不明原因习惯性流产患者主动免疫治疗前后Th1/Th2型细胞因子水平的变化

为探讨主动免疫治疗对不明原因习惯性流产 (UHA )患者Th1/Th2型细胞因子水平的影响。采用酶联免疫吸附法检测15例正常非妊娠妇女、 35例UHA患者淋巴细胞主动免疫治疗前后经滋养细胞抗原刺激的外周血单个核细胞 (PBMC )培养上清液中IL 2、IFN γ、IL 4、IL 10的水平。结果发现 :(1)在最佳诱导时间下 ,UHA组治疗前PBMC产生IL 2、IFN γ的水平明显高于正常对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,IL 4、IL 10水平明显低于正常对照组 (P <0 0 5 )。UHA组治疗后PBMC产生IL 2、IFN γ的水平较治疗前明显降低 (P <0 0 5 ) ,IL 4、IL 10水平较治疗前明显升高 (P <0 0 5 )。UHA组治疗后PBMC产生各细胞因子的水平与正常对照组比较 ,差异均无显著性 (P >0 0 5 ) ;(2 )UHA组 35例患者主动免疫治疗后半年内 2 8例妊娠 ,其中 9例又出现自然流产。 9例自然流产者治疗后IL 2、IFN γ水平未明显下降 ,IL 10水平未明显上升。 19例妊娠成功者治疗后IL 2、IFN γ水平较治疗前明显下降 (P <0 0 5 ) ,IL 4、IL 10水平明显上升 (P <0 0 5 )。以上结果表明UHA患者对滋养细胞抗原产生以Th1型反应为主的免疫应答 ,产生大量Th1型细胞因子 ,主动免疫治疗有助于上调Th2型细胞因子及下调Th1型细胞因子 ,利于UHA患者妊娠成功。     

扩张型心肌病小鼠Th1/Th2细胞亚群及其相关细胞因子的分析

目的:探讨体液免疫在扩张型心肌病发病机制中的重要性。方法:以线粒体腺苷酸转位酶(adeninenucleotidetranslocator,ANT)合成肽免疫液免疫小鼠建立扩张型心肌病动物模型(DCM组) ,运用三色荧光标记流式细胞术检测其脾淋巴细胞中Th细胞亚群分布,ELISA法检测其血清细胞因子IFN γ、IL 4、IL 2、IL 6、TNF α的表达及其抗ANT自身抗体的产生。以不含肽的免疫液免疫小鼠为对照组。结果:DCM组小鼠Th1及Th2细胞亚群较对照组均有增多,以Th2更为显著,且Th1/Th2比值明显低于对照组(P均<0 0 1) ;IL 4、IL 6和TNF α表达明显增高,而IFN γ和IL 2却较对照组明显降低(P均<0 0 1) ;抗ANT自身抗体均为阳性,对照组为阴性。结论:ANT合成肽诱导扩张型心肌病时Th细胞均被激活,Th2细胞介导的体液免疫应答在该病发病机理中起着优势作用。     

肺癌患者Th1/Th2状态及川芎嗪的调节作用

本研究采用RT PCR方法 ,以IFN γ和IL 2代表Th1型细胞因子 ,IL 4、IL 6、IL 10代表Th2型细胞因子 ,分别检测 3种肺癌细胞株 (鳞、腺、小细胞肺癌 )以及荷瘤机体外周血单个核细胞 (PBMC )Th1/Th2状态 ,并观察中药川芎嗪 (Tetram ethlpyrazine ,TTMP )的作用。结果显示 3种肺癌细胞株IFN γ和IL 2均无表达 ,而IL 4、IL 6、IL 10均表达 ;经川芎嗪培育后 ,3种肺癌细胞株均出现IFN γ的表达 ,而IL 4、IL 6的表达被抑制 ,小细胞肺癌株同时表达IL 2。肺癌患者PBMC中IL 4、IL 6和IL 10表达阳性率明显高于正常人 ,而IL 2无 1例表达 (0 / 2 3) ,IFN γ仅 1例表达 (1/ 2 3) ;与川芎嗪培养后 (两种浓度 ) ,肺癌患者IL 2 ,IFN γ的表达率明显提高 ;Th2型因子表达的优势状态较未加药组出现明显逆转。表明川芎嗪可促进肺癌细胞株和肺癌患者PBMC的Th2优势状态向Th1方向逆转     

地塞米松对哮喘大鼠Th1/Th2失衡及嗜酸性粒细胞凋亡的作用

目的　观察地塞米松对哮喘大鼠Th1/Th2 (T辅助细胞 1/T辅助细胞 2 )平衡、嗜酸性粒细胞 (EOS)凋亡率的影响作用 ,探讨糖皮质激素治疗哮喘的机制。方法　清洁级雄性SD大鼠 30只 ,随机分为 3组 :正常对照组 (C)、哮喘组 (A)、地塞米松治疗组 (T)。卵清白蛋白复制大鼠哮喘模型 ,检测大鼠血、支气管肺泡灌洗液 (BALF)中IL 4、IFN γ水平及气道壁EOS凋亡率。结果　A组大鼠BALF中IFN γ水平明显低于C组 (P <0 0 1) ,血中及BALF中的IL 4水平则明显高于C组 (均为P<0 0 1) ,表现出明显的Th1/Th2失衡。T组大鼠IL 4的表达明显低于A组而IFN γ的表达则明显高于A组 (均为P <0 0 1)。在A组 ,大鼠气道壁EOS的浸润明显增多 ,但凋亡细胞却很少看到 ,EOS凋亡率明显低于C组 (P <0 0 1) ,T组EOS凋亡率则明显高于A组 (P <0 0 1)。结论　纠正哮喘Th1/Th2失衡和促进气道壁EOS凋亡可能是糖皮质激素减轻哮喘气道炎症的重要机制之一。     

消化道肿瘤患者Th1/Th2细胞的监测和分析

为观察肿瘤患者外周血Th1/Th2细胞数及其与肿瘤的相关性。Th1/Th2细胞的检测采用酶联免疫斑点法 (ELISPOT ) ,细胞因子的检测采用双抗体夹心ELISA法。结果胃癌患者Th1/Th2细胞比值降低 (P <0 0 5 )。经IL 12 +抗IL 4单抗处理组 ,Th1/Th2细胞比值升高 ;经IL 4 +抗IFN γ单抗处理组 ,Th1/Th2细胞比值降低 (P <0 0 5 )。胃癌、结直肠癌患者外周血中Th2细胞均占优势 ,其Th1型细胞因子IL 2和IFN γ与正常人相比显著降低 ;Th2型细胞因子IL 4、IL 6和IL 10与正常人相比显著升高 (P <0 0 5 ) ;同时 ,TNF α显著升高 (P <0 0 5 ) ;IL 12降低 ,其中结直肠癌患者与正常人比没有显著差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ,胃癌患者与正常人比有显著差异 (P <0 0 5 )。此外还发现随着肿瘤分化程度的降低 ,Th1型细胞因子的降低和Th2型细胞因子的升高更加明显 (P <0 0 5 )。肿瘤患者Th1/Th2细胞比值降低 ,同时 ,Th1型细胞因子降低 ,Th2型细胞因子升高。但在肿瘤的免疫治疗过程中 ,通过诱导IL 12等Th1型细胞因子的分泌 ,可促进细胞免疫应答 ,有助于疾病的治疗。     

在单个细胞水平上分析抗原特异性Th1/Th2细胞因子产生的关联性

目的　在单个细胞水平上 ,观察抗原特异性Th1和Th2细胞因子产生的关联性 ,为进一步阐明CD4 T细胞的分化 ,细胞因子产生的相互关系及其特征提供理论依据。方法　从OVA TCR转基因小鼠的脾和淋巴结中分离CD4 T细胞 ,在体外在抗原提呈细胞存在下 ,用卵白蛋白 (OVA)抗原多肽刺激 3d后 ,再以同样的培养条件刺激 5～ 6h ,固定细胞 ,然后进行细胞表面和细胞内细胞因子染色 ,最后利用流式细胞仪在单个细胞水平上分析Th1和Th2细胞因子产生的关联性。结果　抗原特异性CD4 T细胞经抗原再一次刺激后 ,分泌Th1(IFN γ和IL 2 )和Th2 (IL 4、IL 5和IL 10 )细胞因子。IL 12促进IFN γ的表达 ,控制Th2细胞的分化。此外 ,大多数抗原特异性CD4 T细胞只产生 1种细胞因子 ,1个细胞同时产生 2种细胞因子极少见。结论　在单个细胞水平上的研究结果表明 ,经抗原短暂刺激后 (3d) ,不同的CD4 T细胞亚群只产生 1种Th1和 或Th2细胞因子 ,同时产生两种以上者占有很低的比率     

克鼻敏汤对变应性鼻炎患者血清Th1、Th2细胞因子的影响

目的 :观察克鼻敏汤对变应性鼻炎 (AR)患者血清Th1、Th2细胞因子的影响 ,以探讨其治疗机制。方法 :6 0例AR患者随机分为克鼻敏汤治疗组 (TG)和辛芳鼻炎胶囊对照组 (CG)进行治疗 ;收集治疗前后空腹血清标本 ,用酶联免疫吸附法 (ELISA)对血清中Th1细胞因子IFN γ、IL 2、IL 12、和Th2细胞因子IL 4、IL 5、IL 10进行检测 ;并与健康对照组进行比较。结果 :AR患者血清IL 4、IL 5、IL 10等Th2细胞因子水平明显高于正常 ;而IFN γ、IL 2、IL 12等Th1细胞因子水平明显低于正常(P <0 0 1)。经克鼻敏汤治疗后血清IL 4、IL 5、IL 10等Th2细胞因子水平较治疗前明显下降 (P <0 0 1) ;IFN γ、IL 2、IL 12等Th1细胞因子水平较治疗前有明显增高 (P <0 0 5 )。而对照组无明显变化 (P >0 0 5 )。结论 :克鼻敏汤通过调节Th1和Th2细胞因子的表达 ,纠正失衡的Th1 Th2的细胞因子网络而对变应性鼻炎产生治疗作用     

不明原因习惯性流产患者Th1/Th2型细胞因子的检测

目的 :了解不明原因习惯性流产 (UHA)患者对滋养细胞抗原刺激产生Th1、Th2型细胞因子的水平 ,探讨其在UHA发病中的作用。方法 :选取 5 4例UHA患者 ,35例为未妊娠者 ,为UHA未孕组 ,19例为有UHA病史 ,现在确定妊娠并难免流产者 ,为UHA难免流产组。分别选取 15例正常未孕妇女及正常妊娠者作为对照组。应用酶联免疫吸附法检测未孕各组经滋养细胞抗原刺激的外周血单个核细胞 (PBMC)及妊娠各组PBMC与蜕膜单个核细胞 (DMC)培养上清液中IL 2、IFN γ、IL 4、IL 10的水平。结果 :①在最佳诱导时间下 ,UHA未孕组PBMC产生IL 2、IFN γ的水平明显高于正常未孕组 (P均 <0 0 5 ) ,而IL 4、IL 10水平明显低于正常未孕组 (P均 <0 0 5 )。②UHA难免流产组PBMC及DMC产生的IL 2、IFN γ水平均明显高于正常妊娠组 (P均 <0 0 5 ) ,而IL 4、IL 10水平则明显低于正常妊娠组 ,差异均有显著性 (P均 <0 0 5 )。两组PBMC产生的各细胞因子水平均低于同组DMC ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 )。结论 :UHA患者对滋养细胞抗原产生以Th1型反应为主的免疫应答 ,产生大量Th1型细胞因子 ,导致妊娠丢失。     

肝癌患者癌组织与外周血Th1/Th2细胞的监测及临床意义

目的 :为观察肝癌患者癌组织与外周血Th1 Th2细胞变化及临床意义。方法 :Th1 Th2细胞检测采用酶联免疫斑点法 (ELISPOT) ,细胞因子检测采用双抗体夹心ELISA法。结果 :肝癌患者癌组织与外周血Th1 Th2细胞比值明显降低 (P <0 0 5 ) ,其Th1型细胞表达IL 2、INF γ等细胞因子水平明显低于正常对照组 ;Th2型细胞表达IL 4、IL 10等细胞因子水平明显高于正常对照组。PHA和IL 12介导肝癌患者手术切除前和手术切除 3个月后外周血Th1型细胞表达IL 2、INF γ等细胞因子水平升高 ,Th2型细胞表达IL 4、IL 10等细胞因子水平明显下降。结论 :肝癌患者癌组织与外周血Th1 Th2细胞比值均明显降低 ,细胞因子表达失衡 ,肝癌患者存在免疫功能抑制 ,因此 ,在肝癌治疗过程中打破免疫抑制 ,纠正Th1 Th2细胞比例失衡是必要的     

苦参素对HBsAg转基因小鼠血清Th1和Th2细胞因子水平的影响

目的　探讨苦参素对HBsAg转基因小鼠外周血Th1 Th2细胞因子水平的影响。方法　HBsAg转基因小鼠分成苦参素组和对照组 ,分别每天腹腔注射苦参素注射液 2 0 0mg kg 0 2ml和生理盐水 0 2ml,共 30d。处理前后 ,检测外周血清细胞因子水平。结果　对照组处理前后γ 干扰素(IFN γ)与白细胞介素 4 (IL 4 )水平差异无显著意义 ;苦参素组处理前后IFN γ分别为 (3 10 8± 3 172 )pg ml和 (11 0 5 9± 6 971)pg ml,IL 4分别为 (2 9 0 4 5± 13 2 35 )pg ml和 (13 0 2 4± 9 0 0 2 )pg ml(均P <0 0 0 1)。处理后对照组与苦参素组IL 2分别为 (1 0 70± 0 4 4 7)pg ml和 (5 5 37± 2 887)pg ml(P <0 0 0 0 1) ;IL 10分别为 (97 2 2 6± 73 30 6 )pg ml和 (33 6 0 7± 2 3 15 4 )pg ml(P <0 0 1)。结论　在苦参素作用后 ,HBsAg转基因小鼠体内的Th1型细胞因子明显升高 ,Th2型细胞因子明显降低。这将有助于研究苦参素临床治疗乙型肝炎的机制。     

CTLA4 Silencing with siRNA Promotes Deviation of Th1/Th2 in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients

To determine whether RNA interference （RNAi） could block cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 （CTLA4） in human lymphocytes in vitro and promote IFN-T and IL-2 secretions, three small interfering RNAs （siRNAs） were selected based on target specificity sequences of human CTLA4 and transfected into human lymphocytes of chronic HBV patients. As a result, the expression of human CTLA4 mRNA was efficiently suppressed by all the three siRNAs. Compared with negative control （siRNA-co）, siRNA-1 inhibited the expression of CTLA4 most efficiently and was used in the further study. The expressions of IFN-γ and IL-2 were upregulated and the level of IL-4 was almost unchanged in lymphocytes transfected with siRNA-1 compared with the blank control. These results indicated that siRNA-1 led to IFN-γ and IL-2 secretions, which is a main response of Th1/Th2. In a conclusion, RNAi significantly suppressed the expression of human CTLA4 mRNA in human lymphocytes in vitro, and could induce Th1/Th2 response. It could be a new therapeutic strategy for chronic HBV infection.     

ICOS+ Th cells produce distinct cytokines in different mucosal immune responses

T cell activation, differentiation and effector functions depend on signals delivered through the antigen-specific TCR and non-clonal costimulatory receptors on the T cell. Activated T cells express the inducible costimulator (ICOS). We examined the co-expression of ICOS with Th cytokines in mucosal immune responses. ICOS+CD4+ Th cells expressed strikingly different cytokines depending on the type of infection encountered and the cells' anatomical localization. In the Th2-dominated response to Schistosoma mansoni, ICOS expression of CD4+ cells isolated from the liver was strongly associated with the expression of IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, and T1/ST2, but not with the chemokine receptor CXCR5, a pattern consistent with Th2 effector cells. In the secondary lymphatic organs of schistosome-infected mice, ICOS expression was randomly correlated with Th2 effector-cytokines, but positively correlated with CXCR5 expression; a pattern consistent with follicular Th cells. In Th cells isolated from gut or liver of mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii, ICOS expression was positively correlated with IFN-gamma production. Finally, in the severe combined immunodeficiency transfer colitis model, ICOS expression was strongly positively associated with IFN-gamma and IL-2. Thus, ICOS appears to costimulate distinct effector functions in different immune responses, depending on factors such as the nature of the antigen encountered and localization and chronicity of the immune response.     

Th17与自身免疫性疾病

当初始CD4+T细胞接受抗原刺激时,在不同的细胞因子环境中分化为不同的淋巴细胞亚群.Th17作为一种新的T细胞亚群是在TGF-β与IL-6存在时经由孤独核受体(ROB)-γt途径分化而来,而当环境中仅有TGF-β时却分化为CD4+CD25+Foxp3+调节性T细胞(Tr).与Th1一样,Th17被认为在自身免疫性疾病和炎症反应的发生和进展中都发挥重要的病理作用,相反,Tr则起着抗炎和免疫负性调节的作用.因此Th1及Th17倾向的免疫应答可能导致炎症反应与自身免疫性疾病的发生和进展,故在体内阻断其相关的细胞因子IL-17、IL-6等则可使Th1、Th17及Tr重新保持平衡而对自身免疫性疾病产生治疗作用.     

Type I interferons and the Th1/Th2 paradigm

During the past year significant advances have been made in our understanding of the factors contributing to the differentiation of CD4⁺ T helper cell subsets. These have been driven, in part, by the realization that cytokines from the innate immune response, such as interleukin-12 (IL-12) and interferons (IFNs), play a critical role in T cell subset differentiation. This review covers some of the most recent data concerning the divergent role that IFNs have in the differentiation of human versus mouse T helper cell subsets. In this review we discuss the molecular basis for the specie-specific effect of type I IFN on the selective induction of Th1 type immune responses. Furthermore, since IFN-β is used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) we discuss the potential effects of such treatment and the value of the Th1/Th2 paradigm in MS.     

CCK-8对KLH免疫小鼠脾细胞Th1/Th2平衡的影响

目的： 探讨八肽胆囊收缩素（CCK-8）对Th1/Th2平衡的调节作用。方法: 给予BALB/c小鼠钥孔戚血蓝蛋白（KLH）免疫同时体内给予不同剂量的CCK-8,酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测其脾细胞培养上清中Th1型细胞因子γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)、白细胞介素-2（IL-2）和Th2型细胞因子白细胞介素-4（IL-4）、白细胞介素-5（IL-5）水平,逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)法检测脾细胞中IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-4、IL-5 mRNA表达;ELISA法检测血清中Th1型抗KLH抗体IgG2a和Th2型抗KLH抗体IgG1水平。结果: ①KLH免疫使小鼠脾细胞分泌Th1/Th2型细胞因子水平明显增高,mRNA表达增高,KLH免疫同时给予CCK-8可使脾细胞培养上清中IFN-γ、IL-2含量进一步增加和IFN-γ、IL-2mRNA表达增高,而使IL-4、IL-5含量降低,IL-4、IL-5 mRNA表达减低和降低IL-4/IFN-γ比值。②KLH免疫小鼠血清中IgG2a、IgG1发生不同程度增高,CCK-8可使其血清中IgG1水平减低而使IgG2a水平增高。结论: CCK-8可促进KLH免疫小鼠体内Th1反应,使Th2优势反应向Th1方向转变。     

Th1/Th2相关细胞因子基因检测方法的建立

目的：建立检测Ｔｈ１／Ｔｈ２相关细胞因子的方法。方法：设计６对用于ＩＬ－２、ＩＬ－４、ＩＬ－１０、ＩＬ－１３、ＩＦＮγ和β－ａｃｔｉｎ基因扩增的引物,建立可用于Ｔｈ１／Ｔｈ２相关细胞因子检测的ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ技术,同时 口平移法制备６种细胞因子的ｃＤＮＡ探针,建立ＲＮＡ斑点杂交技术。结果：用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ和ＲＮＡ斑点杂交技术检测２０种肿瘤细胞株,发现１１／２０为Ｔｈ２型细胞因子表达,８／２０为Ｔｈ０型,     

Immunosteroid as a regulator for Th1/Th2 balance: Its possible role in autoimmune diseases

Immune balance controlled by Th1 and Th2 cells is critical for the protection of host from pathogenic invasion while its imbalance becomes the cause of various immune disorders including autoimmune diseases. Cytokines, such as IL-12 and IL-4, are critical factor to drive the differentiation of naïve CD4⁺ T cells to Th1 or Th2 cells. In addition to cytokines, steroid hormones have been demonstrated to affect on the control of Th1/Th2 balance and the onset of autoimmune diseases. Here, we will propose a new concept that immunosteroid, which is designated as a steroid produced by immunoregulatory cells, also play a critical role for regulation of Th1/Th2 balance. First example of immunosteroid is Th2-dependently produced progesterone. Th2 cells, but not Th1 cells expressed P450scc and 20α-HSD and produced progesterone from 22R-hydroxycholesterol in cooperation with 3β-HSD-expressing mouse fibroblasts. Th2-dependently produced progesterone induced apoptotic cell death of Th1 cells and inhibited the differentiation of Th1 cells. While Th2 cells were escaped from toxic effect of progesterone by metabolizing it to non-toxic 20α-hydroxyprogesterone with 20α-HSD. Second example of immunosteroid is dendritic cell (DC)-dependently produced 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)₂D] secosteroid hormone, which has been demonstrated to inhibit autoimmune diseases. We found that 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1α-hydroxylase, which metabolize 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (inactive form) to 1,25(OH)₂D was expressed in Th2-cytokine induced bone marrow-derived DC2 but not Th1-cytokine induced DC1. Moreover, 1,25(OH)₂D was significantly inhibited DC1-induced type1 immunity.

Thus, we initially demonstrated the critical role of immunosteroids in the control of Th1/Th2 balance influencing on the onset of autoimmune diseases. Therefore, it will be an important issue to investigate the possible role of immunosteroids for the regulation of autoimmune diseases.