forms. ALT free flap is an ideal flap to reconstruct the defect after surgery in some head and neck tumors.     

Rekonstruktion im Oropharynx

Oropharyngeal cancer surgery often does not allow primary wound closure; furthermore, surgery of tumors in the base of the tongue, the soft palate and the lateral pharyngeal wall often lead to swallowing disorders and nasal twang which severely impair quality of life. Secondary scarring may also result in fixation of the tongue or stenosis of the pharynx. Therefor reconstructive techniques with free or pedicled flaps are essential to reduce functional impairment. In addition, after trauma or due to malformations, reconstructive surgery using flap techniques is sometimes indicated.     

Oropharyngeal reconstruction: current state of the art

Oropharyngeal reconstruction represents one of the greatest challenges in the surgical rehabilitation of patients with head and neck cancer. This article reviews several reconstruction methods, starting with the primary closure and healing by secondary intention all the way to the complex sensate microvascular flap reconstructions. Small defects such as tonsillar, small tongue base, and partial palatal defects may be closed primarily or left to granulate. This is assuming that there is no communication with the neck or bone exposure. Local flaps such as the palatal island, submental, and buccal mucosal flaps are used to close small to moderate-sized defects. Split-thickness skin grafts are also appropriate for small to moderate-sized defects. Larger defects such as total palatal, more than 50% of the tongue base, and composite tongue base/palatal/pharyngeal defects may be closed with regional myocutaneous pedicled flaps such as the pectoralis major, lower trapezius, or latissimus dorsi pedicled flaps. Microvascular tissue transfer is an excellent alternative for closure of moderate to large-sized defects. Free tissue transfer includes the radial forearm and the lateral arm free flaps. Both of these can have a sensory component. Free jejunal flaps are used for total or subtotal hypopharyngeal defects. Free gastro-omental flaps may be used for oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal reconstruction as well. For defects involving bone, fibular flaps are an excellent option and can provide sensation. The scapular free flap may be used as well and offers the advantage of having two skin paddles (scapular and parascapular) for internal and external lining. Following a reconstructive ladder is extremely important in ensuring good function and, hence, improved quality of life.     

上臂外侧皮瓣和前臂皮瓣修复口腔癌术后组织缺损的比较研究

目的 比较上臂外侧皮瓣和前臂皮瓣修复口腔癌术后组织缺损的临床应用效果.方法 对北京大学口腔医院口腔颌面外科2007-2009年收治的21例采用上臂外侧皮瓣和104例采用前臂皮瓣行口腔癌术后缺损修复的患者进行对比研究,比较两种皮瓣的手术制备时间、皮瓣移植成功率、供区并发症及术后口腔功能恢复情况.结果 上臂外侧皮瓣和前臂皮瓣制备的平均手术时间((x)±s)为(46.4±7.6)min和(41.5±7.5) min,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).上臂外侧皮瓣和前臂皮瓣的移植成功率分别为90.5％( 19/21)和95.2％ (99/104),差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).上臂外侧皮瓣供区可直接拉拢缝合,2例患者术后出现桡神经损伤症状;前臂皮瓣患者无供区并发症发生,但供区需行全厚皮片移植,于经常外露的前臂区域遗留手术瘢痕.两种皮瓣患者术后均能经口腔进软食或普通饮食,无发音不清.结论 上臂外侧皮瓣供区隐蔽,无需植皮,移植成功率高,可作为前臂皮瓣的补充,进一步丰富了口腔癌组织缺损的修复手段.     

Functional outcomes after primary oropharyngeal cancer resection and reconstruction with the radial forearm free flap

OBJECTIVE: To report prospectively collected aeromechanical, acoustical, and perceptual speech outcomes, as well as preliminary swallowing data, in patients having reconstruction with radial forearm free flaps after primary resection for oropharyngeal cancer. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. METHODS: Acoustical, aeromechanical, and perceptual speech data and swallowing data were gathered at three evaluation times (preoperatively and before and after radiation therapy) for patients treated for oropharyngeal cancer by means of primary resection and reconstruction with a radial forearm free flap. Degree of involvement of the soft palate and base of tongue, along with reconstructive techniques, were entered as between-group factors in the analysis. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in speech intelligibility between the patient groups based on the degree of palate and tongue resected. However, patients with resections of half or more than half of the soft palate had significantly higher nasalance values and larger velopharyngeal orifice areas than individuals who had less than half of the soft palate resected. Significant within-subject differences were revealed across evaluation times for the dependent variables nasalance, velopharyngeal orifice area, and word intelligibility. Ninety-four percent of the patients were able to resume a normal or soft diet. There was a 6% incidence of aspiration in 128 swallows that were analyzed. The amount of base of tongue resected did not significantly affect any of the speech or swallowing parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Radial forearm free flaps are a good reconstructive option after oropharyngeal cancer extirpation. Our acoustic and aeromechanical results indicated that issues related to quality of the speech signal require further study for resections of half or more than half of the soft palate.     

Pulmonary atelectasis after reconstruction with a rectus abdominis free tissue transfer

BACKGROUND: Atelectasis is one of the most common postoperative complications encountered in head and neck surgery. Risk factors include preexisting pulmonary disease, the procedure performed, and the length of anesthetic. Regional flaps used to reconstruct defects in the head and neck predispose to radiographic atelectasis. The rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap is usually transferred as a free tissue transfer. Harvesting the flap results in abdominal wall pain and postoperative splinting that may contribute to an increased development of atelectasis. To our knowledge, this issue has not been previously examined. DESIGN: Retrospective review. RESULTS: Fifty-three patients underwent rectus abdominis myocutaneous free flap reconstruction following major ablative procedures for head and neck cancer. The flap size ranged from 5 x 7 to 25 x 27 cm. Most flaps were 8 x 15 cm. The cutaneous area transferred ranged from 35 to 600 cm(2) (mean, 120 cm(2)). These patients were compared with a group of 53 patients who were matched for age, sex, length of the procedure, and stage of disease. Postoperative atelectasis was radiographically detected in 37 (70%) of the patients who underwent rectus abdominis myocutaneous free flap reconstruction vs 41 (77%) of the controls. Major atelectasis was not encountered in any patient in either group. Patients with a larger cutaneous paddle (>120 cm(2)) had a higher atelectasis score than patients with smaller cutaneous paddles (< or =120 cm(2)) (P =.02). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of radiographic postoperative atelectasis in patients undergoing rectus abdominis myocutaneous free tissue transfer is high. The degree of atelectasis is small, and the clinical correlation and relevance are minimal.     

Sensate radial forearm free flaps in tongue reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: Successful rehabilitation after ablative surgery requires not only the reconstruction of 3-dimensional form but also the restoration of physiologic function. OBJECTIVE: To assess sensory recovery of reinnervated radial forearm flaps used for tongue reconstruction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seventeen patients, who underwent reconstruction of glossectomy defects with reinnervated radial forearm free flaps, formed the study group. Recovery of sensation was measured by both subjective and detailed objective tests 8 months after surgery. Sensory function of the flap was compared with that of the normal residual tongue or the adjacent oral mucosa and the contralateral forearm donor site. RESULTS: All patients involved in this study had tongue defects of hemiglossectomy or greater and adjacent floor of the mouth. Sensory recovery was observed in all of the 17 patients within 8 months. Detailed sensory testing showed that median static 2-point discrimination, moving 2-point discrimination, and pressure sensitivity (1.2 cm, 0.8 cm, and 3.7 psi, respectively) were subjectively greater in the innervated forearm flaps than in the contralateral forearm donor site (2.3 cm, 1.7 cm, and 4.6 psi, respectively) (P= .064) and similar to those of the normal tongue (0.9 cm, 0.5 cm, and 3.6 psi). CONCLUSIONS: In all modalities examined, sensate free flaps proved superior in sensory fidelity to the native forearm donor site and closely approached that of the normal tongue. Microsurgical reinnervation of flaps should be considered in tongue reconstruction.