甘肃省东乡族手指节纹的研究

本文观察研究了389名(男200人,女189人)临夏地区东乡族人的指节纹。结果表明:东乡族人的指节纹以直线型(44.33％)最常见,其次为钩型(22.4％)和弓型(11.39％)。本文还对男女性别和左右手进行了比较,并与国内外有关资料作了分析比较。     

甘肃省东乡族手指纹的研究

本文观察研究了389名（男200人，女189人）临夏地区东乡族人的指节纹。结果表明：东乡族人的指节纹以直线型（44.33%）最常见，其次为钩型（22.4%）和弓形（11.39%）。本文还对男女性别和左右手进行了比较，并与国内外有关资料作了分析比较。     

中间和近端指节纹的分析

本文对江西200例汉族学生(男女各100例)进行了中间和近端指节纹的分析。证实中间和近端指纹存在Ploetz-Radmann。M(1937)所描写的4个基本的和8个联合的类型。另外本文还发现其它的类型。男女之间一些类型存在显著性差异。     

宁夏回、汉族指纹模式影响的研究

目的 分析宁夏回、汉族人群指纹模式各类型的分布特征. 方法 采用随机整体抽样方法分析宁夏回、汉族指纹样本共计614份,其中回族262人(男性129人,女性133人),汉族352人(男性206人,女性146人).结果固定某指为弓型纹(A)后,相同的花样类型同时出现于另外9指的几率明显增高,而尺侧箕型纹(U)与斗型纹(W)的出现率则明显降低;而当固定某指为U后,U同时出现于另外9指的几率明显增高.而W的出现率相较总体样本出现率明显降低,A的出现率受影响的程度较小;当固定某指为W后,情况恰好相反.这种趋势在宁夏回、汉族以及不同性别间都存在,且无显著性差异. 结论 指纹的模式影响,即不同手指指端花样类型的构建及出现率彼此关联,在宁夏回族、汉族和两性别间普遍存在.     

广西汉族指纹特征分析

目的:探讨广西汉族指纹特征,为人类皮纹学和临床医学提供参考数据.方法:油印法采集指纹图样,放大镜观察计数,分析其指纹类型频率、指嵴纹数及指嵴纹总数,并与文献报道的其他省汉族进行对比分析.结果:广西汉族指纹类型以尺箕和斗型纹为主要类型,弓形纹和桡箕出现频率较低;广西汉族指纹分布频率为斗形纹(48.16％)＞尺箕(44.60％)＞弓形纹(5.59％)＞桡箕(1.65％),与其他省份的指纹类型分布频率有所不同;广西汉族男、女生之间指纹嵴纹差异有统计学意义,与广东汉族相比无差异;与宁夏汉族女性相比差异有统计学意义.结论:广西汉族指纹具有一定的本民族特点.     

宁夏回族、汉族皮纹学研究——Ⅰ指纹

目的 报道指纹各参数在宁夏回族、汉族群体中的分布特点.方法 采用随机整体抽样方法分析宁夏回族、汉族指纹样本共计614份,回族262人(男性129人,女性133人),汉族352人(男性206人,女性146人).结果 两民族间尺侧箕型纹和桡侧箕型纹存在显著性差异;同名指各组合频率按由高到低排序均为W/W＞L/L＞L/W＞A/L＞A/A＞A/W;男性汉族TFRC为137.34±2.01,女性123.60±1.75;男性回族为137.36±2.25,女性120.58±1.91.结论 1.两民族TFRC不存在明显民族间差异,但有显著性别差异;2.两民族间一手五指指端花样类型的递减频率次序除U存在差异外,其他3项无显著性差异;3.A/W具有不相容性;4.不同地区回族群体指纹参数差异显著;5.弓形纹的分布具有明显种族差异.     

女性冠心病患者的手部皮纹学特征

目的:分析手部皮纹学特征与女性冠心病的关系。方法:测量并比较分析宁夏汉族女性221人(冠心病组85人,对照组136人)双手指纹类型、指纹嵴线数,atd角(atd)及a-b嵴线数(a-bRC)。结果:斗型纹(W)、弓型纹(A)及尺侧箕型纹(Lu)出现数在患者组与对照组间有差异;患者组双手atd角及右手拇指a-bRC显著高于对照组。结论:女性冠心病患者手部皮纹学特征可能对该病的早期筛查有一定的指导意义。     

西藏藏族人群白细胞介素1β基因+3953 C/T多态性

目的:研究白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)第5外显子+3953位点核苷酸C/T多态性(SNP)在西藏藏族健康人群中的分布特点,并与其他不同种族进行比较.方法:采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)的方法,对125名西藏拉萨市藏族人群IL-1β +3953位点SNP进行检测,计算其基因型频率和等位基因频率,并结合文献与其他不同种族进行比较分析.结果:西藏拉萨市藏族人群IL-1β +3953位点基因型以CC 纯合子型最为多见,(频率为91.20%),CT杂合子型次之(8.00%),TT纯合子型很少(0.80%);其等位基因分布也是以C等位基因最为多见(95.20%),其次为T等位基因(4.80%).西藏藏族人群的等位基因频率分布与德国、西班牙人、高加索人的差异较大,具有统计学意义.而与亚洲人群包括日本人和湖北汉族、广西汉族、广西壮族差异无统计学意义.结论:西藏拉萨市藏族人群中IL-1β +3953位点以C等位基因为主,其SNP分布与其他种族之间存在差异.     

河北汉族青少年指纹纹型的分析

目的:通过指纹纹型分布,为人类学和临床医学提供基础皮纹学参数.方法:无油墨法采集400例河北汉族青少年的指纹,放大镜下鉴定.结果:斗形纹占49.425%,箕形纹占48.300%,弓形纹占2.275%.弓形纹多见于食指,其次是拇指;箕形纹多见于小指,其次是中指;斗形纹多见于环指,其次是拇指.双手十指同纹型的频率为16%.一手五指纹型组合频率为OLW (65%)>同型组合(26.125%)>ALO(4.5%)>ALW(4.375%).对应手指纹型组合频率为:W/W(40.95%)>L/L(38.75%)>L/W(16.65%)>A/L(2.5)>A/A(0.9%)>A/W(0.25%).结论:对应手指同型组合频率为80.6%,指纹纹型分布具有对称型.     

广东汉族的指纹研究

目的为了给体质人类学和临床医学提供基础皮纹学参数。方法印泥法采集指纹,放大镜和体视显微镜下鉴定计数。结果报道了广东地区18～21岁314例(男155人,女159人)汉族大学生的指纹参数正常值。调查和计算了指纹类型、指纹指数、指纹组合、各型指纹在各指的递减顺序和指嵴纹计数等项参数,指纹各型频率是L>W>A,其中Ws男>女(P<0.01),Wd和A女>男(P<0.01),而L则无明显性差异(P>0.05)。与其他汉族群体进行了比较,显示有不少统计学差异,在民族和人种间进行比较,显示广东汉族与其他蒙古人种(如日本人)有小的差异,而与高加索人种和尼格罗人种有极大差异。本文还对差异的可能原因进行了讨论。结论广东汉族有自己的皮纹特点,又显示蒙古人种的一般特征。     

Distal phalangeal hypoplasia in children with prenatal phenytoin exposure: results of a controlled anthropometric study

Phalangeal and metacarpal bone length was measured from hand radiographs in 111 children of epileptic mothers and 96 control children of nonepileptic mothers. Seventy-six children of the study group had been exposed to phenytoin in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy, 21 had been exposed to other anti-epileptic drugs excluding phenytoin, and 14 had not been exposed. Distal phalangeal lengths were significantly reduced in phenytoin-exposed children. The second and fifth digits were most affected. Phenytoin exposure was associated with a significantly elevated prevalence (11%) of radiologically defined distal phalangeal hypoplasia. The subgroup of children exposed to phenytoin levels over 40 mumol/l showed more prominent effects than did the subgroup exposed to lower or unknown concentrations. These results confirm that early fetal exposure to phenytoin decreases distal phalangeal size, as suggested by several previous studies relying on clinical examination only. Distal phalangeal hypoplasia was not accompanied by other serious abnormalities.     

指骨骨密度和膝骨关节炎相关性的影像学评价

背景：骨关节炎和骨质疏松症是与人体衰老相关的两大退行性疾病,国内外针对其相关性的研究较多,但至今仍未得出统一结论。 目的：通过横断面研究探讨影像学膝骨关节炎和指骨骨密度的相关性。 方法：纳入2 855名研究对象,同时测量骨密度和双膝正位片,对潜在的混杂因素进行校正,应用多变量的Logistic回归分析模型来评估影像学膝骨关节炎和指骨骨密度的相关性。 结果与结论：校正因素包括性别、年龄、体质量指数、吸烟、饮酒、总能量摄入量、平均钙摄入量、营养素补充剂和钙补充剂摄入量等,发现影像学膝骨关节炎和指骨骨密度呈正相关。在女性亚组中,这一相关性仍然成立,男性亚组则不具有相关性。证实在女性人群中膝骨关节炎和指骨骨密度的正相关性,提示骨密度可能为膝骨关节炎的保护因素。     

Development of a joint space width measurement method based on radiographic hand images

This study presents a novel algorithm to measure joint space widths (JSWs) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using radiographic hand images. Radiographic images were first preprocessed, and then phalangeal regions corresponding to the bone structures of each finger were extracted using step-wedge functions. Phalangeal branch paths were also extracted. Each of the five extracted phalangeal branch paths matched the bone structures of each finger exactly and ran through the center of each finger. The algorithm automatically detected 14 joints, which were identified as sharp changes in gray scale intensity along phalangeal branch paths through the profile plot. The regions of interest corresponding to the 14 joints were subsequently extracted. A total of 35 radiographic images from three groups were tested. The performance of our algorithm was evaluated by measuring joint location percentage errors and mean JSWs for three joints in the phalanges. The algorithm correctly detected 94.69% of total joints and had a low detection rate in RA patients with severe deformities or ankylosis. The mean JSW in the control group was significantly greater than that in the RA group (p<0.05). In contrast, the standard deviation of JSW in the control group was lower than that in the RA groups (p<0.005). Control and seropositive RA groups showed significant symmetry in JSW values.     

Non‐metric variation of the middle phalanges of the human toes (II–V): long/short types and their evolutionary significance

The human lateral toes are characterised by extreme reduction compared with other primates, and in particular other hominoids. Some phalangeal non‐metric variants have been well identified in humans, in particular: triphalangeal/biphalangeal patterns, and the presence/absence of phalangeal secondary centres of ossification. The purpose of the present study was to describe and analyse an original non‐metric variation of the middle phalanges of the lateral toes. The material consisted of 2541 foot radiographs that came from 2541 different European adult individuals. Two morphological types of the middle phalanx were defined as a simple binary trait: long type (L) and short type (S). In feet with a triphalangeal pattern in all lateral toes (1413 cases), a mediolateral increasing gradient was observed in the occurrence of type S: 8.1% in II; 30.7% in III; 68.4% in IV; and 99.1% in V. In feet with a biphalangeal pattern in one or more lateral toes (III–V; 1128 cases), type S occurred more frequently than in triphalangeal feet. Of the 30 theoretical arrangements of the L/S types in the lateral toes (II–V) in a complete foot, only 13 patterns were observed. Seven patterns represented 95.6% of the population: LLSS (20.9%), LLLS (17.1%), LSS (15.9%), SSS (14.5%), LSSS (12.7%), LLS (10.1%) and SSSS (4.4%). Type L can be interpreted as the primitive pattern (plesiomorphy), and type S as a derived pattern (apomorphy) that seems specific to the human species (i.e. autapomorphy). Within the specific evolution of the human foot in relation to the acquisition of constant erect posture and bipedalism, the short type of the middle phalanges can reasonably be considered as directly linked to the reduction of the lateral toes.     

Automated pressure map segmentation for quantifying phalangeal kinetics during cylindrical gripping

Inverse dynamics models used to investigate musculoskeletal disorders associated with handle gripping require accurate phalangeal kinetics. Cylindrical handles wrapped with pressure film grids have been used in studies of gripping kinetics. We present a method fusing six degree-of-freedom hand kinematics and a kinematic calibration of a cylinder-wrapped pressure film. Phalanges are modeled as conic frusta and projected onto the pressure grid, automatically segmenting the pressure map into regions of interest (ROIs). To demonstrate the method, segmented pressure maps are presented from two subjects with substantially different hand length and body mass, gripping cylinders 50 and 70 mm in diameter. For each ROI, surface-normal force vectors were summed to create a reaction force vector and center of pressure location. Phalangeal force magnitudes for a data sample were similar to that reported in previous studies. To evaluate our method, a surrogate was designed for each handle such that when modeled as a phalanx it would generate a ROI around the cells under its supports; the classification F-score was above 0.95 for both handles. Both the human subject results and the surrogate evaluation suggest that the approach can be used to automatically segment the pressure map for quantifying phalangeal kinetics of the fingers during cylindrical gripping.     

Metacarpophalangeal pattern profile analysis in 14 Japanese children with Sotos syndrome

Summary Metacarpophalangeal pattern profile (MCPP) was analyzed in 14 Japanese children (mean age 6.7 years old) with Sotos syndrome. The patients were divided into 2 groups based on age; group 1 (n=8): 6 years or over; group 2 (n=6): less than 6 years. The mean values of standard deviation of the 14 patients with obviously large hand were all above 1.4. The MCPP in group 1 showed (1) two major peaks in metacarpal and proximal phalangeal areas, (2) a small peak in middle phalangeal area, and (3) relatively short distal phalangeal bones compared with the metacarpal and proximal phalangeal bones. The MCPP in group 2 was similar to that in group 1, but an additional peak was observed in distal phalangeal area. The MCPP of Japanese patients showed a quite similar pattern to that of Caucasian patients, and we conclude the method can also be a useful tool in the diagnosis of the Japanese patients. In correlation study, 8 of the 14 patients had a significant positive correlation, but 2 patients in group 2, less than 3 years, had no positive correlation. We suggest the method is not applicable to young patients less than 3 years.     

The arterial supply to the digits of the forelimb in the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus)

The arterial supply of the digits of the forelimb of the Bactrian camel is described. The arteries supplying the digits were the palmar metacarpal and common palmar digital arteries III. The palmar metacarpal artery III was the continuation of the deep medial proximal metacarpal branch which was derived from the medial branch of the radial artery. It gave rise to a nutrient branch, medial branch, lateral branch and distal perforating palmar branch at the proximal end of the distal sixth of the cannon bone (fused third and fourth metacarpal bones). The common palmar digital artery III was the continuation of the median artery, which divided into medial and lateral branches. The medial branch of common palmar digital artery III which occasionally arose from the axial palmar proper digital artery III, after giving rise to the axial proximal proximal phalangeal branch, divided into the axial and abaxial palmar proper digital arteries III. The axial palmar proper digital artery III gave off the dorsoaxial distal proximal phalangeal, dorsoaxial proximal middle phalangeal, dorsoaxial distal middle phalangeal, palmoaxial middle phalangeal, palmoaxial distal phalangeal, dorsoaxial distal phalangeal branches, coronal artery and some digital tori branches. The abaxial palmar proper digital artery III gave rise to the abaxial proximal proximal phalangeal, dorsoabaxial distal proximal phalangeal, dorsoabaxial middle phalangeal, palmoabaxial middle phalangeal, palmoabaxial distal phalangeal, dorsoabaxial distal phalangeal branches, coronal artery and some digital tori branches. The lateral branch of the common palmar digital artery III in its origin, course, branching pattern and supply in the fourth digit was similar to the medial branch of common palmar digital artery III in the third digit.     

A novel patient with Cooks syndrome supports splitting from "classic" brachydactyly type B

We report on a 2-year-old girl affected by an isolated form of brachydactyly type B (BDB)-like malformation of the limbs consistent with Cooks syndrome (CS). A literature review was carried out in an attempt to delineate the CS clinical spectrum and separate it from BDB. The two conditions can be differentiated on clinical, radiological, and genetic grounds. In particular, CS shows a characteristic pattern of ungueal and phalangeal anomalies. In the hands, all rays are involved to a similar extent with bulbous tips. The feet are generally more severely affected than the hands. Involvement of the nails appears to be a primary feature and not secondary to phalangeal hypo/aplasia. Also, radial and ulnar rays are similarly affected. The CS clinical spectrum is expanded to include ungueal tumor-like lesions, observed in the present patient.     

A large Turkish kindred with syndactyly type II (synpolydactyly). 2. Homozygous phenotype?

Syndactyly type II (synpolydactyly (SPD)) is an autosomal dominant condition with typical abnormalities of the distal parts of both upper and lower limbs. We report here a previously undescribed phenotypic feature of people with severe hand and foot deformities who were born to two affected parents. This is the first example of SPD subjects manifesting a very distinctive phenotype, suggesting that they must be homozygous for this condition. The typical characteristic clinical features in these subjects are as follows: (1) short hands with wrinkled fatty skin and short feet; (2) complete soft tissue syndactyly involving all four limbs; (3) polydactyly of the preaxial, mesoaxial, and postaxial digits of the hands; (4) loss of the normal tubular shape of the carpal, metacarpal, and phalangeal bones, so as to give polygonal structures; (5) loss of the typical structure of the cuboid and all three cuneiform bones while the talus calcaneus and navicular bones remain intact; (6) large bony islands instead of metatarsals, most probably because of cuboid-metatarsal and cuneiform-metatarsal fusions; and (7) severe middle phalangeal hypoplasia/aplasia as well as fusion of some phalangeal structures that are associated with the loss of normal phalangeal pattern. We report seven subjects with this phenotype from three different branches of a very large SPD pedigree exhibiting the same phenotype with minimal variation. In mice, the Polysyndactyly (Ps) mutation shows a pattern of synpolydactyly very similar to that of human SPD, suggesting that they may well be homologous mutations. A molecular genetic study is currently under way to determine the chromosomal location of the SPD locus in humans and to identify the corresponding homologous region in mice.