简析心电图机常见故障及维修方法

心电图机常见故障包括:抖、漂、干扰、描笔移动范围小、阻尼不正常、线性不好、电动机不转或者纸速不对、充电无效等,文章通过对心电图机的机构组成、工作原理以及常见故障来探析维修办法。心电图机常见故障诸多,需要深入分析问题并给予对应维修,才能保证心电图机正常使用。     

6511型心电图机干扰故障分析统计及维修处理

心电图机6511型是一款医院常见的医疗检测设备,该设备小巧便携、非常实用且便于维修.6511心电图机在使用过程中常出现干扰故障,本人通过分析和维修实践,现将心电图机6511型发生干扰的原因及解决方法归纳如下,供参考.     

数字心电图机的检测方法分析

目的:研究数字心电图机的检测方法,在实践中发现并分析存在的问题,确保心电图机的质量安全。方法:按照国家相关标准及规定,采用EGC-1C型心脑电图机检定仪及配套设备共模抑制比测试仪对数字心电图机进行检测。通过检查心电图机的外观,检测各项性能参数来判断心电图机的准确性。结果:通过定期检测,不仅消除了数字心电图机的安全隐患,还保障了其在临床使用中的质量安全。结论:数字心电图机的质量控制检测工作是医疗安全的重要组成部分,按时检测、及时修理能够确保数字心电图机的量值准确、可靠,更好地服务于患者。     

浅谈工频电磁场检测过程中干扰因素的控制

2008年6月至2009年6月对500kV超高压输变电线廊下20 m范围内的周边环境进行工频电磁场强度检测.在检测过程中发现,诸多因素可导致检测数据产生变化和偏倚.通过分析、筛查干扰因素并通过质量控制等措施,可有效提高工频电磁场现场检测数据的可靠性和准确性.     

心电图机输入电路阻抗测试方法

目的：探讨检验心电图机输入电路阻抗的测试原理和方法。方法：自制输入阻抗测试仪,采用金属外壳可屏蔽部分外部的干扰信号;通过自制的屏蔽装置来消除测试中的50Hz交流干扰。结果：选择上海光电ECG-6951D单道心电图机和ECG-9620P三道心电图机作为测试对象,测试中50Hz交流干扰能够得到有效抑制,取得了较好的测试效果。结论：该心电图机输入电路阻抗测试仪结合简单经济的屏蔽措施应用于本校学生实验中,对于测试心电图机整机性能有很大的帮助。     

输变电工程电磁辐射水平监测调查

目的了解工频电场、磁场、无线电干扰值等电磁辐射危害因素对人体健康的影响。方法通过现场调查和现场测试对输变电工程敏感点电磁辐射强度进行评价。结果工频电场、磁场强度均小于4 kV/m、0.1 mT评价标准推荐值,无线电干扰值小于46-53 dB（μV/m）评价标准限值。结论监测对象无超标现象。     

论心电信号检测中的噪声与干扰及其消除方法

目的：认识心电信号是从体表检测到的心脏电生理信号,它对心脏疾病的诊断意义重大。方法：强调在心电信号检测过程中,很容易受到噪声（干扰）的影响,如随机噪声、工频干扰、检测系统的内部噪声等。结果：分析了心电检测中各种噪声和干扰产生的原因及消除和减小噪声（干扰）的方法。结论：为了尽可能地消除噪声（干扰）,又不使检测到的心电信号失真,这就需要改进采集电路、滤波电路,运用新的运算方法。     

数字心电图机检定装置的研制及检定方法的研究

为了保证临床在用数字心电图机的准确可靠,确定其计量特性、检定方法及研制相应的检定装置非常必要,详细阐述了数字心电图机检定装置的组成、技术指标、原理框图、关键技术以及数字心电图机的主要检测项目,可指导数字心电图机检测工作的开展.     

计算机在医学中的应甩(二)——医学信号预处理(续)

4.数字滤波通过各种方法获得的生物及医学信息经常带有各种各样的干扰、噪声、伪差、漂移等。这些无用或有害的信号成分如不消除,或抑制到相当小的程度就会影响到以后的信号处理、诊断、识别等的正确性。在数字计算技术普及之前,为消除无用信号所采用的手段几乎仅有模拟滤波器:用带通滤波器来抑制特定的干扰频率,如电网频率,用高通滤波器来消除低频漂移或迭加信号,如血压信号上迭加的呼吸信号;用低通滤波器来消除高频噪声等。但是模拟滤波器有许多缺点和限制,其中包括幅频特性较难控制(例如,要将50赫的工频干扰滤得十分干净是极困难的);相频特性呈非线性;滤     

心电信号50Hz陷波器的FPGA实现

在心电信号（ECG）检测系统中,采集到的心电数据具有信号弱、频率低、干扰大的特点,特别是50Hz的工频干扰。本文根据IIR滤波器的原理,设计出用于抑制50Hz工频噪声的陷波器。利用Maflab对所设计的陷波器作性能仿真,并根据陷波器的参数编写相应的verilog程序,最后用QuartusII对硬件代码进行前仿真,仿真结果显示所设计的陷波器对50Hz工频干扰有良好的滤波效果。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.