Effects of hallux limitus on plantar foot pressure and foot kinematics during walking

The effects of hallux limitus on plantar foot pressure and foot kinematics have received limited attention in the literature. Therefore, a study was conducted to assess the effects of limited first metatarsophalangeal joint mobility on plantar foot pressure. It was equally important to identify detection criteria based on plantar pressures and metatarsophalangeal joint kinematics, enabling differentiation between subjects affected by hallux limitus and people with normal hallux function. To further our understanding of the relation between midtarsal collapse and hallux limitus, kinematic variables relating to midtarsal pronation were also included in the study. Two populations of 19 subjects each, one with hallux limitus and the other free of functional abnormalities, were asked to walk at their preferred speed while plantar foot pressures were recorded along with three-dimensional foot kinematics. The presence of hallux limitus, structural or functional, caused peak plantar pressure under the hallux to build up significantly more and at a faster rate than under the first metatarsal head. Additional discriminators for hallux limitus were peak dorsiflexion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint, time to this peak value, peak pressure ratios of the first metatarsal head and the more lateral metatarsal heads, and time to maximal pressure under the fourth and fifth metatarsal heads. Finally, in approximately 20% of the subjects, with and without hallux limitus, midtarsal pronation occurred after heel lift, validating the claim that retrograde midtarsal pronation does occur.     

Plantar pressure and radiographic changes to the forefoot after the Austin bunionectomy

We describe the effects of the Austin bunionectomy on plantar pressure distribution and radiographic measurements in the forefoot in 31 subjects (44 feet) with mild-to-moderate hallux valgus deformity and 36 control subjects (36 feet). Plantar pressure measurements before and 24 months after surgery showed peak pressure beneath the hallux reduced to normal values. Peak pressure measurements beneath the first, second, and third metatarsal heads in hallux valgus feet were relatively unchanged after surgery and remained higher than normal values. The operation produced significant decreases in mean preoperative radiographic measurements of hallux abductus, metatarsus primus varus, and first metatarsal protrusion distance in these patients to below-normal values.     

Modified Youngswick procedure for hallux limitus

Multiple surgical procedures have been described for the correction of hallux limitus deformity. We describe a new modification of the Youngswick procedure for the surgical treatment of hallux limitus. Other procedures for hallux limitus correction are also discussed. This modified Youngswick procedure will provide a new approach to treating hallux limitus secondary to metatarsus primus elevatus when shortening of the first metatarsal is not indicated.     

Chevron截骨术治疗足拇外翻的疗效观察

目的探讨应用第一跖骨远端Chevron截骨术治疗轻度拇外翻的临床疗效。方法对13例22足轻度拇外翻患者采用第一跖骨远端Chevron截骨术进行治疗。患足术前术后摄负重正侧位X线片,进行AOFAS评分以评价功能和疼痛情况,并对结果进行统计学分析。结果所有患者均获得随访(平均11个月)。所有患者截骨端均达骨性愈合,平均临床愈合时间为6周。未出现血管、神经损伤或感染等并发症,至末次随访未出现一例内固定松动、断裂,拇外翻复发或第一跖骨头缺血坏死、转移性跖骨痛等并发症。术前HVA平均25.2°,术后为5.6°;术前IMA平均11.4°,术后为6.3°;术前AOFAS评分为52.4分,术后至末次随访时为87.5分。各项指标术前术后对比差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论第一跖骨远端Chevron截骨术治疗轻度拇外翻,近期疗效满意。     

Effects of rearfoot-controlling orthotic treatment on dorsiflexion of the hallux in feet with abnormal subtalar pronation: a preliminary report

The aim of this study was to determine whether the treatment of abnormal subtalar pronation restores functional (as opposed to structural) limited dorsiflexion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (functional hallux limitus). We studied 16 feet of eight individuals with abnormal subtalar pronation. Orthoses were made for all of the feet, and hallux dorsiflexion was measured during weightbearing. Each patient was unshod without the orthosis, unshod with the orthosis fitted on the same day, and unshod with the orthosis fitted approximately 5 months later. The results suggest that in functional hallux limitus caused by abnormal subtalar pronation, hallux dorsiflexion will gradually be restored by the use of foot orthoses to control the abnormal subtalar pronation.     

Sensitivity and specificity of the functional hallux limitus test to predict foot function

Functional hallux limitus is an underrecognized entity that generally does not produce symptoms but can result in a variety of compensatory mechanisms that can produce symptoms. Clinically, hallux limitus can be determined by assessing the range of motion available at the first metatarsophalangeal joint while the first ray is prevented from plantarflexing. The aim of this study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of this clinical test to predict abnormal excessive midtarsal joint function during gait. A total of 86 feet were examined for functional hallux limitus and abnormal pronation of the midtarsal joint during late midstance. The test had a sensitivity of 0.72 and a specificity of 0.66, suggesting that clinicians should consider functional hallux limitus when there is late midstance pronation of the midtarsal joint during gait.     

Lateral intermetatarsal angle: a useful measurement of metatarsus primus elevatus?

The lateral intermetatarsal angle, a measurement of the sagittal plane angular divergence between the dorsal cortices of the first and second metatarsals of lateral weightbearing foot radiographs, was compared in 30 normal and 30 hallux limitus feet. The results suggest that the angle may be measured reliably and that although the measured angles are relatively small, a significant difference exists between the normal and hallux limitus subjects studied. Accordingly, the lateral intermetatarsal angle may prove to be a useful radiographic measurement to assist the podiatric physician in the clinical assessment of hallux limitus.     

改良McBride手术联合跖骨双截骨术治疗青少年踇外翻的生物力学分析

目的?对改良McBride手术联合跖骨双截骨术治疗青少年踇外翻的生物力学进行分析。方法?选取2015年4月—2018年8月在海警总队医院治疗的青少年踇外翻患者45例,按随机数字表法分为对照组（22例）和实验组（23例）,分别采用改良McBride手术和改良McBride手术联合跖骨双截骨术治疗。术前和术后随访1年行足部X射线检查,测量外翻角（IMA）,第1、2跖骨间角（HVA）和第4、5跖骨间角（IM 4-5）,采用AOFAS功能评分评估前足功能,采用视觉模拟评分（VAS）评估疼痛。采用足底压力测试系统测量患者足底压力分布。结果?①术后随访1年,实验组患者HVA、IMA、IM 4-5和VAS评分均低于对照组,AOFAS评分高于对照组（P?<0.05）。②术后随访1年,实验组患者双足第1跖骨平均压力峰值低于对照组（P?<0.05）;而其他区域的平均压力峰值比较,差异无统计学意义（P?>0.05）。③术后随访1年,实验组患者双足第2～5趾骨、第1跖骨、足跟内侧和足跟外侧的平均冲量值低于对照组（P?<0.05）;而其他区域的平均冲量值比较,差异无统计学意义（P?>0.05）。结论?改良McBride手术联合跖骨双截骨术可能通过降低第1跖骨区压力和负重,改善踇外翻畸形,具有良好的临床应用前景。     

拇外翻病人的静、动态前足底压力测定

目的：观察Mu外翻足与正常足底压力的差异。方法：应用自行研制的足底压力分布视频测试系统,用分组对照的方法,对16只病足和14只正常足前底压力进行了动、静脉足底压力测定。结果：病足组第1跖骨头区的足底压力占前足足底总压力的百分比较正常对照组明显减小,2－3,4－5跖骨头区的压力占前足底总压力的百分比较对照组明显增加,两组间有显著的统计学差异（P＜0．05）。结论：Mu外翻畸形有足弓的改变。     

微创手术治疗拇外翻的疗效观察

目的 探讨微创手术治疗拇外翻的临床效果及优缺点.方法 对我院近3年收治的845例(1467足)拇外翻患者采用微创手术治疗,回顾性分析治疗的效果.结果 1467足均在术后8周一期愈合,内侧皮神经损伤19足.拇趾僵硬12足,第一跖趾关节痛、畸形矫正不良8足(均为重度拇外翻患者),转移性跖骨痛6足,足中部不适6足,均对症治疗效果满意.结论 拇外翻微创治疗适合于轻中度拇外翻患者,术后可在短期内愈合,并发症少.     

CLINICAL CONCEPTION OF KELLER''''S OPERATION FOR HALLUX VALGUS DEFORMITY——A SURVEY OF 112 CASES

In a long-term follow-up study (average, 6.5 years) of 112 feet (90 pa-tients) subjected to Keller's operation for hallux valgus deformity, the author observed arelationship between Keller's operation and the metatarsalgia which was located beneaththe central metatarsal heads. The data showed that the metatarsalgia developed or was ag-gravated in 26 feet (23%), and was eliminated or alleviated in 23 feet (21%) afterKeller's operation. When more than one-third of the proximal phalanx of the big toe wasresected, the incidence of the metatarsalgia obviously increased following surgery. Theautho rpreferred a "Z" lengthening of the extensor hallucis longus tendon instead ofresecting excessive proximal phalanx. The total incidence of the metatarsalgia was 36%(40 feet) preoperatively and 38% (43 feet) postoperatively. This result indicated thatthere was no obvious difference in the incidence of the preoperative and postoperativemetatarsalgia. No more than one-third of the proximal phalanx of the big toe should beremoved. This seems to reduce the incidence of the metatarsalgia after Keller's operation.After operation, the three princepal symptoms of hallux valgus deformity, painful bunionand difficulty in shoe-wearing were improved for more than 95% in the 112 feet.Eighty one% of the patients were satisfied with the result of the operation. We considerthat this method is one of the effective operation for correcting the hallux valgusdeformity and it is also important to select suitable patients.     

The effect of hallux abducto valgus surgery on the sesamoid apparatus position

A new parameter, the tibial sesamoid-second metatarsal distance, was established to determine whether the sesamoids move in relation to the foot in hallux abducto valgus surgery. The reliability of the tibial sesamoid-second metatarsal distance was assessed and shown to be excellent. Seventy-five feet underwent surgical correction of hallux abducto valgus. Four radiographic parameters--the intermetatarsal angle, the hallux abductus angle, the tibial sesamoid position, and the tibial sesamoid-second metatarsal distance--were measured before and after surgery. The hallux abductus angle, intermetatarsal angle, and tibial sesamoid position were all significantly reduced following surgery. The tibial sesamoid-second metatarsal distance was not affected by hallux abducto valgus correction. Thus the correction in sesamoid position gained with hallux abducto valgus correction is a direct result of lateral translocation of the metatarsal head, with no contribution from change in position of the sesamoid apparatus relative to the foot.     

Radiological Characteristics and Anatomical Risk Factors in the Evaluation of Hallux Valgus in Chinese Adults

Background:There are no unified theories as to the anatomical changes that occur with hallux valgus,we investigated the radiological characteristics and anatomical risk factors for hallux valgus deform...     

Effect of functional foot orthoses on first metatarsophalangeal joint dorsiflexion in stance and gait

Reduction in first metatarsophalangeal joint maximum degree of dorsiflexion with dorsiflexion of the first ray has been proposed to be the predominant cause of hallux abducto valgus and hallux rigidus. We sought to determine whether orthoses made from a cast with the first ray plantarflexed and a 4-mm medial skive could increase the maximum degree of dorsiflexion in patients with functional hallux limitus in stance and gait. Forty-eight feet of 27 subjects were casted for orthoses with the first ray plantarflexed and in the customary neutral rearfoot position with locked midtarsal joint. First metatarsophalangeal joint maximum dorsiflexion was measured with and without orthoses in stance, and subhallux pressure was measured with and without orthoses at heel-off. Changes in mean maximum dorsiflexion in stance and in mean maximum subhallux pressure in gait with orthoses were significant. We investigated the relationship between this increase in dorsiflexion and gender, shoe size, resting calcaneal stance position, and change in resting calcaneal stance position with the use of orthoses. These correlations were not statistically significant. The biomechanical implication of increasing limited first metatarsophalangeal joint dorsiflexion with orthoses is discussed and related to the clinical treatment of deformities, including hallux valgus and hallux rigidus. The use of orthoses to decrease subhallux pressure is also discussed.     

Adding stability to the crescentic basilar first metatarsal osteotomy

Crescentic basilar osteotomies for metatarsus primus varus and hallux valgus allow for substantial correction of the first intermetatarsal angle and the hallux valgus angle. Crescentic osteotomies have two well-documented pitfalls: sagittal plane instability and difficulty in fixation. We describe the addition of a plantar shelf to crescentic basilar osteotomy that allows for easier fixation and less risk of elevation of the first metatarsal postoperatively. This plantar shelf is made in the metaphyseal portion of the first metatarsal, which provides the benefit of better bone healing. In 20 patients, we found an average reduction in the intermetatarsal angle of 9.3 degrees and an average reduction in the hallux valgus angle of 21.8 degrees. Eight weeks postoperatively, only one patient showed elevation of the first metatarsal.     

Metatarsus primus elevatus in hallux rigidus: fact or fiction?

Two hundred seventy-five lateral weightbearing radiographs of isolated pathology were reviewed and stratified into hallux rigidus (n = 100), hallux valgus (n = 75), plantar fasciitis (n = 50), and Morton's neuroma (n = 50) groups. The patient population consisted of healthy individuals with no history of foot trauma or surgery. The first to second metatarsal head elevation, Seiberg index, first to second sagittal intermetatarsal angle, first to fifth metatarsal head distance, and hallux equinus angle were measured in each population. Statistically significant differences were found between the hallux valgus, plantar fasciitis, and Morton's neuroma populations and the hallux rigidus population, which showed greater elevation of the first metatarsal relative to the second for each radiographic measurement technique. In the hallux rigidus population, there was a statistically significant difference between grade II and grades I and III regarding the first to fifth metatarsal head distance (greater in grade II) and the hallux equinus angle (lower in grade II). A review of the literature and comparison with historical controls reveals that metatarsus primus elevatus exists in hallux rigidus and is greater than that found in hallux valgus, plantar fasciitis, and Morton's neuroma groups.     

微创技术治疗拇外翻对籽骨复位和胼胝痛的临床观察

目的探讨微创技术（第一跖骨远端截骨术）治疗拇外翻后对籽骨复位与胼胝痛（VAS）的疗效。方法2006年9月～2010年6月手术治疗拇外翻（第一跖骨远端截骨术）51例82足。手术前后摄负重正侧位x线片,包括外翻角、第1、2跖骨间角（IMA）、胫侧籽骨位置的变化;并进行症状体征检查,记录胼胝及胼胝痛。平均随访时间6个月。结果经过微创手术后,HAVA平均减小21．4°,跖骨间角平均减少4．75°,籽骨复位总有效率95．8％。胼胝及胼胝痛术后加重5足,其余均减轻。结论通过截骨远端跖骨块足够的跖移、跖屈可以减小足内侧纵弓顶角,弥补因短缩引起的内侧纵弓高度的丢失,减少术后胼胝疼痛等并发症发生的概率。     

Ⅱ型糖尿病患者前行和倒走时的足底压力变化

目的 探讨Ⅱ型糖尿病患者前行与倒走时的足底压力与足部知识及自护行为的情况,为临床寻求减少糖尿病足发生率的方法提供依据.方法 对医院收治的105例Ⅱ型糖尿病患者设为观察组,同期选择在医院进行健康体检的105名正常人为对照组,检测两组足底压力及压力中心轨迹变化,并对观察组进行足部知识自护问卷调查.结果 与对照组相比,观察组在第2～5趾、第2跖骨区的峰值压力显著降低,差异具有统计学差异（P＜0.05）,而在第3跖骨、第1跖骨、足跟内侧这三个区域双足底的压力均增大（P＜0.05）;与前行时相比,观察组患者倒走时在第1趾、第2～5趾、第1跖骨、足中部或足弓、足跟内侧、足跟外侧等各个区域的双足足底峰值压力均有不同程度的增加（P＜0.05）;但在第3跖骨区域倒走时双足压力却较前行时显著降低（P＜0.05）;观察组倒走时的足底压力中心轨迹在X轴上的位移相比于前行时显著增大（P＜0.05）,但在Y轴上的位移则明显减小（P＜0.05）,双足在位移上差异不大;Ⅱ型糖尿病患者问卷总分为（20.64±3.47）分.结论 糖尿病患者前行时足底压力分布与正常人存在差异;倒走时较前行时足底压力区域分布更为均匀,前足掌压力减轻,缓解了该区疲劳损伤,能起到预防糖尿病的作用;应加强对糖尿病患者足部保护知识及自护行为的教育指导,减少糖尿病足的发生率.     

足横弓部分重建并改良McBride术治疗踇外翻畸形（附40例报告）

报告足横弓重建并改良ＭｃＢｒｉｄｅ术治疗外翻畸形４０例７２足，经平均４年６个月的随访．结果表明第一、二跖骨间夹角平均矫正３度，跖角平均矫正９度，囊消失率为９５％，第二、三跖骨头下胼胝消失率为６６％，足形改善满意率为９１％。     

Hallux valgus deformity treated with the extensor hallucis longus tendon transfer by dynamic correction

Background Recurrence of hallux valgus is considered to be the most common problem experienced postoperatively.We designed and caried out operations to correct hallux valgus by transferring the extensor hallucis longus （EHL） tendon to reduce the likelihood of recurrence.Methods Twenty-five patients （38 feet） with the average age of （46.3±12.3） （range, 22 to 60） years underwent the operation. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score and weight-bearing radiographs of the foot were applied to assess the feet pre- and postoperatively with a mean duration of follow-up of （38.2±3.2） months. The surgical procedure includes the release of the distal soft tissues, excision of the medial eminence, plication of the medial part of the capsule, and transfer of the EHL tendon, and reconstructing its insertion.Results At follow-up, 35 feet （23 patients, 85%） were free from pain at the first metatarsophalangeal （MTP） joint. In three feet （two patients）, the pain was alleviated but persisted. The mean hallux valgus angle decreased significantly from a preoperative 38.3°±8.0° to 7.3°±2.0° at the time of the most recent follow-up （P 〈0.0001）, and the mean intermetatarsal （IM） angle decreased significantly from preoperative 12.5°±3.4° to postoperative 6.5°±2.4° （P 〈0.0001）. The mean score according to the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society had increased from 46.5 to 84.8 points （P 〈0.0001）.Conclusions Hallux valgus can be corrected by transferring the EHL tendon medially and reconstructing its insertion.The technique can achieve stress balance of metatarsophalangeal joints and therefore prevent the recurrence of hallux valgus.