肝脏上皮样血管平滑肌脂肪瘤实时超声造影征象研究

目的 分析总结肝脏上皮样血管平滑肌脂肪瘤(EAML)的灰阶超声、多普勒超声(CDFI)和超声造影(CEUS)表现。方法 回顾性分析我院经手术后组织病理学检查证实的20个EAML患者的临床、灰阶超声、CDFI和CEUS资料。结果 20例病灶均为单发,最大径为(49.23±10.3)mm;病灶内部回声为低回声14例(70.0%),高回声3例(15.0%),高低混合不均匀回声3例(15.0%);CDFI显示0级4例(20.0%),I级3例(15.0%),II级10例(50.0%),III级3例(15.0%);阻力指数(RI)为0.46±0.34;CEUS显示所有病灶动脉期都表现为快速高增强,其中13例(86.6%)为整体均匀增强,门静脉期高增强12例(80.0%),等增强2例(13.3%),低增强1例(6.6%),延迟期仍表现为高增强10例(66.6%),等增强4例(26.6%),低增强1例(6.6%)。结论 EAML灰阶超声主要表现为低回声,CDFI显示为富血供、低阻力型血流,CEUS主要表现为快进慢退/不退,三者结合或有助于提高诊断的准确性。     

肝内胆管细胞癌患者超声造影表现特征分析

目的 分析肝内胆管细胞癌（ICC）的超声造影 (CEUS)表现特征,旨在为临床诊断提供依据。方法 2014年8月~2016年8月我院诊治的ICC患者64例,接受常规CT、MRI和彩色多普勒超声检查,并与CEUS检查结果进行对比分析。结果 64例患者存在64个肝内病灶,其中46例（71.9%）病灶边界较为模糊,18例（28.1%）边界较为清晰;56例（87.5%）病灶呈低回声,术后组织病理学检查表现为中或低分化,8例（12.5%）病灶也呈低回声,但术后病理学检查提示癌细胞为高分化;彩色多普勒超声检查显示,64例肿瘤病灶少血供26例（40.6%）,无血供38例（59.4%）;CEUS显示,33例（51.6%）ICC患者病灶表现为环状增强向内充填, 10例（15.6%）表现为整体条片状高增强,21例（32.8%）表现为无强化。在门脉期,11个（17.2%）病灶可见造影剂灌注未消退,53个（82.8%）病灶未见造影剂灌注。延迟期均未见造影剂存留;超声造影显示病灶范围较大、不规则,无包膜样结构,而常规CT检查则形态较为规则,MRI平扫T1WI呈混杂低信号,T2WI呈混杂略高或高信号,DWI呈高信号。结论 ICC的超声造影主要表现为病灶边界较为模糊、环形灌注、病灶呈现低回声、于动脉期出现一过性增强、无包膜样结构,了解这些特征有助于作出临床诊断。     

甲状腺低回声结节的超声造影表现与病理对照分析

目的探讨甲状腺低回声结节的超声造影(Contrast-enhanced Ultrasound,CEUS)增强模式。方法回顾性分析111个甲状腺低回声结节的超声造影模式,观察造影的增强模式,并与术后病理对照。结果病理证实恶性结节68个,良性结节43个。恶性结节超声造影表现以不均匀增强为主(55/68),良性结节多表现为环状增强(28/43)。结论超声造影有助于甲状腺低回声结节的良恶性的鉴别诊断。     

经肠镜微探头超声检查对结直肠黏膜下隆起病灶的诊断分析

目的 探讨经内镜微探头超声检查对结直肠黏膜下隆起病灶的诊断价值.方法 应用微探头对68例70处结直肠黏膜下隆起性病灶进行肠镜下超声检查,总结内镜超声特点,并与最终诊断比较.结果 发现类癌20例,表现为黏膜下层低回声;脂肪瘤12例,多位于右半结肠(11/12),表现为黏膜下层、边界清楚的强回声;囊肿12例,表现为黏膜下层的单房或多房性的无回声区,包膜完整;间质瘤或平滑肌瘤12例,多位于直肠9例,表现为黏膜肌层及以下各层次的均匀或不均匀低回声为主,外覆稍强回声包膜,两者在超声下很难区别;恶性淋巴瘤3例5个,表现为局部黏膜肌层和黏膜下层增厚,呈中低回声,不均匀,较少侵及固有肌层;血管性病变(血管瘤、静脉曲张)3个,表现为黏膜及黏膜下层的无回声,部分中、高回声,圆形或不规则形,散在或成族状分布,部分互相沟通;另外,还有子宫内膜异位2例,色素沉积1例,阑尾慢性脓肿1例,壁外压迫2例.超声与最终诊断结果均相符.结论 经内镜微探头超声检查可以明确大肠黏膜下隆起的大小、肠壁起源和边界.根据超声特征对黏膜下良恶性判别有一定的价值,同时能与腔外压迫性病变相鉴别.     

肝脓肿患者超声造影特点及诊断价值分析

目的 研究肝脓肿患者超声造影(CEUS)检查表现特点及诊断价值。方法 2016年4月～2019年4月我院收治的120例肝脓肿患者,行常规二维超声和CEUS检查,分析其影像学特征,以穿刺治疗结果为金标准,分析CEUS和常规二维超声诊断肝脓肿病灶的一致性。结果 在120例患者中,脓肿炎性期22例,脓肿形成初期42例和脓肿形成期56例;常规二维超声检出107例(89.2%),其中脓肿炎性期和脓肿形成初期影像学表现为不规则或规则病灶,病灶边界不清晰或清晰,病灶内未见液性暗区,可见血流信号,脓肿形成期影像学表现为不规则或规则病灶,病灶边界不清晰或清晰,病灶内见液性暗区,无血流信号;CEUS检出肝脓肿117例(95.0%),其中脓肿炎性期和脓肿形成初期影像学表现为病灶动脉期高增强,门静脉期和延迟期低增强,显示范围较常规超声明显增大,脓肿形成期影像学表现为病灶动脉期高增强,门静脉期和延迟期低增强现象减少,显示范围较常规超声明显增大;CEUS诊断肝脓肿病灶的灵敏度为95.0%,特异度为76.9%,阳性预测值为89.7%,阴性预测值为33.3%,Kappa值为0.88。结论 不同病程的肝脓肿CEUS影像学表现各有特点,其诊断肝脓肿的灵敏度、特异度和准确性均较高,在鉴别诊断有困难时可以考虑应用。     

肾盂癌的超声造影表现

目的探讨肾盂癌的超声造影(CEUS)增强表现及临床应用价值。方法对18例肾盂病变患者进行常规超声及CEUS检查,观察病灶的造影增强模式,并利用时间—强度曲线获取相关参数。测量造影前、后病灶大小,并分别与术后实际病灶大小相比较。结果术后病理证实17例为肾盂癌,1例为肾结核脓肿。17例肾盂癌超声造影表现为:13例缓慢增强,3例快速增强,1例同步增强;达峰值时,病灶呈低增强12例,高增强3例,等增强2例;实质期,17例病灶内造影剂减退速度均快于肾皮质,呈低增强。手术切除肾盂癌病灶大小与造影前、后所测病灶大小比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。肾结核脓肿超声造影的皮质期和实质期,病灶内均未见增强。结论 CEUS可以较准确地反映肾盂病变的血流灌注,对肾盂癌的鉴别诊断具有一定的帮助。     

肝脏血管平滑肌脂肪瘤超声声像图特征分析

目的 探讨肝脏血管平滑肌脂肪瘤(HAML)的超声声像图特点.方法 回顾分析经手术组织病理学证实的9例HAML患者灰阶超声、多普勒超声及超声造影表现,并与病理结果进行对照研究.结果 9例HAML均为单发,男/女比=1/2;肿瘤最大直径28mm～ 115mm,平均74.9±30.5mm;表现为圆形或椭圆形,边界清晰.7个肿块主要为高回声,2个主要为低回声.超声报告仅1例诊断完全正确,4例仅作实性占位提示,2例误诊为肝癌,1例误诊为右肾上腺肿瘤,1例误诊为肝血管瘤;对7例肿块进行了多普勒彩超检查,显示肿块内部呈不同程度的血流信号,其中血流丰富2例.1例进行了超声造影检查,表现为动脉早期快速增强,门脉期与延迟期与肝实质呈等回声.结论 HAML的超声表现具有多样性,以高回声表现为主,多数CDFI及超声造影表现为富血供表现.     

常规超声联合超声造影对甲状腺结节的诊断价值及误诊分析

［摘要］　目的　探讨常规超声联合超声造影（CEUS）诊断甲状腺结节的价值,分析联合诊断中误诊结节的特征及原因。方法　选择广西壮族自治区人民医院2019年1月至2021年6月收治的甲状腺结节患者481例（共522个结节）,均先接受常规超声检查,后再行常规超声联合CEUS检查。其中男130例,女351例,年龄19～71（37.2±15.3）岁,病灶最大径0.5～3.9（1.8±0.7）cm。比较常规超声及联合CEUS对甲状腺良恶性结节的诊断效能,分析联合诊断误诊结节的特征。结果　522个结节中,经病理检查证实为恶性结节203个,良性结节319个。常规超声联合CEUS检查共修改59例结节的TI-RADS分类和诊断,错误修改6例。联合检查共误诊53例结节,其中41例良性结节误诊为恶性,12例恶性结节误诊为良性。良性误诊为恶性的结节均包含≥2个以下常规超声特征：低回声、纵横比≥1、边界不清、形态不规则、包膜侵犯、微钙化等。恶性误诊为良性的结节表现出等增强、高增强、环状增强等CEUS特征。Kappa一致性分析检验显示,常规超声和常规超声联合CEUS检查结果与病理检查结果具有一致性（P<0.05）,但常规超声联合CEUS鉴别诊断甲状腺良恶性结节的特异度、灵敏度、准确率均高于常规超声（87.15% vs 81.19%;94.09% vs 84.73%;89.85% vs 82.57%）。结论　常规超声联合CEUS可提高对甲状腺结节的诊断价值,但良恶性结节在常规超声及CEUS特征上均有一定程度的交叉重叠,可导致误诊。     

子宫恶性中胚叶混合瘤的超声图像及临床病理分析

目的 观察子宫恶性中胚叶混合瘤(MMMT)的超声图像及临床病理特征.方法 回顾分析经手术及病理证实的17例MMMT患者的超声表现、临床症状及病理特征.结果 2例病灶位于宫颈,15例位于宫体;全部为单发;肿块直径2.1 ～9.7(6.5 ±2.7)cm;其中实性结构5例,呈均匀低回声,囊实性结构10例,呈混合/蜂窝状回声,全部表现为边界模糊.CDFI示12例病灶血流丰富,5例病灶血流不丰富.结论 MMMT具有特征性的声像图,其超声表现与病理组织学特征密切相关.     

慢性甲状腺炎超声声像图特征及鉴别诊断分析

目的探讨慢性甲状腺炎的超声声像图特征及鉴别诊断方法。方法应用高分辨率二维超声结合彩色多普勒对67例慢性甲状腺炎行常规检查。结果慢性甲状腺炎超声表现多种多样,其中典型慢性甲状腺炎45例,占67．2％,非典型慢性甲状腺炎22例,占32．8％。典型慢性甲状腺炎表现为甲状腺弥漫性增大,以峡部增厚明显,内部回声多呈粗大网格状,少部分呈虫蚀样改变,回声极不均质。非典型慢性甲状腺炎表现为多发低回声结节型、光点回声增粗型和片状回声减低型。结论掌握各型慢性甲状腺炎的的超声特点及病理改变特点,可减少漏诊及误诊,为临床提供有价值的诊断依据。     

Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in evaluating hepatic metastases from neuroendocrine tumours

ObjectivesAt presentation, gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (GEP NETs) frequently show prognostically negative hepatic involvement. The aim of this study was to characterise hepatic metastases of GEP NETs as revealed by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS), which allows the fine definition of the microvascular system, and to correlate these findings to the biological behaviour of the tumour.MethodsEighteen out of 62 GEP NET patients examined between January 2007 and September 2008 had histologically proven hepatic metastases from primary ileal (#6), gastric (#1) or rectal (#1) carcinoids, pancreatic tumours (#7), or primary duodenal (#2) or occult gastrinomas (#1), and all underwent low mechanical index real-time CEUS with SonoVue^® injection.ResultsStrong early enhancement in the arterial phase was observed in 15 cases (83%), and a rapid wash-out in the portal venous phase in 14 (78%). In the late venous phase, the lesions were hypoechoic in 12 cases (67%), isoechoic in five (28%), and hyperechoic in one (0.05%). The time of arterial enhancement correlated with the Ki-67 proliferative index (r_s = 0.516; p = 0.028).ConclusionsMost of the neuroendocrine liver metastases showed increased arterial enhancement at CEUS, a behaviour that is similar to that of hepatocellular carcinomas and the opposite of that of other metastases. CEUS can be a useful diagnostic means of characterising such metastases.     

超声造影联合血清CA19-9鉴别诊断胆管细胞癌与肝细胞癌应用研究

目的 探讨肝内胆管细胞癌(ICC)与肝细胞癌(HCC)患者超声造影(CEUS)和血清糖类抗原19-9(CA19-9)水平变化特征。方法 经组织病理学检查诊断的ICC患者48例和HCC患者78例,进行CEUS检查,常规检测血清CA19-9。建立鉴别诊断ICC与HCC的多指标二元Logistic回归方程,探索其诊断ICC的价值。结果 45.8%ICC患者以肿瘤周围环状增强为主,显著高于HCC患者的2.6%(P<0.05);58.3%ICC患者造影剂显著廓清,而94.9% HCC呈弱或无廓清(P <0.05);ICC组廓清时间为(54.6±10.2)s,显著早于HCC组【(76.1±25.1)s,P <0.05】;72.9%ICC患者血清CA19-9升高,显著高于HCC组的19.2%(P<0.05);建立多指标联合的二元Logistic诊断模型方程为:Logit(P)=-4.030+2.640×增强模式+2.486×廓清时间+2.579×廓清程度+2.731×血清CA19-9 (U/ml),该模型识别ICC的AUC为0.943,其敏感度和特异度分别为79.2%和93.6%。结论 熟悉ICC与HCC的超声造影表现特征,结合血清CA19-9水平,可以帮助鉴别这两种肿瘤。     

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging for intestinal lymphoma

BACKGROUNDIntestinal lymphoma is a rare tumor. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) findings of intestinal lymphoma have not been reported previously, and the relationship between CEUS and clinicopathological features and prognostic factors is still unknown.AIMTo describe the B-mode US and CEUS features of intestinal lymphoma and investigate the correlation of CEUS and histopathological features.METHODSThis was a single-center retrospective study. Eighteen patients with histologically confirmed intestinal lymphoma underwent B-mode US and CEUS examinations between October 2016 and November 2019. We summarized the features of B-mode US and CUES imaging of intestinal lymphoma and compared the frequency of tumor necrosis in intestinal lymphomas with reference to different pathological subtypes (aggressive or indolent) and clinical stage (early or advanced). The time–intensity curve parameters of CEUS were also compared between patients with normal and elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase.RESULTSIn B-mode imaging, four patterns were observed in intestinal lymphoma: Mass type (12/18, 66.7%), infiltration type (1/18, 5.6%), mesentery type (4/18, 22.2%) and mixed type (1/18, 5.6%). All cases were hypoechoic and no cystic areas were detected. On CEUS, most cases (17/18, 94.4%) showed arterial hyperechoic enhancement. All cases showed arterial enhancement followed by venous wash out. A relatively high rate of tumor necrosis (11/18, 61.1%) was observed in this study. Tumor necrosis on CEUS was more frequent in aggressive subtypes (10/13, 76.9%) than in indolent subtypes (1/5, 20.0%) (P = 0.047). There were no correlations between tumor necrosis and lesion size and Ann Arbor stage. There was no significant difference in time–intensity curve parameters between normal and elevated lactate dehydrogenase groups.CONCLUSIONB-mode US and CEUS findings of intestinal lymphoma are characteristic. We observed a high rate of tumor necrosis, which appeared more frequently in aggressive pathological subtypes of intestinal lymphoma.     

Usefulness of the hyperechoic rim for assessing the therapeutic efficacy of radiofrequency ablation in hepatocellular carcinoma patients

Aim:  During radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a hyperechoic rim develops around the HCC nodules. The usefulness of the hyperechoic rim to guide treatment was assessed.
Methods:  RFA was first performed in pig livers to determine the significance of the hyperechoic rim. Fifty-five patients with 75 HCC nodules had received RFA for the treatment of HCC. For those patients, we evaluated whether conventional ultrasonography (US) could be used instead of contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) using virtual imaging. Finally, 31 patients with 45 HCC nodules received RFA, and the degree of ablation was assessed based on the hyperechoic rim. Repeated RFA was done when ablation appeared incomplete.
Results:  In the pig livers, the hyperechoic rim was found to be related to the presence of dead cells. The preliminary study showed that US could be used instead of CECT and CEUS to evaluate the degree of ablation caused by RFA. Because hepatic vessels in the back side of the hyperechoic rim were not clear by the artifact, we used the distance from the surface of the liver to the hyperechoic rim for evaluation. By analyzing the extent of the hyperechoic rim, it was noted that incomplete ablation was achieved in 17 of 31 patients (21 of 45 HCC nodules). These patients were re-treated with RFA within 5–15 min of the first RFA.
Conclusion:  This study shows that the hyperechoic rim is related to the presence of dead and necrotic tissues. Thus, assessment of the hyperechoic rim's characteristics allows one to evaluate the efficacy of RFA.     

不同大小的肝细胞癌超声造影特点

目的:分析不同大小肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)的超声造影(contrast-enhanced ultrasound,CEUS)特点,提高超声对HCC的诊断水平.方法:将我院2011-01/2011-09行超声造影检查并经手术及病理证实为HCC的连续性病例75例90个病灶按照病灶最大直径分为小肝癌(≤3cm)和大肝癌(>3cm)2组,回顾性分析不同大小的HCC超声造影特点.结果:75例90个病灶小肝癌组39个,大肝癌组51个.动脉期,小HCC组39个病灶均呈高增强,其中整体均匀增强37个(94.9%),不均匀增强2个(5.1%);大HCC组51个病灶均呈高增强,其中整体均匀增强27个(52.9%),不均匀增强21个(41.2%),不典型增强3个(6%),不同大小HCC动脉期增强形态具有统计学差异(P<0.05).门脉期,小HCC组等增强10个(25.6%),低增强29个(74.4%),大HCC组高增强7个(13.7%),等增强2个(3.9%),低增强42个(82.4%),不同大小的HCC门脉期增强水平具有统计学差异(P<0.05).延迟期,小HCC组所有病灶均呈低增强,大HCC组1个(2.0%)呈等增强,50个(98.0%)呈低增强,不同大小的HCC延迟期增强水平无统计学差异.结论:HCC超声造影表现与肿瘤大小有一定的相关性,小HCC动脉期增强多为整体均匀增强,大HCC不均匀增强比例较多,门脉期和延迟期大HCC造影剂廓清可能早于小HCC.     

Differentiation of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma from hepatocellular carcinoma in high-risk patients: a predictive model using contrast-enhanced ultrasound

AIM To develop a contrast-enhanced ultrasound(CEUS)predictive model for distinguishing intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma(ICC) from hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) in high-risk patients.METHODS This retrospective study consisted of 88 consecutive high-risk patients with ICC and 88 high-risk patients with HCC selected by propensity score matching between May 2004 and July 2016. Patients were assigned to two groups, namely, a training set and validation set, at a 1:1 ratio. A CEUS score for diagnosing ICC was generated based on significant CEUS features. Then, a nomogram based on the CEUS score was developed, integrating the clinical data. The performance of the nomogram was then validated and compared with that of the LR-M of the CEUS Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System(LI-RADS).RESULTS The most useful CEUS features for ICC were as follows: rim enhancement(64.5%), early washout(91.9%), intratumoral vein(58.1%), obscure boundary of intratumoral non-enhanced area(64.5%), and marked washout(61.3%, all P 0.05). In the validation set, the area under the curve(AUC) of the CEUS score(AUC = 0.953) for differentiation between ICC and HCC was improved compared to the LI-RADS(AUC = 0.742)(P 0.001). When clinical data were added, the CEUS score nomogram was superior to the LI-RADS nomogram(AUC: 0.973 vs 0.916, P = 0.036, Net Reclassification Improvement: 0.077, Integrated Discrimination Index: 0.152). Subgroup analysis demonstrated that the CEUS score model was notably improved compared to the LIRADS in tumors smaller than 5.0 cm(P 0.05) but not improved in tumors smaller than 3.0 cm(P 0.05).CONCLUSION The CEUS predictive model for differentiation between ICC and HCC in high-risk patients had improved discrimination and clinical usefulness compared to the CEUS LIRADS.     

Small hyperechoic nodules in chronic liver diseases include hepatocellular carcinomas with low cyclin D1 and Ki-67 expression.

In spite of the importance of periodic screening for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by ultrasonography (US) in patients with underlying liver disease, the clinicopathological characteristics of hyperechoic nodules have not been clearly evaluated. The aim of this study was to characterize the pathological and proliferating features of small hyperechoic nodules. Tissue specimens of 55 hyperechoic and 107 hypoechoic nodules less than 20 mm in diameter in patients with chronic liver disease were obtained by echo-guided needle biopsy and examined histopathologically. Of these, 42 (76%) hyperechoic and 56 (52%) hypoechoic nodules were diagnosed as HCC, and 82% of hyperechoic HCCs contained fatty change and/or clear cell change. In addition, immunohistochemical staining using cyclin D1, p53, and Ki-67 was examined. A high-level expression of cyclin D1 was found in only 5% of hyperechoic HCCs, in contrast to 38% of hypoechoic HCCs (P <.02). The labeling index of Ki-67 in hyperechoic HCCs was lower than in hypoechoic HCCs (4.2% vs. 8.9%; P <.003). However, there was no difference on p53 staining between them. Retrospective follow-up study revealed that hyperechoic nodules showed slow growth (doubling time, median: 1,403 days) initially, and came to show rapid growth (doubling time, median: 56 days). From these results, small hyperechoic nodules in chronic liver diseases are worth notice as candidates for well-differentiated HCC with low cyclin D1 and Ki-67 expression.     

Analysis of neuroendocrine tumour metastases in the liver using contrast enhanced ultrasonography

BACKGROUND: Imaging of liver tumours might be improved by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography, which allows much better demonstration of the microvascular system. The aim of this study was to assess the sonographic morphology and vascularity of neuroendocrine liver metastases. METHODS: Forty-eight patients with histologically proven neuroendocrine tumours (NET) and suspected liver metastases--as well as 50 consecutive patients with liver metastases of other origins--were included in a prospective study to evaluate tumour characteristics using B-mode, colour Doppler (CDI) and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). RESULTS: In 4/48 patients with NET, liver biopsy revealed hemangiomas. The typical B-mode appearance was that of both echo-rich and echo-poor combined, also inhomogeneous depending on the size, and often centrally cystic. With CDI, neuroendocrine metastases appeared hypervascular (66%) or isovascular (34%). Metastases of another origin were hypovascular in 82%. With CEUS, neuroendocrine metastases showed increased arterial enhancement in 38 patients and hypoechoic appearance in the portalvenous phase in 39 patients. In liver metastases of another origin, the sensitivity for malignancy due to a hypoechoic appearance during the portalvenous phase was 100%. In liver metastases of NET origin the sensitivity for malignancy was 39/48 (82%). CONCLUSIONS: Neuroendocrine tumour metastases might show characteristics which are similar to hemangiomas. In patients with liver cirrhosis and severe fatty liver disease the identification of NET with CEUS as a malignant lesion is more difficult. The sensitivity of CEUS in identifying malignancy based on the lack of portalvenous enhancement is higher for metastases of other origin.