替诺福韦联合索拉非尼治疗乙型肝炎相关中晚期原发性肝癌患者临床观察

目的 观察替诺福韦联合索拉非尼治疗乙型肝炎相关性中晚期原发性肝癌患者的临床疗效。方法 2018年10月～2019年10月我院收治的80例乙型肝炎相关中晚期原发性肝癌患者,被随机分为观察组40例和对照组40例,给予对照组替诺福韦治疗,给予观察组患者替诺福韦联合索拉非尼治疗,观察12个月。结果 观察组治疗总有效率为85.0%,显著高于对照组的50.0%(P<0.05);在观察期末,38例生存的观察组患者肝功能指标显著好于32例对照组(P<0.05),血清AFP水平显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 替诺福韦联合索拉非尼治疗乙型肝炎相关性中晚期原发性肝癌患者短期临床疗效显著,安全性良好,值得临床进一步研究。     

替诺福韦酯联合苦参素胶囊对高病毒载量乙肝肝硬化代偿期患者的疗效观察

[目的]研究高病毒载量乙肝肝硬化代偿期患者应用替诺福韦酯联合苦参素胶囊的抗病毒疗效及对肝纤维化指标改善的情况。[方法]选取入院行常规对症治疗的高病毒载量乙肝肝硬化代偿期患者126例作为研究对象,随机分为治疗组(替诺福韦酯联合苦参素胶囊治疗)和对照组(单用替诺福韦酯治疗),每组各63例。比较2组患者治疗前后肝功能指标(ALT、AST)、肝脏硬度值(LSM)、肝纤维化血清学指标(HA、LN、PCⅢ、CⅣ)的差异及治疗48周时血清HBV-DNA阴转率、HBeAg阴转率。[结果]治疗组与对照组患者在治疗前肝功能指标、肝纤维化血清学指标及LSM比较均差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗48周后,治疗组的HBV-DNA阴转率(43/63,68.3%)高于对照组(32/63,50.8%),2组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);同期治疗组、对照组HBeAg阴转率(20.6%、15.9%)相比,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗48周后,治疗组ALT、AST、HA、LN、PCⅢ、CⅣ及LSM水平较对照组均明显下降,2组比较均差异有统计学意义(P0.05~0.01)。[结论]替诺福韦酯联合苦参素胶囊可较好地改善乙肝肝硬化患者的肝纤维化程度,提高抗病毒疗效,显著地改善患者预后。     

扶正化瘀胶囊联合恩替卡韦治疗乙型肝炎肝硬化疗效观察

目的:观察扶正化瘀胶囊联合恩替卡韦治疗乙型肝炎肝硬化的疗效。方法:60例乙型肝炎肝硬化患者随机分为观察组30例和对照组30例,两组均给予恩替卡韦治疗,观察组患者另加用扶正化瘀胶囊。24周观察并比较两组患者血清肝纤维化和肝功能指标,肝脏B超结果。结果:与对照组相比,观察组患者治疗后透明质酸(HA)、层黏连蛋白(LN)、Ⅲ型前胶原(PC-Ⅲ)、Ⅳ型胶原(Ⅳ-C)结果均明显优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、白蛋白(Alb)、总胆红素(TBil)结果均明显优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);B超显示门静脉直径明显小于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);脾脏长度、脾脏厚度均小于对照组,但差异不具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:扶正化瘀胶囊联合恩替卡韦治疗乙型肝炎肝硬化疗效优于单用恩替卡韦。     

替诺福韦联合干扰素-α治疗HBeAg阳性慢性乙型肝炎患者疗效及其血清细胞因子水平变化

目的 探讨应用替诺福韦联合干扰素-α(IFN-α)治疗血清HbeAg阳性的慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者疗效及其血清肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和IL-10水平的变化。方法 2017年1月～2018年8月我院肝病科诊治的血清HBeAg阳性的CHB患者89例被随机分为对照组(n=43例)和联合组(n=46例),分别给予替诺福韦口服治疗和替诺福韦联合国产IFN-α2b治疗,两组连续治疗观察48周。采用ELISA法检测血清TNF-α、IL-6和IL-10水平,采用ELISA法检测血清HBV标记物,采用ABI7300荧光定量PCR分析仪检测血清HBV DNA水平。结果 在观察结束时,联合组血清ALT和AST水平分别为(39.2±10.8)U/L和(36.4±8.2)U/L,显著低于对照组【分别为(75.2±15.7)U/L和(56.6±12.3)U/L,P<0.05】;联合组血清TNF-α水平为(26.6±6.8)mg/L,显著低于对照组【(35.5±6.8)mg/L,P<0.05】,血清IL-6水平为(15.5±3.3)pg/mL,显著低于对照组【(22.4±4.1)pg/mL,P<0.05】,血清IL-10水平为(21.4±5.7)pg/mL,显著低于对照组【(29.4±6.5)pg/mL,P<0.05】;两组血清HBV DNA均转阴,血清ALT复常率无显著性差异(P>0.05),但联合组血清HBeAg转阴率(44.2%对11.6%,P<0.05)和血清HBsAg转阴率(13.0%对0.0%,P<0.05)显著高于对照组。另外,联合组分别有19例(44.2%)和2例(4.3%)患者发生HbeAg和HBsAg血清转换。结论 应用替诺福韦短期联合IFN-α治疗HBeAg阳性的CHB患者能提高血清HBeAg阴转率,并在短期内促进一些患者发生HbeAg和HBsAg血清转换,可能与联合治疗抑制了细胞免疫反应有关,但其长期疗效还需要观察。     

恩替卡韦联合扶正化瘀胶囊治疗64例乙型肝炎肝硬化超声表现及临床疗效分析

目的观察恩替卡韦（ETV）联合扶正化瘀胶囊治疗乙型肝炎肝硬化的疗效。方法将122例乙型肝炎肝硬化患者随机分为治疗组64例和对照组58例。治疗组应用恩替卡韦0.5mg/d联合扶正化瘀胶囊1.5g/d治疗12个月;对照组应用恩替卡韦0.5g/d治疗12个月。结果治疗12个月时,治疗组与对照组血清HBV DNA阴转率分别为96.8%（62/64）和96.5%（56/58）;治疗组26例血清HBeAg阳性患者中8例阴转,对照组18例HBeAg阳性患者中6例转阴,两组之间无显著性差异;治疗组与对照组Child-Pugh评分分别由治疗前的8.9±4.7和9.0±2.8降至治疗后的5.0±0.2和7.4±1.4（P≤0.01）;治疗后治疗组门静脉内径和脾厚度缩小均较对照组明显（P〈0.05）;治疗组血清HA、LN、PC-Ⅲ和IV-C下降与对照组比有非常显著性差异（P〈0.01）。结论恩替卡韦联合扶正化瘀胶囊治疗乙型肝炎肝硬化疗效优于单独应用恩替卡韦治疗者。     

扶正化瘀胶囊对慢性乙型肝炎肝硬化患者炎性因子的影响

目的:观察扶正化瘀胶囊对慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)肝硬化患者炎性因子的影响。方法:将96例CHB肝硬化患者随机分为对照组(48例)和观察组(48例),对照组患者口服恩替卡韦片0.5 mg/次,1次/d,观察组患者在对照组治疗基础上加服扶正化瘀胶囊,5粒/次,3次/d,两组患者均治疗6个月。分别于治疗前后检测患者肝功能、肝纤维化指标、血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和超敏-C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平。结果:治疗前,两组患者血清ALT、AST、TBil、HA、PCⅢ、LN、TNF-α、IL-6和hs-CRP水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,观察组患者血清ALT、AST、TBil、HA、PCⅢ、LN、TNF-α、IL-6和hs-CRP水平均明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论:扶正化瘀胶囊治疗CHB肝硬化的作用机制可能与抑制炎性因子TNF-α、IL-6和hs-CRP的释放有关。     

聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a联合恩替卡韦治疗慢性乙型肝炎患者疗效及血清Pygo2和GP73水平变化

目的 分析聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a联合恩替卡韦治疗慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者的疗效及血清人尾肢同源蛋白2(Pygo2)和高尔基体糖蛋白73(GP73)水平的变化。方法 2018年2月~2019年2月我院收治的77例CHB患者,采用随机数字表法分为对照组36例和观察组41例,分别给予恩替卡韦或恩替卡韦联合聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a治疗24 w。采用聚合酶链式反应检测血清HBV DNA,采用化学发光法检测血清HBeAg和抗HBe,采用ELISA法检测血清Ⅲ型前胶原(PCⅢ)、层粘连蛋白(LN)、透明质酸(HA)和Ⅳ型胶原(Ⅳ-C)及Pygo2和GP73水平。结果 在治疗结束时,两组血清HBV DNA转阴率均为100.0%,但观察组血清HBeAg转阴率为36.6%,显著高于对照组(19.4%,P<0.05),HBeAg血清转换率为22.0%,显著高于对照组(8.3%,P<0.05);观察组血清ALT水平为(32.3±13.5)U/L,显著低于对照组【(46.1±19.7)U/L,P<0.05】;观察组患者血清LN水平为(84.7±31.5)μg/L,显著低于对照组【(117.6±40.3)μg/L,P<0.05】,Ⅳ-C水平为(79.8±16.1)μg/L,显著低于对照组【(97.4±19.5)μg/L,P<0.05】,PC-Ⅲ水平为(94.5±21.2)μg/L,显著低于对照组【(140.8±29.7)μg/L,P<0.05】,和HA水平为(107.1±25.2)μg/L,显著低于对照组【(160.5±35.0)μg/L,P<0.05】;观察组患者血清Pygo2水平为(50.8±5.9)μg/L,显著低于对照组【(55.4±7.3)μg/L,P<0.05】,GP73水平为(108.6±10.6)ng/mL,显著低于对照组【(121.5±13.2)ng/mL,P<0.05】。结论 联合应用恩替卡韦和聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a治疗CHB患者可取得比单用恩替卡韦更好的短期疗效,可能与联合治疗能有效降低血清Pygo2和GP73水平,缓解肝纤维化进程,从而显著改善肝功能和提高了血清学应答有关。     

替诺福韦联合苦参素胶囊对乙型肝炎肝硬化患者炎症反应和免疫功能的影响

[目的]探讨替诺福韦联合苦参素胶囊对乙型肝炎肝硬化患者临床效果、炎症反应及细胞免疫功能的影响,为临床治疗提供理论依据。[方法]选取2014-01—2016-01于我院消化内科就诊的乙型肝炎肝硬化患者256例,按照随机数字表法分为替诺福韦组(128例)和联合组(128例),2组患者在常规治疗的基础上分别服用替诺福韦、替诺福韦联合苦参素胶囊,治疗48周。观察2组患者治疗前后肝功能、血清HBV DNA水平、HBV DNA转阴率、炎性因子、细胞免疫功能的变化情况。[结果]治疗第48周,联合组总体疗效明显高于替诺福韦组(93.75%vs.85.16%,P<0.05);而联合组血清AST、ALT和TBIL水平明显低于替诺福韦组(P<0.05),联合组患者血清HBV DNA转阴率高于替诺福韦组(88.28%vs.78.91%,P<0.05)。治疗第48周,联合组血清HBV DNA、IL-6、TNF-α和TGF-β1水平低于替诺福韦组(P<0.05);而联合组血清CD_4^+水平和CD_4^+/CD_8^+比值明显高于替诺福韦组(P<0.05)。[结论]替诺福韦联合苦参素可以降低乙型肝炎肝硬化患者血清HBV DNA的水平,改善患者肝功能,增强患者细胞免疫功能,具有良好的临床疗效。     

恩替卡韦联合扶正化瘀胶囊治疗失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化疗效观察

目的观察恩替卡韦联合扶正化瘀胶囊治疗失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化的疗效。方法将63例失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化患者随机分为两组,均给予常规内科综合治疗,治疗组加用恩替卡韦和扶正化瘀胶囊口服,疗程6个月。比较两组治疗前后的肝功能、肝纤维化指标变化及HBV-DNA阴转率。结果两组治疗后ALT、AST、TB IL、ALB均较治疗前明显改善（P〈0.05或〈0.01）,治疗组ALT、AST、ALB的改善优于对照组（P〈0.05）;治疗组治疗后HA、LN、PCⅢ、ⅣC均较治疗前明显改善,且其改善程度优于对照组（P〈0.05或〈0.01）;治疗组HBV-DNA阴转率优于对照组（P〈0.01）。结论恩替卡韦联合扶正化瘀胶囊能够通过抑制病毒和抗纤维化来改善失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化患者的病情及预后。     

替诺福韦联合安络化纤丸治疗HBeAg阴性慢性乙型肝炎患者疗效及其血清肝纤维化指标的变化研究*

目的 观察应用替诺福韦联合安络化纤丸治疗HBeAg阴性慢性乙型肝炎患者的疗效。方法 2015年3月~2017年5月我院诊治的HBeAg阴性慢性乙型肝炎患者68例,采用随机数字表法分为联合组和对照组,两组均为34例。给予对照组患者替诺福韦口服治疗,联合组患者在对照组治疗的基础上加用安络化纤丸口服治疗,两组均观察治疗48 w。采用ELISA法检测血清白细胞介素（IL）-6、IL-2、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）水平,采用放射免疫法检测血清III型前胶原（PC-III）、透明质酸（HA）、层粘连蛋白（LN）和IV型胶原（IV-C）水平。结果 在治疗48 w末,联合组血清HA、LN、IV-C和PC-III水平分别为（94.5±31.5） ng/ml、（113.2±51.6） ng/ml、（72.4±20.3） g/L和（102.4±19.6） g/L,显著低于对照组[分别为（121.6±37.5） ng/ml、（132.5±53.8） ng/ml、（94.6±22.1） g/L和（134.7±21.5） g/L,P<0.05];联合组患者血清IL-2水平为（173.6±28.3） ng/L,显著高于对照组[（145.7±26.4） ng/L,P<0.05],而血清IL-6和TNF-α水平分别为（94.5±16.2） pg/ml和（26.6 6.8） pg/ml,显著低于对照组[分别为（112.6±17.8） pg/ml和（35.7±8.3） pg/ml,P<0.05];联合组血清HBV DNA转阴率为91.2%,与对照组的88.2%比,无统计学差异（P<0.05）;两组血清ALT复常率均为94.1%。结论 应用替诺福韦联合安络化纤丸治疗HBeAg阴性慢性乙型肝炎患者疗效显著,可有效降低血清肝纤维化指标和细胞因子水平,可能与减轻了肝内炎症反应有关。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.