IgG4相关硬化性胆管炎并自身免疫性胰腺炎8例临床分析

目的总结Ig G4相关硬化性胆管炎(Ig G4-SC)并自身免疫性胰腺炎(AIP)的临床特征、实验室检查及影像学检查结果,以提高本病的诊断水平。方法对8例Ig G4-SC并AIP患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 8例患者均以梗阻性黄疸为主要表现,上腹痛或腹部不适5例,腹泻2例,淋巴结肿大2例,体质量下降3例。合并糖尿病4例,合并自身免疫性肝病1例。直接胆红素增高8例,血清淀粉酶增高4例,γ球蛋白增高6例,CA19-9增高8例,抗核抗体阳性3例,血沉增高2例,类风湿因子增高3例,抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体阳性3例,抗线粒体阳性2例。CT表现为胰腺弥漫性肿大6例,局限性肿大2例;胆胰管水成像表现为胆总管下段局限性狭窄(1型)6例,肝门区胆管及胆总管下段狭窄(3型)2例。8例患者使用激素治疗均有效。随诊6~24个月均未再复发。结论 Ig G4-SC并AIP患者多以阻塞性黄疸及腹部不适为主要表现,伴有肝功酶学改变及自身免疫性抗体异常;CT表现为胰腺肿大;胆胰管水成像主要表现为胆总管下段局限性狭窄(1型)。     

IgG4相关硬化性胆管炎的研究进展

免疫球蛋白G4相关硬化性胆管炎(immunoglob-ulin G4-related sclerosing cholangitis,IgG4-SC)是一种新近认识的以血清IgG4升高、慢性进行性阻塞性黄疸、弥漫性或局限性IgG4阳性浆细胞和淋巴细胞组织浸润、纤维化及闭塞性静脉炎为特征的慢性炎症性疾病,常并发自身免疫性胰腺炎(autoimmune pancreatitis,AIP),其临床、生化及影像学特征与原发性硬化性胆管炎(primary sclerosing cholangitis,PSC)或胆管癌(cholangiocarcinoma,CC)相似.类固醇激素是IgG4-SC的主要治疗手段,而肝移植是PSC唯一的有效治疗方法,CC则需外科手术治疗.因此,IgG4-SC与PSC或CC间的准确鉴别是目前面临的一个十分重要的课题.本文详尽地阐述了免疫球蛋白G4(immunoglobulin G4,IgG4)的特征和功能,IgG4-SC的诊断和治疗,IgG4-SC与AIP、PSC及CC之间关系等研究进展,为IgG4-SC的精确诊断和治疗提供了新的思路.     

IgG4相关硬化性胆管炎累及胰腺1例报道

IgG4相关硬化性胆管炎(IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis, IgG4-SC)为IgG4相关性疾病累及胆管,以梗阻性黄疸为主要表现,伴腹痛及体质量减轻。该病发病率低,缺乏特异性临床表现,且无诊断金标准,常被误诊、漏诊。本文对1例IgG4-SC患者的诊治经过报道如下。     

疑诊IgG4相关性硬化性胆管炎伴血清IgG2升高1例报道

报道1例疑诊IgG4相关性硬化性胆管炎(IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis,IgG4-SC)伴血清IgG2升高病例,并通过文献回顾,提高对本病的认识.     

IgG4相关硬化性胆管炎的研究进展

IgG4相关的硬化性胆管炎是一类发病机制不明的硬化性胆管炎,其特征为血清IgG4水平升高,胆管壁大量IgG4阳性浆细胞浸润和纤维化,胆管周围炎症反应显著,胆管上皮细胞保持完整,胆管成像显示弥漫性或节段性肝内和/或肝外胆管狭窄、胆管壁增厚.该病作为继发性硬化性胆管炎的一种,越来越受到重视,其中大部分患者对类固醇治疗效果良好,但仍有一部分患者治疗效果不佳,本文对IgG4-SC的诊疗方面作一综述.     

IgG4相关硬化性胆管炎的诊治进展

免疫球蛋白( Ig ) G4 相关性疾病( IRD )是一类伴有病变组织广泛纤维化的自身免疫性疾病,其特征性为血清IgG4水平升高,同时病变组织内可见大量淋巴细胞和IgG4阳性浆细胞浸润,此外还多见闭塞性静脉炎,是一种可累及全身多脏器系统的慢性炎性疾病〔1,2〕.IgG4相关硬化性胆管炎( ISC)即为IRD在胆管系统...     

自身免疫性胰腺炎合并硬化性胆管炎

自身免疫性胰腺炎(AIP)的病理特异性表现为胰腺存在大量的IgG4阳性的浆细胞浸润和组织纤维化,这种病理表现也常见于大部分AIP患者的胆管系统,即AIP合并硬化性胆管炎(SC)。AIP合并SC往往以阻塞性黄疸为首发症状,其血IgG4明显升高。AIP合并SC的胆管造影与原发性硬化性胆管炎(PSC)极为相似,但AIP合并SC对皮质激素治疗往往有效,其预后较PSC好。     

免疫球蛋白G4相关性胆管炎诊断和治疗进展

一、概述1995年,日本学者报道了一种以血清免疫球蛋白(Immunoglobulin,IG) G4水平升高和IgG4阳性淋巴-浆细胞的组织浸润为特征的纤维炎症性疾病,即自身免疫性胰腺炎(autoimmune pancreatitis,AIP)[1].现已认识到AIP是一世界性疾病.其特征性表现包括胰腺肿大或肿块(可能类似于恶性肿瘤)、血清IgG4水平升高、组织淋巴-浆细胞浸润和激素治疗有效[2].     

Diagnosis of IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis

IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis(IgG4-SC)is often associated with autoimmune pancreatitis.However,the diffuse cholangiographic abnormalities observed in IgG4-SC may resemble those observed in primary sclerosing cholangitis(PSC),and the presence of segmental stenosis suggests cholangiocarcinoma(CC).IgG4-SC responds well to steroid therapy,whereas PSC is only effectively treated with liver transplantation and CC requires surgical intervention.Since IgG4-SC was first described,it has become a third distinct clinical entity of sclerosing cholangitis.The aim of this review was to introduce the diagnostic methods for IgG4-SC.IgG4-SC should be carefully diagnosed based on a combination of characteristic clinical,serological,morphological,and histopathological features after cholangiographic classification and targeting of a disease for differential diagnosis.When intrapancreatic stenosis is detected,pancreatic cancer or CC should be ruled out.If multiple intrahepatic stenoses are evident,PSC should be distinguished on the basis of cholangiographic findings and liver biopsy with IgG4 immunostaining.Associated inflammatory bowel disease is suggestive of PSC.If stenosis is demonstrated in the hepatic hilar region,CC should be discriminated by ultrasonography,intraductal ultrasonography,bile duct biopsy,and a higher cutoff serum IgG4 level of 182 mg/dL.     

Review of primary sclerosing cholangitis with increased IgG4 levels

Primary sclerosing cholangitis(PSC) is a chronic progressive liver disease. Subtypes of PSC have been described, most recently PSC with elevated serum and/or tissue IgG4 subclass. We aim to summarise the clinical phenotype,disease associations, differential diagnosis, response to therapy and pathogenic mechanisms underlying PSC-high IgG4 subtype. We reviewed Pub Med,MEDLINE and Embase with the search terms "primary sclerosing cholangitis","IgG4", and "IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis(IgG4-SC)". Elevated serum IgG4 are found in up-to one-quarter, and abundant IgG4-plasma cell infiltrates in the liver and bile ducts are found in up-to one-fifth of PSC patients. This group have a distinct clinical phenotype, with some studies reporting a more aggressive course of liver and associated inflammatory bowel disease, compared to PSCnormal IgG4 and the disease mimic IgG4-SC. Distinguishing PSC-high IgG4 from IgG4-SC remains challenging, requiring careful assessment of clinical features,organ involvement and tissue morphology. Calculation of serum IgG4:IgG1 ratios and use of a novel IgG4:IgG RNA ratio have been reported to have excellent specificity to distinguish IgG4-SC and PSC-high IgG4 but require validation in larger cohorts. A role for corticosteroid therapy in PSC-high IgG4 remains unanswered, with concerns of increased toxicity and lack of outcome data. The immunological drivers underlying prominent IgG4 antibodies in PSC are incompletely defined. An association with PSC-high IgG4 and HLA class-II haplotypes(B*07, DRB1*15), T-helper2 and T-regulatory cytokines(IL4, IL10,IL13) and chemokines(CCL1, CCR8) have been described. PSC-high IgG4 have a distinct clinical phenotype and need careful discrimination from IgG4-SC,although response to immunosuppressive treatments and long-term outcome remains unresolved. The presence of IgG4 likely represents chronic activation to persistent antigenic exposure in genetically predisposed individuals.     

Localized intrahepatic IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis (IgG4-SC) as an additional type of IgG4-SC: a systematic analysis of 12 cases

Objectives: IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis (IgG4-SC), a recently defined disease entity, has been classified into four types based on the stricture regions revealed by cholangiography. However, localized intrahepatic IgG4-SC is not included into the classification. This study aimed to analyze and characterize localized intrahepatic IgG4-SC and justify the inclusion of this type into the classification.

Methods: PubMed and Embase were searched for studies published from March 2001 to June 2017 reporting localized intrahepatic IgG4-SC. Data were obtained and analyzed from the included articles.

Results: Twelve cases of localized intrahepatic IgG4-SC were included. All patients were adults with the median age of 73 years (range 46–78), and had a male preponderance (88.9%). The most common clinical presentation was obstructive jaundice (50%), abdominal pain (25%) and absence of symptoms (25%). On imaging and macroscopically, localized intrahepatic IgG4-SC presented with three subtypes, i.e., mass-forming (n?=?6, 50%), stricture (n?=?5, 41.7%) and periductal infiltrating (n?=?1, 8.3%) subtypes. Among the eight cases with diagnoses reported, six patients were misdiagnosed as intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma; one was diagnosed as hepatic mass and one as IgG4-SC before biopsy or operation. Information on treatment was available on 10 cases; eight underwent surgical resection, one received steroid treatment alone and one underwent endoscopic biliary drainage. No relapse was noted in patients with surgical resection during a period of followed up.

Conclusions: The localized intrahepatic IgG4-SC presents with mass-forming, stricture and periductal infiltrating subtypes, and should be recognized as an additional type of IgG4-SC according to the cholangiographic classification or anatomic site.     

Diagnostic procedures for IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis

Background/purpose

IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis (IgG4-SC) is one of several diseases associated with autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP). However, diffuse cholangraphic abnormalities seen in association with AIP may resemble those seen in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), and the presence of segmental stenosis suggests cholangiocarcinoma. IgG4-SC responds well to steroid therapy, whereas in contrast, liver transplantation is the only effective therapy for PSC, and surgical intervention is also needed for cholangiocarcinoma. The aim of this review was to establish the diagnostic procedures for IgG4-SC.

Methods

A literature search was conducted, covering English-language articles dealing with IgG4-SC published between 1991 and March 2010. As clinical data on IgG4-SC are limited, the author also took into consideration his own clinical experience with the treatment of IgG4-SC over a period of more than 19 years.

Results

When intrapancreatic stenosis is detected, pancreatic cancer should be ruled out. If multiple intrahepatic stenosis is evident, PSC should be discriminated on the basis of cholangiographic findings and liver biopsy with IgG4 immunostaining. An association with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is suggestive of PSC. If stenosis is demonstrated in the hepatic hilar region, cholangiocarcinoma should be discriminated by US, EUS, IDUS, and bile duct biopsy.

Conclusion

For diagnosis of IgG4-SC, coexistence of AIP is the most useful finding. However, the most important consideration for clinicians is to be aware of IgG4-SC when encountering patients with obstructive jaundice.     

First case of IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis associated with autoimmune hemolytic anemia

To our knowledge, patients with immunoglobulin G4-related sclerosing cholangitis (IgG4-SC) associated with autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) have not been reported previously. Many patients with IgG4-SC have autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) and respond to steroid treatment. However, isolated cases of IgG4-SC are difficult to diagnose. We describe our experience with a patient who had IgG4-SC without AIP in whom the presence of AIHA led to diagnosis. The patient was a 73-year-old man who was being treated for dementia. Liver dysfunction was diagnosed on blood tests at another hospital. Imaging studies suggested the presence of carcinoma of the hepatic hilus and primary sclerosing cholangitis, but a rapidly progressing anemia developed simultaneously. After the diagnosis of AIHA, steroid treatment was begun, and the biliary stricture improved. IgG4-SC without AIP was thus diagnosed.     

IgG4-related sclerosing disease

Based on histological and immunohistochemical exami- nation of various organs of patients with autoimmune pancreatitis （AIP）, a novel clinicopathological entity of IgG4-related sclerosing disease has been proposed. This is a systemic disease that is characterized by extensive IgG4-positive plasma cells and T-lymphocyte infiltration of various organs. Clinical manifestations are apparent in the pancreas, bile duct, gallbladder, salivary gland, retroperitoneum, kidney, lung, and prosrate, in which tissue fibrosis with obliterative phlebitis is pathologically induced. AlP is not simply pancreatitis but, in fact, is a pancreatic disease indicative of IgG4- related sclerosing diseases. This disease includes AlP, sclerosing cholangitis, cholecystitis, sialadenitis, retro-peritoneal fibrosis, tubulointerstitial nephritis, interstitial pneumonia, prostatitis, inflammatory pseudotumor and lymphadenopathy, all IgG4-related. Most IgG4-related sclerosing diseases have been found to be associated with AlP, but also those without pancreatic involvement have been reported. In some cases, only one or two organs are clinically involved, while in others, three or four organs are affected. The disease occurs predominantly in older men and responds well to steroid therapy. Serum IgG4 levels and immunos-taining with anti-IgG4 antibody are useful in making the diagnosis. Since malignant tumors are frequently suspected on initial presentation, IgG4-related sclerosing disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis to avoid unnecessary surgery.     

Isolated intrapancreatic Ig G4-related sclerosing cholangitis

Immunoglobulin G4-related sclerosing cholangitis(Ig G4-SC) is frequently associated with type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis(AIP). Association with AIP can be utilized in the diagnosis of Ig G4-SC. However, some cases of Ig G4-SC are isolated from AIP, which complicates the diagnosis. Most of the reported cases of isolated Ig G4-SC displayed hilar biliary strictures, whereas isolated Ig G4-SC with intrapancreatic biliary stricture is very rare. Recently, we have encountered 5 isolated intrapancreatic Ig G4-SC cases that were not associated with AIP, three of which were pathologically investigated after surgical operation. They all were males with a mean age of 74.2 years. The pancreas was not enlarged in any of these cases. No irregular narrowing of the main pancreatic duct was found. Bile duct wall thickening in lesions without luminal stenosis was detected by abdominal computed tomography in all five cases, by endoscopic ultrasonography in two out of four cases and by intraductal ultrasonography in all three cases. In three cases, serum Ig G4 levels were within the normal limits. The mean serum Ig G4 level measured before surgery was 202.1 mg/d L(4 cases). Isolated intrapancreatic Ig G4-SC is difficult to diagnose, especially if the Ig G4 level remains normal. Thus, this type of Ig G4-SC should be suspected in addition to cholangiocarcinoma and pancreatic cancer if stenosis of intrapancreatic bile duct is present.     

Concurrent systemic AA amyloidosis can discriminate primary sclerosing cholangitis from IgG4-associated cholangitis

Chronic hepatobiliary inflammatory diseases are not widely acknowledged as underlying disorders of systemic AA amyloidosis, except epidemic schistosomiasis. Among them, primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) might initiate amyloid A protein deposition in diverse tissues, giving rise to systemic amyloidosis, due to a progressive and unresolved inflammatory process, and its possible association with inflammatory bowel diseases. Nevertheless, only one such case has been reported in the literature to date. We report a 69-year-old Japanese woman with cirrhosis who was diagnosed with PSC complicated with systemic AA amyloidosis, without any evidence of other inflammatory disorders. As a result of cholestasis in conjunction with biliary strictures and increased serum IgG4, the presence of IgG4(+) plasma cells was examined systemically, resulting in unexpected documentation of Congo-red-positive amyloid deposits, but not IgG4(+) plasma cells, in the liver, stomach and salivary glands. Elevated serum IgG4 is the hallmark of IgG4-related disease, including IgG4-associated cholangitis, but it has also been demonstrated in certain patients with PSC. Amyloid A deposits in multiple organs associated with an indolent clinical course that progresses over many years might have a diagnostic value in discriminating PSC from IgG4-associated cholangitis.