茶碱对低钾诱导的小脑颗粒神经元凋亡的保护作用

目的　研究茶碱对复极化浓度钾离子 (5mmol·L-1KCl,又称低钾 )诱导的小脑颗粒神经元凋亡是否具有保护作用。方法　体外培养大鼠小脑颗粒神经元 ,定性定量检测细胞凋亡 :①用FDA (fluoresceindiacetate)染色检测细胞存活率 ,用Hoechst 332 5 8染色 ,分析细胞核的形态变化 ;②琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析DNA断裂 ;③免疫荧光法检测细胞内cAMP水平。结果　茶碱使低钾培养的小脑颗粒神经元的存活率增加 ,使低钾引起的细胞核固缩、凝聚和断裂现象消失 ;低钾使神经元的DNA电泳图谱出现明显的“梯子状” ,而茶碱使此现象消失 ;敏感性内钙释放阻断剂、L 型钙通道阻断剂及NMDA受体阻断剂均不能抑制茶碱对神经元的保护作用 ;茶碱对细胞内cAMP水平没有明显的影响。结论　茶碱对复极化浓度钾离子诱导的小脑颗粒神经元凋亡具保护作用 ,此作用不依赖胞内钙离子浓度 ,也不通过升高胞内cAMP水平来实现     

诱导型HSP70过表达对低钾诱导的小脑颗粒神经元凋亡的保护作用

目的观察腺病毒介导的人诱导型HSP70过表达对低钾诱导的原代培养的大鼠小脑颗粒神经元(cerebellargranuleneurons,CGN)凋亡的影响。方法原代培养5d的CGN共感染含人诱导型HSP70和绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)的腺病毒(AdTR5/HSP70-GFP)和四环素调控的启动子(AdCMV/tTA),或共感染含GFP的腺病毒(AdTR5/GFP)和AdCMV/tTA(对照组)。48h后,采用细胞荧光免疫组织化学法、Westernblot法检测HSP70的表达,或者换成无血清含5mmol·L-1KCl的培养基以诱导神经元凋亡。24h后,采用相差显微镜观察细胞形态学变化,MTT法检测神经元存活率,Hoechst33258核染色和DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析神经元凋亡,以观察HSP70过表达对低钾诱导的CGN凋亡的影响。结果共感染了AdCMV/tTA和AdTR5/HSP70-GFP的CGN过表达了HSP70,抑制了低钾诱导的CGN的凋亡:使神经元存活率由45·5%±5·2%提高至82·3%±5·2%(P<0·01),核固缩减少,DNA的片段化减轻。结论腺病毒介导的人诱导型HSP70的过表达抑制了低钾诱导的CGN凋亡。     

孕甾烷-3β,5α,6β-三醇抑制低钾诱导的小脑颗粒神经元凋亡

观察孕烷氧化物孕甾烷 3β ,5α ,6β 三醇 (PTO)对低钾 (5mmol·L- 1)诱导的小脑颗粒神经元凋亡的影响 ,并对其机理进行初步探讨 .采用二乙酸荧光素 (FDA)和Hoechst 332 5 8DNA染色法观察神经元存活率及形态学特征 ;用琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析神经元死亡的生化特征 .低钾引起小脑颗粒神经元凋亡 ,表现为染色体固缩 ,DNA凝胶电泳表现出由大小不一的断裂DNA片段形成的“梯形”条带 .PTO(0 .62 5～15 μmol·L- 1)呈时间和剂量依赖性地抑制上述现象的出现 .蛋白质合成抑制剂环己米特不能改变由不同温育时间造成的PTO对神经元不同保护效果的差异 .结果显示 ,PTO抑制低钾诱导的小脑颗粒神经元凋亡 ,PTO的这一作用可能属于一非基因效应 .     

胞内钙离子浓度与咖啡因保护小脑颗粒神经元作用的关系(英文)

用凝胶电泳和 fura- 2荧光技术测定 [Ca2 + ]i方法研究咖啡因对低钾诱导的大鼠小脑颗粒神经元凋亡的保护作用与 [Ca2 + ]i 升高之间的关系 .将体外培养的小脑颗粒神经元从高钾 ( 2 5mmol· L-1KCl)培养基中转移到低钾 ( 5mmol· L-1KCl)培养基中 ,神经元发生凋亡 .但低钾引起的神经元死亡可被咖啡因 ( 5- 2 0 mmol· L-1)浓度依赖性地保护 ,且咖啡因的这种作用不受蓝尼定 ( ryanodine) -敏感钙释放阻断剂蓝尼定和丹曲林 ( dantrolene)的影响 ;也不被 L-型钙通道阻断剂硝苯地平 ,尼莫地平 ,维拉帕米和 NMDA受体阻断剂地佐环平抑制 .结果说明 [Ca2 + ]i 的升高并不是咖啡因对小脑颗粒神经元的保护作用所必需的 .     

咖啡因对LY294002诱导的小脑颗粒神经元凋亡的保护作用

目的:研究咖啡因对LY294002 诱导的小脑颗粒神经元凋亡的保护作用。方法:DNA 断裂分析采用琼脂糖凝胶电泳法,[Ca²⁺]i 测定采用Fura-2 荧光技术,磷酸化c-Jun 分析采用免疫荧光法,c-Jun 含量和JNK 活性分析采用Western blot 法。结果:咖啡因对LY294002 诱导小脑颗粒神经元凋亡具浓度依赖性的保护作用,这种保护作用不依赖[Ca²⁺]i 的升高或cAMP的生物效应。咖啡因可抑制c-Jun 氨基末端激酶(JNK) 的活性,降低细胞内磷酸化c-Jun 的含量和c-Jun 的表达。结论:咖啡因可抑制JNK 活性,阻断c Jun 磷酸化及其介导的细胞凋亡信号转导系统,从而对LY294002 诱导小脑颗粒神经元凋亡具有保护作用。     

蜂毒肽Mastoparan诱导大鼠小脑颗粒神经元死亡的机制

目的 研究蜂毒肽ｍａｓｔｏｐａｒａｎ（ＭＰ）通过改变细胞内钙离子浓度（［Ｃａ＾２＋］ｉ）诱导大鼠小脑颗粒神经元死亡的机制。方法 测定原代培养神经元的存活率；用Ｆｕｒａ－２／ＡＭ荧光比值成像技术测定［Ｃａ＾２＋］ｉ。结果 ＭＰ剂量依赖性地诱导小脑颗粒神经元死亡，并触发［Ｃａ＾２＋］ｉ升高。移去细胞外钙，或使用电压依赖性Ｃａ＾２＋通道阻滞剂尼莫地平不能阻断其作用。用ｔｈａｐｓｉｇａｒｇｉｎ预先耗竭１，     

咖啡因对苯妥英诱导的小脑颗粒神经元凋亡的保护作用及机制

目的　观察咖啡因 (caffeine)对苯妥英 (diphenylhy dantoin ,DPH) 10 0 μmol·L-1处理的大鼠小脑颗粒神经元(cerebellargranularneurons ,CGNs)存活率的影响 ,并探讨其作用机制。方法　体外培养 8d的CGNs,同时给予 10 0μmol·L-1苯妥英和 1 2 5～ 2 0mmol·L-1咖啡因 ,4 8h后行凋亡分析 ;采用dantrolene(2 0 μmol·L-1)、2APB (5 0 μmol·L-1)、nifedipine(10 0 μmol·L-1)和nimodipine(10 0 μmol·L-1)、MK80 1(4μmol·L-1)、KN93(1μmol·L-1)以及MEK1抑制剂PD980 5 9(5 0 μmol·L-1)分别预先孵育 30min ,再与10mmol·L-1咖啡因和 10 0 μmol·L-1苯妥英共孵育 4 8h ,测定CGNs存活率 ,观察咖啡因的作用与 [Ca2 + ]i 的关系 ;Westernblot法检测咖啡因对磷酸化c Jun和磷酸化ERK水平的影响。结果　① 1 2 5～ 2 0mmol·L-1咖啡因可浓度依赖性抑制 10 0 μmol·L-1苯妥英引起的CGNs凋亡 ,显著提高CGNs存活率 ;②dantrolene、2APB、nifedipine和nimodipine、KN93、MK80 1和PD980 5 9均不能取消 10mmol·L-1咖啡因对 10 0 μmol·L-1苯妥英引起的CGNs凋亡的保护作用。③咖啡因可明显抑制苯妥英诱导CGNs中c Jun磷酸化水平的升高 ,但不影响被苯妥英抑制的ERK的活性。结论　一定浓度的咖啡因可保护苯?     

神经生长因子对大鼠全脑缺血再灌注小脑神经细胞凋亡的影响

目的观察神经生长因子（nerve growth factor,NGF）对大鼠全脑缺血再灌注小脑皮层神经细胞凋亡的影响。方法采用闭塞大鼠四动脉建立全脑缺血模型,应用电镜及末端转移酶介导的缺口末端标记法（TUNEL染色法）观察模型组和NGF治疗组动物脑缺血30min再灌注7d小脑皮层神经细胞凋亡的情况。结果模型组小脑皮层神经细胞有明显形态学损伤,蒲肯野细胞凋亡明显。NGF组神经细胞结构损伤明显减轻,凋亡细胞明显减少。结论NGF对大鼠全脑缺血再灌注小脑皮层神经细胞凋亡有明显的保护作用。     

咖啡因对LY294002诱导的小脑颗粒神经元凋亡的拮抗作用(英文)

目的:研究咖啡因对磷酸肌醇-3-激酶抑制剂诱导的小脑颗粒神经元凋亡的作用及机制。方法:神经元体外培养,凝胶电泳,SAPK/JNK分析盒测定JNK活性。结果:LY294002浓度依赖性地触发小脑颗粒神经元凋亡,但咖啡因具有浓度依赖性的保护作用。此作用不受ryanodine-敏感性钙释放阻断剂、L-型钙通道阻断剂和NMDA受体阻断剂的影响。而且,RP-cAMP,H89和KN62均不能抑制咖啡因的保护作用。c-Jun的磷酸化是LY294002诱导神经原凋亡所必需,咖啡因可直接抑制JNK的活性,降低神经元内磷酸化c-Jun的含量。结论:咖啡因通过直接抑制JNK活性而抑制小脑颗粒神经元的凋亡。     

胞内钙离子浓度与咖啡因保护小脑颗粒神经元作用的关系

用凝胶电泳和fura-2荧光技术测定［Ca²⁺］_i方法研究咖啡因对低钾诱导的大鼠小脑颗粒神经元凋亡的保护作用与［Ca²⁺］_i升高之间的关系. 将体外培养的小脑颗粒神经元从高钾（25 mmol·L^-1 KCl）培养基中转移到低钾（5 mmol·L^-1 KCl）培养基中,神经元发生凋亡. 但低钾引起的神经元死亡可被咖啡因（5-20 mmol·L^-1）浓度依赖性地保护,且咖啡因的这种作用不受蓝尼定(ryanodine) 敏感钙释放阻断剂蓝尼定和丹曲林(dantrolene)的影响;也不被Ｌ-型钙通道阻断剂硝苯地平, 尼莫地平, 维拉帕米和NMDA受体阻断剂地佐环平抑制. 结果说明［Ca²⁺］_i的升高并不是咖啡因对小脑颗粒神经元的保护作用所必需的.     

Activation of c—Jun and suppression of phospho—p44／42 were involved in diphenylhydantoin—induced apoptosis of cultured rat cerebellar granule neurons

AIM:To investigate possible intracellular signal molecules involved in diphenylhydantoin (DPH)-mediated apoptosis of cerebellar granule neurons (CGN) and explore possible nolecular mechanisms of neurotoxicity of DPH.METHODS: Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) stain, hochest 33258 stain, and agar gel electrophoresis were used to test morphological and biological characters of primary CGN and cortical neurons (CN) in the presence or absence of 100μmol/L DPH; Western blot and RT-PCR were employed to further investigate apoptotic/survival signal moleculars involved in the neuronal apoptotic signal transdution. RESULTS:DPH 100μmol/L induced a typical apoptosis of CGN but had no toxicity on CN. Cerebellar granule neural apoptosis induced by 100μmol/L DPH was significantly inhibited by pre-treatment with SB203580(10μmol/L) or CEP-11004(1μmol/L) for 1h. DPH markedly upregulated the levels of phospho-c-Jun (active c-Jun), total c-Jun protein and c-jun mRNA in CGN. The levels of phospho-c-Jun dramatically elevated by DPH at 8 h were significantly inhibited by SB203580(10μmol/L) or CEP-11004 (1μmol/L). Moreover, the activities of p44/42 (ERK1/ERK2), other members of MAP kinases and generally believed to be important survival effetors in CGN, were markedly suppressed. However, the activities of both JNK and p38 were little affected in the process of apoptosis of CGN induced by 100μmol/L DPH. CONCLUSION: The selective toxicity of DPH on CGN is likely due to its ability to induce apoptosis of CGN, it is a process involved activation of c-Jun and suppression of the activity of p44/42.     

Beta-carbolines induce apoptosis in cultured cerebellar granule neurons via the mitochondrial pathway

N-butyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate (betaCCB) is, together with 2-methyl-norharmanium and 2,9-dimethylnorharmanium ions, an endogenously occurring beta-carboline. Due to their structural similarities with the synthetic neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), harman and norharman compounds have been proposed to be involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. While also structurally related, betaCCB has received much less interest in that respect although we had previously demonstrated that it induces the apoptotic cell death of cultured cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). Herein, we have investigated the molecular events leading to CGN apoptosis upon betaCCB treatment. We first demonstrated that betaCCB-induced apoptosis occurs in neurons only, most likely as a consequence of a specific neuronal uptake as shown using binding/uptake experiments. Then we observed that, in betaCCB-treated CGNs, caspases 9, 3 and 8 were successively activated, suggesting an activation of the mitochondrial pathway. Consistently, betaCCB also induced the release from the mitochondrial intermembrane space of two pro-apoptotic factors, i.e. cytochrome c and apotptosis inducing factor (AIF). Interestingly, no mitochondrial membrane depolarisation was associated with this release, suggesting a mitochondrial permeability transition pore-independent mechanism. The absence of any neuroprotective effect provided by two mPTP inhibitors, i.e. cyclosporine A and bongkrekic acid, further supported this hypothesis. Together, these results show that betaCCB is specifically taken up by neuronal cells where it triggers a specific permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane and a subsequent apoptotic cell death.     

锂对磷酸肌醇3位羟基激酶抑制剂LY294002诱导的小脑颗粒神经元凋亡的拮抗作用

观察硫酸锂对磷酸肌醇 3位羟基激酶LY2 940 0 2 (50 μmol· L-1)诱导体外培养的大鼠小脑颗粒神经元凋亡的拮抗作用 .结果显示 ,硫酸锂能明显阻断 LY 2 940 0 2诱导的神经元死亡 ,促进神经元存活 (MTT还原法 ) ,IC50 为 1 .2 5- 2 .5mmol· L-1.硫酸锂 (5.0 mmol· L-1)和 LY2 940 0 2同时处理神经元 ,LY2 940 0 2诱导的 DNA片段化(DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳法 )和核固缩 (Hoechst332 58核染色法 )不再发生 .说明锂离子可对抗LY 2 940 0 2诱导的神经元凋亡 .采用间接荧光免疫法观察磷酸化 c- Jun蛋白免疫阳性神经元数目 ,结果显示 ,LY2 940 0 2组在 1 2 h可见大量磷酸化c- Jun免疫阳性神经元 ,2 4 h荧光更强 ;而硫酸锂(5.0 mmol·L-1)加 LY2 940 0 2组在各时间点未见磷酸化 c- Jun蛋白免疫阳性细胞 .提示锂离子抗LY2 940 0 2诱导的神经元凋亡的作用通过抑制c- Jun蛋白磷酸化过程起作用 ,其确切机理有待进一步探讨 .     

Cyclosporin A enhances colchicine-induced apoptosis in rat cerebellar granule neurons

1. Cyclosporin A (CsA, 1-50 microM), an immunosuppressive drug with known neurotoxic effects, did not decrease the viability of primary cultures of rat cerebellar granule neurons (CGN) or induce apoptotic features. However, CsA specifically enhanced the cytotoxicity and apoptosis induced by colchicine (1 microM). 2. Flavopiridol, an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), prevented the neurotoxic effects of colchicine plus CsA. At 0.1-5 microM, it also showed antiapoptotic effects, as revealed by propidium iodide staining, flow cytometry and counting of cell nuclei. 3. Roscovitine (25-50 microM), a selective cdk1, 2 and 5 inhibitor, showed an antiapoptotic effect against colchicine- and colchicine plus CsA-induced apoptosis. 4. CsA increased the expression of cdk5 and cdk5/p25 mediated by colchicine, a CDK involved in neuronal apoptosis. After treatment of CGN with colchicine plus CsA, the changes in the p25/p35 ratio pointed to cdk5 activation. 5. Immunohistochemical results showed a nuclear localization of cdk5 after neurotoxic treatment, which was prevented by cdk inhibitors. Thus, we propose a new mechanism of modulation of CsA neurotoxicity mediated by cdk5.     

Activation of PI3-K/Akt pathway for thermal preconditioning to protect cultured cerebellar granule neurons against low potassium-induced apoptosis

AIM: This study was designed to investigate whether the activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K)/Akt pathway is required for thermal preconditioning to protect rat cerebellar granule neurons (CGN) against apoptosis induced by low potassium, and to explore the possibility of a link between the upregulated heat shock protein (HSP)70 expression and Akt activation in the acquisition of neuroprotection induced by thermal preconditioning. METHODS: CGN cultured for 8 d in vitro were switched to 5K medium for 24 h after thermal preconditioning (TP; 43.5 degree for 90 min, then 37 degree for 1 h). To study the role of the PI3-K/Akt pathway, a PI3-K inhibitor, LY294002 (20 micromol/L) was added into the cultures 1 h before TP. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and fluorescein diacetate staining were used to determine cell viability. Hoechst 33258 staining and agar gel electrophoresis were used to test the morphological and biological characters of CGN. Western blot analysis was employed to detect the levels of phospho-Akt, phospho-glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta) Akt, GSK3beta, and HSP70. RESULTS: TP protected CGN against apoptosis induced by low potassium. LY294002 inhibited the neuroprotective effect on CGN induced by TP. TP induced a robust activation of Akt and the inactivation of GSK3beta via PI3-K. Furthermore, the activation of the PI3-K/Akt pathway by TP persisted for 24 h in the 5K cultures. LY294002 (20 micromol/L) failed to inhibit the upregulated HSP70 expression induced by TP. CONCLUSION: The activation of the PI3-K/Akt pathway is required for TP to protect CGN against apoptosis induced by low potassium, but the neuroprotective effect by Akt activation is not mediated through the downstream induction of HSP70 expression.