帕金森病患者诱发电位研究

目的 :研究帕金森病 (PD)患者脑干听觉诱发电位 (BAEP)和视觉诱发电位 (VEP)的变化及其与临床症状的关系。方法 :检测 70例PD患者BAEP和VEP ,并设正常对照组 6 0例作对照。结果 :PD组BAEP异常 31例 (44 % ) ,正常对照组异常 11例 (18% ) ,P <0 0 1。VEPN75、P10 0、N135的潜伏期分别为 93 2± 15 1ms、12 5 2± 12 .4ms和 15 7 2± 19 5ms ,均较正常对照组 83 1± 14 8ms、10 4 2± 7 3ms和139 4± 14 4ms明显延长 ,P <0 0 1;PD患者VEP的P10 0潜伏期与UPDRS评分呈正相关 ,r =0 6 1,P <0 0 1。结论 :BAEP和VEP可客观地反映PD患者听觉和视觉通路电生理的变化。     

BAEP、BTEP、SEP在猴实验性变态反应性脑脊髓炎中的应用研究

目的 :探讨不同诱发电位评价实验性变态反应性脑脊髓炎 (EAE)的价值。方法 :选择 12只健康猴制作EAE模型 ,另选一只正常猴作对照。分别进行脑干听觉诱发电位 (BAEP)、脑干三叉神经诱发电位 (BTEP)、体感诱发电位 (SEP)检测 ,5年后部分动物进行复查。结果 :EAE猴BAEP的Ⅲ—Ⅴ峰间期为 3.0± 0 .6 3ms ,BTEP的T1—T7、T3—T7峰间期为 2 .5 3± 0 .6 7ms、1.6 8± 0 .37ms,SEP的P4 0—N2 0峰间期为 13.38± 3.6 1ms ,BAEP、BTEP及SEP各波峰间期与对照组相比明显延长。BAEP、BTEP、BAEP +BTEP及下肢SEP检查EAE猴异常率分别是 5 0 %、5 0 %、6 2 %及 81%。结论 :5年后EAE猴仍存在多处中枢性损害 ,下肢SEP检出率最高 ,BAEP +BTEP联合检查的异常率高于单独检查 ,在评价脑干功能时 ,采用BAEP和BTEP联合检查 ,可以提高异常率     

长时间游泳对小鼠心电活动的影响

以 3 2只小鼠为材料 ,采用对照的方法 ,对正常对照组和游泳组小鼠心电活动的变化进行了比较分析。主要分析指标为Ⅱ导联宽频带心电图时域值及QRS波群和Q—T间期的功率谱。经过 15 0～ 160min的游泳后 ,小鼠宽频带心电图的各项时域值及功率谱较正常组发生了不同程度的变化 :心率变慢 ,由正常组的 5 66± 12 4次 /min减慢为游泳组的 44 0± 114次 /min ;P—R间期由 3 3 .7± 2 .7ms延长为 3 9.3± 3 .1ms;P波时程由 8.0± 0 .8ms延长为 8.9± 0 .9ms;P—R段由 2 5 .7± 2 .5ms延长为 3 0 .4± 3 .1ms。以上变化均有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5或P <0 .0 1)。而QRS波群时程由 8.8± 0 .9ms延长为 9.1± 0 .8ms;Q—T间期由 18.7± 1.7ms延长为 18.9± 1.4ms;T波时程由 9.9± 1.7ms缩短为 9.7± 1.1ms。QRS波群峰—峰值由1.42 5± 0 .3 2 7mv增大为 1.5 18± 0 .3 15mv ;T波高度由 0 .5 45± 0 .0 99mv增大为 0 .5 90± 0 .143mv ,这些变化均无显著性差异。在QRS波群和Q—T间期的功率谱中 ,游泳组高频相对能量有所增加 ,但差异不显著     

正常人听觉事件相关电位中P_(300)与智商关系的研究

目的 :探讨正常人听觉P30 0 与智商之关系 ,评价P30 0 在智力测验中的应用价值。方法 :对 38例病人采用oddball刺激序列检测P30 0 ,采用中国修订韦氏成人智力量表全量表测定智商。结果 :全组 38例 ,P30 0 潜伏期为 35 7 9± 2 6 4ms ,波幅 12 5± 5 9μⅴ ;智商测定言语智商 113 7± 13 2分 ,操作智商10 8 7± 11 3分 ,总智商 111 9± 12 5分。相关分析显示P30 0 潜伏期与各智商间均呈显著负相关 (r =-0 2 73～ - 0 32 9,P <0 .0 5 ) ,波幅与言语智商及总智商呈显著正相关 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :P30 0 潜伏期在表达智商方面具有显著意义。     

757例体检人群血脂水平调查分析

目的 :了解“健康”体检人群不同年龄组的血脂水平。方法 :对75 7例体检人群的血清甘油三酯 (TG)、总胆固醇 (TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (HDL C) ,按年龄分组 ,采用SPSS10 .0软件进行统计分析。结果 :2 0～ 2 9岁组的TG (1.2 8± 0 .63mmol/L)与 3 0～ 3 9岁组(1.5 6± 0 .78mmol/L)和 40～ 49岁组 (1.5 1± 0 .79mmol/L)均有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1) ;其它各组间无显著性差异。 2 0～ 2 9岁组的TC (4 .5 8± 0 .88mmol/L)与 3 0～ 3 9岁组 (4 .97± 0 .97mmol/L)、40～ 49岁组 (5 .0 0± 1.0 3mmol/L)、5 0～ 5 9岁组 (5 .0 0± 1.0 4mmol/L)、60～ 69岁组 (5 .0 7± 0 .96mmol/L)均有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1);其它各组间无显著性差异。HDL C水平 70～ 77岁组均显著高于其它各年龄组 ,而其它各年龄组间无统计学差异。TG ,TC ,HDL C的异常率分布在各年龄组间无统计学差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :75 7例体检人群血脂水平呈升高趋势 ,中青年人群更为明显 ,应当提倡文明饮食和健康的生活方式 ,加强健康教育     

P波离散度测定正常值的研究

目的 :测定 P波离散度 ( Pd)制定正常值范围。方法 :采用同步十二导联心电图机测定 10 0例健康成人和 3 0例有阵发性房颤病史患者的 P波离散度 ,测量 Pd正常值范围。结果 :心房颤动组 P波离散度增高 ( 4 7.8± 7.6ms) ,与健康成人 ( 2 0 .6± 10 .5 ms)差异有非常显著性意义 ( P<0 .0 1) ;Pd在男女性别及各年龄段之间差异无显著性 ( P>0 .0 5 )。结论 :P波离散度小于 40 ms为正常范围     

大鼠脑三叉神经诱发电位正常潜伏期的测定

目的:测定大鼠脑三叉神经诱发电位潜伏期的正常值,建立本实验室脑三叉神经诱发电位正常值数据库。方法:采用诱发电位仪,双侧刺激记录大鼠脑三叉神经诱发电位。结果:大鼠脑三叉神经诱发电位波形主要有四个波,T1、T2、T3、T4,潜伏期分别是0.7880±0.1139、1.2467 ±0.1314、1.8265±0.3703、2.5123±0.5968;左右两侧各个相应波潜伏期的样本均数无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论:该方法大鼠脑三叉神经诱发电位正常值较为稳定,可以采用同体双侧对比实验, 为进一步研究病理状态下脑三叉神经诱发电位的变化等,提供了一定的实验依据。     

心因性阳痿患者的神经电生理表现

目的 :研究心因性阳痿患者的神经电生理学改变。方法 :对 30例心因性阳痿患者 (心因组 )进行球海绵体肌反射 (BCR)、坐骨海绵体肌反射 (ICR)及阴茎背神经体感诱发电位 (SSEP)的潜伏期、波幅检测 ,并与正常人 (对照组 )进行比较。结果 :病人组与对照组BCR、ICR、SSEP的P4 1波潜伏期比较差异无显著意义 (P >0 0 5 ) ,而病人组P4 1波波幅较对照组明显降低 (P <0 0 5 )。结论 :心因性阳痿患者SSEP的P4 1波幅降低 ,这似乎有助于心因性阳痿鉴别诊断     

军人心理创伤后应激障碍患者与健康军人事件相关电位的对照研究

目的　探讨军人心理创伤后应激障碍 ( PTSD)患者 3种事件相关电位 ( ERP)的变异。方法　应用美国 Nicolet Bravo脑诱发电位仪 ,采用光和声成对刺激、反应时间以及听觉靶 -非靶刺激序列技术 ,检测 66例 PTSD和 3 6名正常人 ( NC)的关联性负变 ( CNV)、P30 0 、以及失配性负波 ( MMN)。结果　 1 CNV:M1 潜伏期 PTSD组 [( 5 0 3 .4± 1 3 9.2 ) ms]长于 NC组[( 4 2 0 .1± 1 2 3 .6) ms;P<0 .0 1 ],M2 波幅 PTSD组 [( 1 8.9± 7.9) μv]高于 NC组 [( 1 1 .7± 5 .8) μv;P<0 .0 1 ],指令信号后负变化 ( PINV)的出现率 PTSD组 ( 3 9% )高于 NC组 ( 3 % ;P<0 .0 1 )。 2 P30 0 :在靶刺激中 ,Cz脑区的 P3潜伏期 PTSD组[( 3 1 5 .4± 1 7.8) ms]短于 NC组 [( 3 3 6.7± 1 5 .5 ) ms;P<0 .0 1 ],Pz脑区的 N2 潜伏期 PTSD组 [( 2 78.5± 2 1 .8) ms]长于 NC组 [( 2 63 .4± 1 4.2 ) ms;P<0 .0 1 ],Pz脑区的 P3波幅 PTSD组 [( 3 .4± 1 .8) μv]低于 NC组 [( 5 .9± 2 .4) μv;P<0 .0 1 ]。在非靶刺激中 ,Cz脑区的 P2 波幅 PTSD组 [( 2 .5± 1 .4) μv]低于 NC组 [( 3 .4± 0 .1 ) μv;P<0 .0 1 ]。 3 MMN:潜伏期 PTSD组[( 2 1 4.2± 2 5 .7) ms]长于 NC组 [( 1 93 .7± 2 2 .6) ms;P<0 .0 1 ],波幅 PTSD组 [( 8.5     

慢性肾功能衰竭患者事件相关电位P300研究

目的 :探讨慢性肾功能衰竭患者事件相关电位P30 0的变化特征。方法 :对 32例慢性肾功能衰竭患者进行事件相关电位P30 0测定并以 30例年龄性别匹配的正常人作对照。结果 :慢性肾功能衰竭患者P30 0潜伏期为 40 0 16± 5 1 36ms,波幅为 7 2 0± 4 71μV ,与正常对照组相比有显著性差异 ;P30 0异常率为 90 %,其中PL延长者占 41%(12例 ) ,PL及Amp均异常者 37%(11例 ) ,仅Amp降低者2 0 %(6例 ) ;P30 0异常 (PL延长及Amp降低 )与代谢异常密切相关 ,随代谢异常改善而改善。结论 :事件相关电位P30 0对慢性肾功能衰竭患者认知功能的评定及治疗效果的观察有一定临床意义。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.