成人间活体右半肝移植术中变异门静脉右支切取与重建技术

目的 探讨成人间活体右半肝移植术中变异门静脉支(APVB)切取与重建的技巧.方法 2002年1月至2007年4月,共实施70例成人间活体右半肝移植.术前肝脏血管三维CT成像显示供肝动脉及静脉走向,70例右半供肝中有9例门静脉分支变异,其中7例为Ⅱ型变异,2例为Ⅲ型变异.除1例供者行狭窄桥状连接单口切取APVB外,其余8例均采用供者优先的原则即距门静脉主干2～3mm处双口切断APVB.Ⅱ型变异中有2例双口切取其右前、右后支成形为一个开口后与受者门静脉主干吻合,4例右前、右后支分别与受者门静脉左、右支吻合,1例行右前、右后支间狭窄桥状组织连接单口切取后与受者门静脉主干单口吻合.Ⅲ型变异中有1例双口切取其右前、右后支分别与受者门静脉支双口吻合,1例双口切取后行新型的U形血管移植物间置与受者门静脉主干单口吻合.结果 9例受者均无门静脉狭窄或血栓、肝动脉狭窄或血栓以及肝静脉流出道狭窄等血管并发症发生.1例供者术后3 d并发门静脉血栓,手术取栓及门静脉壁修补成形后痊愈.新型的U形血管移植物间置重建术后通畅,无并发症发生.结论 成人间活体右半肝移植术中采用供者优先的原则双口切取APVB、双口吻合重建以及新型的U形血管间置等门静脉重建技术是安全可行的,未增加手术难度,且临床效果良好.     

右肝后叶胆管切开整形治疗右肝后叶胆管狭窄及结石的临床研究

自1990年6月～1995年6月，采用右肝后叶胆管切开整形治疗右肝后叶胆管狭窄及结石16例，并观察了右肝后叶胆管与门静脉右后支的关系。结果表明，多数右肝后叶胆管与门静脉右后支的关系较恒定，即门静脉右后支由门静脉右干发出后，于右肝后叶胆管起始部附近的右前向右后上方斜行，沿9～11点方向切开右肝后叶胆管可避免损伤门静脉的右后支，右肝后叶胆管的显露常需要行Ⅳ段或Ⅳ＋Ⅴ段部分肝切除，其中行Ⅳ段部分肝切除6例，行Ⅳ＋Ⅴ段部分肝切除者4例。16例行胆管整形后均行胆肠Roux－Y吻合，并行右肝后叶胆管U管支撑引流，U管平均留置时间3．4个月。手术各种并发症发生率为25％（4／16），残留结石率为12．5％（2／16）。远期随访手术效果优良率为93．75％（15／16）。     

100例门静脉右后支的走行与分布观察

目的 根据肝内门静脉的走行分布,对门静脉的右后支进行分类,为影像学和肝脏外科提供资料.方法 采用100 例正常的活体肝移植供肝影像资料,研究右后叶肝内门静脉的走行和分布.结果 100 例资料中门脉的右后支呈弓型的34 例,呈两支型的27 例,呈三支型的9 例,存在右前支变异的30 例.结论 右后叶大约有30%在解剖学上不能完全分界,不符合Couinaud 的分段方法.     

切开肝内胆管治疗复杂肝内胆管结石的手术入路和方法

目的 探讨显露和剖开肝内各叶、段胆管的手术方法,提高复杂性肝内胆管结石病的治疗效果。方法 从肝内胆管手术显露的角度,研究了30个成人肝脏标本肝内各叶、段胆管与血管走行位置的解剖关系,设计了新的手术方法、用于治疗复杂性肝内胆管结石46例。结果 肝内胆管与血管走行的位置关系。从肝脏的脏面观：左右肝管均位于门静脉左右干的前上缘。左内叶胆管、右前叶胆管位于相应门静脉支的前内侧（近肝门侧）。右后叶胆管有73.3%(22/30)位于门静脉右前支（18／30）或门静脉右前下段支（4／30）脏面深侧;80％（24／30）走行于门静脉右后叶支脏面深侧（20／30）或后上缘（4／30）。左外叶胆管基本上都走行于门静脉矢状部脏面深侧,只有2个标本的左外叶下段支胆管在其浅侧。肝动脉在肝内各叶段的分支基本上走行与Glisson鞘内胆管与门静脉之间或侧旁。从肝脏膈面观：肝内各叶、段胆管与血管的解剖位置关系大致与脏面观相反或接近相反。据此,从肝脏脏面显露肝门、可以连续切开左右肝管和多数左内叶及右前叶胆管,但难以显露右后叶及右叶各段胆管和左外叶胆管;而从肝脏膈面进路切开肝方叶或肝中裂、再沿右后叶胆管投影方向切开肝实质,则可避开右肝内的门静脉主要分支,比较容易显露和切开右肝内各叶、段胆管汇合部及狭窄段。从肝左叶膈面切开左外叶胆管,可避免损伤左门静脉矢状况。设计经肝的脏面显露和剖开肝门及左右肝管与经肝的膈面显露和剖开肝内叶、段胆管相结合的手术方法,治疗复杂性肝内多叶、多段胆管多发结石并胆管狭窄的病人46例。无手术死亡。31例平均随访39个月,效果优良28例（90％）,好转2例（6.5%),无效1例（3.5%)。结论 经肝的脏面和膈面相结合的手术入路,显露和剖开肝内外胆管及其狭窄段,便于取出结石。将剖开的肝内外胆管与空肠Roux－en-y大口吻合,则可解除胆道狭窄,建立通畅的胆流通道,是治疗复杂性肝内胆管结石有效的手术方法。     

肝内胆管手术入路的解剖及临床应用

目的 探讨显露肝内叶、段胆管的手术入路。方法 研究30例成人肝脏标本的肝内叶、段胆管与血管的毗邻关系。结果 左右肝管均位于肝脏脏面门静脉门静脉左右干的前上缘,左内叶、右前叶胆管位于相应门静脉的前内侧。右后叶胆管位于门静脉右面支或右前叶下段支脏面深侧者占73％（22／30）;位于门静脉右后支脏面深侧或后上缘者占80％（24／30）。左外叶胆管位于门静脉矢状部脏面深侧者占93％（28／30）。选择经肝的脏面显露肝门、左右肝管,经肝的膈面显露肝内叶、段胆管相结合的手术入路,治疗复杂性肝内胆管结石并狭窄患者38例,均获成功。结论 经肝的脏面与膈面相结合的手术入路,比较容易显露和切开肝内胆管及其狭窄段、便于取出结石。     

二例成人间双活体供肝移植的手术重建技巧

目的探讨成人间双活体供肝移植的手术重建技巧。方法2例成人患者,1例原发病为乙型肝炎后肝硬化、巨块型肝癌,接受其2位姐姐的左半肝移植,移植物与受者体重比(GR/WR)为1.5%,移植于原肝位置左侧的左半肝,其肝左静脉、门静脉分别于受者的肝左静脉、门静脉左支端端吻合,胆肠吻合方式重建供肝胆道;移植至右侧的左半肝,沿矢状位旋转180°,其肝左静脉、门静脉分别与受者的肝右静脉、门静脉右支端端吻合,左肝管与受者的肝总管端端吻合。另1例原发病为乙型肝炎后肝硬化,接受其母亲的右半肝移植,但由于供肝存在大泡状空泡变性,且供、受者的体重差较大,为能满足患者的生理需要,故该例同时行尸体左半肝移植,GR/WR为1.2%,右半肝的肝右动脉、肝右静脉分别于受者的同名血管端端吻合,其门静脉与受者的门静脉右支端端吻合,右肝管与受者的肝总管端端吻合;左半肝的肝左静脉、门静脉及肝动脉分别与受者的肝左静脉、门静脉左支及脾动脉端端吻合,胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合方式重建供肝胆道。结果除母亲供者术后3d出现短暂乳糜漏,经对症治疗11d后痊愈外,供者无其它并发症发生。2例患者术后恢复良好,未发生排斥反应及全身感染,现已随访10个月以上,肝功能正常,均恢复正常工作和生活。结论成人间双活体供肝移植可为受者提供更大的肝脏,又可减少供者的风险,但手术操作复杂,需要对供、受者的条件进行充分评估后施行。     

成人间右半肝活体肝移植肝中静脉的处理

目的 总结成人间右半肝活体肝移植肝中静脉的处理经验。方法 回顾性分析两例成人间右半肝活体肝移植肝中静脉的处理方法，1例采取含肝中静脉的右半肝活体肝移植，肝中静脉移植供肝和剩余肝脏各保留一半，既有利于保证供体左肝内叶静脉回流，同时供肝右前叶静脉回流也不受到影响；另1例则采取不含肝中静脉的右半肝活体肝移植，术中重建供肝右前叶肝静脉回流通道，使供肝前叶淤血明显改善。结果 两例供体均存活，术后顺利出院，无并发症；受体1例存活，1例术后20d死于急性重度排斥反应。结论 成人间右半肝活体肝移植肝中静脉的处理十分关键，要注意保持供受体肝流出道的通畅，既要保证供体的绝对安全，又要尽量为受体提供足够的肝容量。     

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目的：分析10例活体肝移植术中的血管变异，总结其外科处理经验，进一步提高手术成功率，减少并发症。方法：2001年1月至12月，行活体肝移植10例，其中左半肝8例，左外叶1例，右半肝1例，供肝者均为其母，经术中B超及胆管造影以确定肝切线。供体单支肝动脉分支与受体肝动脉吻合，两支肝动脉分别与受体肝左、右动脉吻合。门静脉分支与受体门静脉主干吻合。供体肝静脉与受体下腔静脉行端侧吻合。胆管重建均采用肝管分支与受体胆总管端端吻合，置T管引流。结果：10例活体肝移植，1例因肝动脉血栓形成，术后5天需次肝移植；1例发生排斥；其余8例均康复出院，5例已上学。结论：活体肝移植术中血管重建技术是其重要环节，术前和术中了解供受体解剖变异并正确处理，可减少术后血管和胆道的并发症。     

改良犬原位背驮式肝移植的解剖学观察

目的观察犬肝脏解剖学特点,探索建立改良的犬同种异体原位背驮式肝移植模型。方法对15只杂交犬的肝脏进行活体和尸体标本的解剖观察。结果犬肝共分7叶,门静脉分左右支进入肝脏,门静脉左支供应约70%肝组织(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ叶),门静脉右支供应约30%肝组织(Ⅵ、Ⅶ叶),分别阻断门静脉左、右支后5 min左右门静脉压力达到峰值,并迅速回复至门静脉正常压力值上限范围内;肝动脉和胆管与门静脉分支伴行进入各肝叶;左肝静脉粗大,可以作为肝静脉重建的流出道,其余3~6支肝静脉可以分别结扎,肝后下腔静脉易于与肝脏分离。结论犬肝的解剖学特点适宜于建立改良的原位背驮式肝移植模型。     

成人间不含肝中静脉右半肝活体肝移植静脉流出道重建技术的改进

目的 探讨不含肝中静脉(middle hepatic vein,MHV)的成人间右半肝活体肝移植(living donor liver transplantation,LDLT)静脉流出道重建技术的改进方法.方法 通过长征医院器官移植研究所2007年6月至2008年1月完成的11例次成人间不含肝中静脉的右半肝活体肝移植病例的回顾性分析,对成人间不含肝中静脉的右半肝活体肝移植静脉流出道重建技术的改进进行总结.主要技术改进包括:采用供肝右肝静脉、受体腔静脉联合扩大成形吻合技术重建流出道;采用在4℃UW液中保存7 d以内的尸体同种异体静脉移植血管重建供肝Ⅴ、Ⅷ段肝静脉粗大属支以及右肝下静脉.结果 11例次成人间不含肝中静脉右半肝活体肝移植中10例次采用了右肝静脉、腔静脉联合扩大成形吻合技术;利用尸体同种异体静脉移植血管架桥重建肝Ⅴ、Ⅷ段肝静脉以及右肝下静脉流出道的例数占同期实施的成人间活体肝移植总例数的81.8%(9/11),其中架桥重建1支肝静脉7例,架桥重建2支肝静脉1例,架桥重建3支肝静脉1例,11例病人中,1例病人术后14 d死于肾功能衰竭和肺部感染,超声检查血流通畅,未发现架桥静脉血栓,余10例病人术后随访9～15个月,右肝静脉均通畅,未发现静脉血栓,架桥肝静脉累计通畅率为:1个月100%(11/11)、3个月72.7%(8/11)、6个月54.5%(6/11)和9个月36.5%(4/11),移植肝脏再生均衡,右肝端面Ⅴ或Ⅷ段无明显充血和肝萎缩坏死,肝功能正常.超声检查未发现血栓,血流通畅,移植肝脏再生均衡,右肝端面Ⅴ或Ⅷ段无明显充血和肝萎缩坏死,肝功能正常.结论 采用右肝静脉、腔静脉联合扩大成形吻合技术和在4℃UW液中保存7 d以内的尸体同种异体静脉移植血管重建肝Ⅴ、Ⅷ段肝静脉粗大属支以及右肝下静脉是一种简单、安全和有效的成人间不含肝中静脉右半肝活体肝移植肝静脉重建方法.     

Anomalous intrahepatic portal system in a patient with hilar bile duct cancer

We report a case of anomaly of the intrahepatic portal system in a 65-year-old man with hilar bile duct cancer. Preoperatively, percutaneous transhepatic portography demonstrated that there was a right posterior portal vein arising from the main portal vein. In addition, a large portal branch originated from the left portal vein and coursed toward the right hepatic lobe. Following portal embolization of the right posterior branch, the patient underwent an extended right hepatectomy with a caudate lobectomy. Intraoperatively, to the left at the porta hepatis and then it first gave off the right anterior portal vein originated from the left portal vein and coursed toward the right hepatic lobe horizontally behind the gallbladder and then separated into superior and inferior segmental branches to supply the right anterior segment of the liver. The ramification of some major branches without malposition of the gallbladder or round ligament was the important clinical feature of this anomaly.     

Extended liver resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma

Liver resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma should be designed for individual patients, based on both precise diagnosis of cancer extent and accurate evaluation of hepatic functional reserve. Therefore we have developed various types of hepatic segmentectomy. Combined caudate lobectomy is essential in every patient with separated hepatic confluence. So-called extensive hepatectomy, resection of 50% or more of the hepatic mass, includes right lobectomy and right or left trisegmentectomy. Right lobectomy with caudate lobectomy is indicated when the progression of cancer is predominant in the right anterior and posterior segmental bile ducts. The plane of liver transection is along the Cantlie line, and the left hepatic duct is divided just at the right side of the umbilical portion of the left portal vein. Right trisegmentectomy with caudate lobectomy is performed in carcinoma which involves the right hepatic ducts in continuity with the left medial segmental bile duct. The umbilical portion of the left portal vein is freed from the umbilical plate by dividing the small portal branches arising from the cranial side of the umbilical portion. Then the left lateral segmental bile ducts are exposed and divided at the left side of the umbilical portion of the left portal vein. Left trisegmentectomy with caudate lobectomy is suitable for carcinoma which involves the left intrahepatic bile duct in continuity with the right anterior segmental bile duct. Liver transection is advanced along the right portal fissure. The right posterior segmental bile duct is usually divided distal to the confluence of the inferior and superior branches.     

A left hepatectomy and caudate lobectomy combined resection of the ventral segment of the right anterior sector for hilar cholangiocarcinoma — the efficacy of PVE (portal vein embolization) in identifying the hepatic subsegment: Report of a case

This report presents a case of a left hepatectomy and a caudate lobectomy combined resection of the ventral segment of the right anterior sector for hilar cholangiocarcinoma using percutaneous transhepatic portal vein embolization (PVE). The patient was a 44-year-old man admitted to a local hospital with obstructive jaundice. He was diagnosed to have hilar cholangiocarcinoma and was referred to the hospital for further treatment. Cholangiography revealed stenosis of the left hepatic duct and the hilar bile ducts. The dorsal branch of the right anterior sector joined the right posterior branch and the tumor did not invade to the confluence of these branches. Arteriography and portography reconstructed by multidetector-raw computed tomography revealed the ventral branches of the right anterior sector, which separately diverged from the other right anterior branches. It was therefore necessary to perform a left hepatectomy and caudate lobectomy combined resection of the ventral segment of the right anterior sector to completely remove the tumor. Portal vein embolization was thus performed on the left portal vein and the ventral branches of the right anterior sector. Intraoperatively, when the hepatic artery was temporally clamped, the demarcation between the ventral segment and the dorsal segment of the right anterior sector could be clearly visualized. The planned surgery was performed safely. This case demonstrates that the utilization of PVE is useful for a difficult and intricate hepatectomy, which requires an accurate identification of a hepatic subsegment.     

Rare Portal Venous Anomaly in a Living Liver Donor: A Case Report

Knowledge of the anatomy of the portal system is essential for safe liver resection. We report a very rare anatomic anomaly of the portal system in a living liver donor. A 24-year-old female living liver donor was found to have anomalies of the portal system on preoperative contrast-enhanced computed tomography. The ventral branch of the right anterior segment arose from the transverse portion of the left portal vein. The gallbladder and round ligament were positioned normally. Intraoperative cholangiography for evaluation of biliary anatomy revealed very low confluence of the right and left hepatic ducts. All the bile ducts from the right lobe merged into the right hepatic duct. A right lobe graft was performed, including the ventral area of the right anterior segment. The portal branch of the ventral area of the right anterior segment could be transected extrahepatically. In the recipient operation, each of the right main portal branches, including the right posterior segment branch and the dorsal branch of the right anterior segment, and the ventral branch of the right anterior segment, were anastomosed to the right and left branches of the portal vein, respectively, of the recipient. The transected right hepatic duct of the graft was anastomosed with the recipient's common hepatic duct. Sixteen years after the liver transplant, the recipient continues to do well and has good portal flow.     

Indications for hepatic vein reconstruction in living donor liver transplantation of right liver grafts

BACKGROUND: To overcome problems arising from a graft of insufficient size, right liver grafts have been used extensively for adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). However, there are reports of severe congestion in the anterior segment of the graft after transplantation. CASE REPORTS: Right liver transplantation without the middle hepatic vein was performed in six cases. In the second and third cases, the inferior right hepatic vein was reconstructed because it was thick (whereas the middle hepatic vein was not). Abdominal CT revealed congestive infarction of the anterior segment in the second case and of the posterior segment in the third. It was suspected that the former resulted from the lack of an middle hepatic vein, and the latter from obstruction of the reconstructed inferior right hepatic vein. Both patients died without improvement in liver function. Accordingly, in the fifth case, the middle hepatic vein was reconstructed. The postoperative course of this case was uneventful. Doppler ultrasonography showed profuse blood flow in the interposition graft. In the sixth case, the middle hepatic vein was not reconstructed because of technical difficulties. Although abdominal CT showed a congestive area in the anterior segment, the patient recovered uneventfully, probably because the volume of functional graft was sufficient even without the congestive area. CONCLUSION: When the color becomes dark in more than half of the surface of the anterior segment following clamping of middle hepatic vein tributaries and the hepatic artery, the middle hepatic vein should be reconstructed. When the diameter of the inferior right hepatic vein is more than 5 mm, its reconstruction is also recommended.     

活体右半肝移植供体术前评估的临床意义

目的 探讨活体右半肝移植供体术前评估的必要性.方法 回顾性评估2002年1月至2005年11月施行的23例活体右半肝移植中供体的情况.术前评估包括供体的一般情况,血管与胆管系统影像学,供肝体积及脂肪变性情况等.不阻断入肝血流,在肝中静脉右侧,用超声刀离断肝组织而得到右半肝.计算供体标准肝体积（standard liver volume,SLV）及残余左半肝的比例.结果 术前影像学评估发现,4例门静脉主干有3分支,7例有粗大肝右后下静脉（≥0.5 cm）,5例有粗大（≥0.5 cm）肝V段静脉（V5）,4例有V8,右肝管变异3例.而术中发现9例伴右后下静脉,5例V5,5例V8,右肝管变异4例.术中肝切取活检示2例供肝轻度脂肪变性.右半供肝切取平均失血462 ml,切取右半肝占SLV的39.7％～69.5％,残余左半肝占30.5％～60.3％.术后第1天肝功能均有不同程度损害,但术后1周恢复到接近正常水平.术后并发症包括1例腹内出血,1例乳糜漏,2例切口脂肪液化,1例门静脉狭窄伴血栓形成.所有供体均恢复良好.结论 术前进行供肝血管系统与胆管系统、肝脏的体积与质量的详尽评估,选择出最适宜的供肝与供体,是手术成功的重要保证.     

Left hepatic trisectionectomy for hepatolithiasis with occluded left and right anterior branches of the portal vein: report of a case

A 64-year-old male was admitted to a local hospital with epigastric pain. Diagnostic imaging revealed hepatolithiasis in the atrophic left lobe. However, endoscopic intervention was impossible because of the presence of many large stones. He was referred to our hospital for surgical treatment. Enhanced multidetector-row computed tomography revealed that the right posterior portal vein (PV) was branched from the portal trunk as a first-order branch, and the bile duct of segment 3 ran caudally to the umbilical portion of the left PV. Furthermore, the umbilical portion of the left PV, which was located between the dilated bile ducts of segment 2 and segment 3, and also the right anterior PV, was occluded with thrombus. Based on these findings, he underwent left hepatic trisectionectomy. Although the indications for left hepatic trisectionectomy for hepatolithiasis are limited, it is therefore extremely important to determine the most appropriate surgical procedure based on the anatomy and findings of hepatic hilus in individual cases.     

多层螺旋CT术前评价右叶活体肝移植供肝血管系统

目的探讨MSCT在右叶活体肝移植（LDLT）术前供体筛选中的应用价值。方法对40名拟行肝右叶捐献的志愿者于LDLT术前行MSCT腹部平扫及三期增强扫描,由2名医师观察肝脏血管系统的显影情况（采用4分法进行评价）、解剖结构及变异,并对最终作为供体接受肝右叶切除术者的CT表现及术中所见进行对照分析。结果 2名医师对肝动脉（HA）、门静脉（PV）、肝静脉（HV）分支及副肝静脉（AHV）显影情况的评分均为3～4分,观察者间一致性好（Kappa值分别为0.84、1.00、1.00和1.00）。40名志愿者中,HA正常19名,变异21名;PV正常28名,变异12名。10名志愿者因HA变异影响肝右叶捐献而被排除,包括7名肝右动脉（RHA）纤细和3名S4段肝动脉（S4A）变异;7名志愿者因PV变异被排除,包括2名PV右前支起自门静脉左支（LPV）、3名三叉型PV和2名门静脉右支（RPV）短干。最终包括2名RPV短干、1名PV右后支起自PV主干及2名三叉型PV在内的共15名志愿者作为供体接受肝右叶切除术。LDLT术中所见15名供体的肝脏血管系统解剖结构均与术前MSCT检查结果相符。结论MSCT是LDLT术前评价供肝血管系统的有效方法。     

Anatomic variations in right liver living donors

BACKGROUND: Anatomic knowledge is crucial in right liver living donor transplantation. STUDY DESIGN: We reviewed radiologic and surgical findings in right liver donors. Arterial and portal anatomy was assessed in 96 donors, biliary anatomy in 77, and hepatic venous anatomy in 65. RESULTS: Portal vein (PV): 86.4% had classic anatomy; 6.3% had a trifurcated PV; 7.3% had a right anterior PV taken off the left PV. Hepatic artery (HA): 70.8% had classic anatomy; 12.5% had a left HA arising from the left gastric artery; 13.5% had a right HA arising from the superior mesenteric artery; 2.1% had a double replaced left HA and right HA; and in 1.0% the common HA arose from the superior mesenteric artery. Biliary tree: 55.8% had normal anatomy; 14.3% had a trifurcated biliary anatomy; in 5.2% the right anterior bile duct and in 15.6% the right posterior bile duct opened into the left bile duct; in 2.6% the right anterior and in 6.5% the right posterior ducts opened into the common bile duct. Hepatic veins: S5 and S8 accessory hepatic veins had incidences of 43% and 49%, respectively. The incidence of S6 or S7 short hepatic vein was 38%. CONCLUSIONS: Anatomic variations are common but do not contraindicate donation; surgeons should be prepared to recognize and manage them.