伴有高血压的IgA肾病临床病理与预后分析

目的探讨伴有高血压的IgA肾病的临床表现和病理特点的关系。方法回顾性分析我科经肾脏活体组织检查诊断为IgA肾病82例患者的一般情况、临床表现、病理资料。根据病程中血压状况分为高血压组（A组）33例;非高血压组（B组）49例。比较2组的临床和病理资料。结果A组伴有高血压的IgA肾病患者,占同期IgA肾病的40．24％。A组贫血、高尿酸血症、肾功能不全发生率高于B组（P〈0．05）,24h尿蛋白定量大于B组（P〈0．05）,而水肿、血尿的发生率无统计学差异。A组IgA肾病病理损害重度者的比例高于B组,病理类型以MsPGN为主,占60．61％。肾小球硬化和血管病变发生率较高、肾间质病变程度较重（P〈0．05）,新月体形成率较低（P〈0．05）。结论伴有高血压的IgA肾病患者高尿酸血症、肾功能不全发生率高,24h尿蛋白量大,病理损害较重,预后较差。     

IgA肾病肾病综合征临床病理特点及肾脏病理危险因素

目的：探讨IgA肾病肾病综合征患者临床病理特点及肾脏病理损害的危险因素。方法：选择1987年～2006年经肾活检确诊IgA肾病并表现为肾病综合征的患者118例，分析其临床病理特点，按肾脏病变轻重分为A组（n=34，包括Lee氏分级Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级）、B组（n=84，Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ级），比较两组临床指标，并多因素分析影响肾脏病理损害的危险因素。结果：A、B两组高血压分别占11．8％ vs 63．1％；肾衰竭分别占15％ vs 41．7％；A、B两组尿蛋白≥6g／24h者分别占58．8％ vs 32．1％；尿红细胞满视野分别为14．7％ vs 50％。A组高血压、肾衰竭、镜下尿红细胞满视野发生率显著低于B组（P〈0．01），尿蛋白≥6g／24h发生率显著高于B组（P〈0．01）。A组平均动脉压、血肌酐明显低于B组（P〈0．01）；而尿蛋白定量、血红蛋白显著高于B组（P〈0．05）。多因素分析显示IgA肾病肾病综合征患者肾脏病理损害重的危险因素有平均动脉压、尿蛋白〈6g／24h、镜下尿RBC〉5．0×10^7／L（0R值分别为1．048，3．227，6．578；P值分别为0．034，0．047，0．002），血红蛋白是保护性因素（OR=0.723，P=0．035）。随着平均动脉压的升高、血红蛋白的降低、镜下尿红细胞数的增多，肾脏病理损害程度加重（P〈0．01）。结论：IgA肾病肾病综合征患者临床、病理表现存在差异，高血压、血红蛋白水平、24h尿蛋白排泄量、镜下尿红细胞程度有助于判断肾脏病理损害轻重。     

不同性别原发性IgA肾病随增龄的临床病理特点

目的：了解不同性别原发性IgA肾病（IgAN）患者随增龄的临床病理特点。方法：回顾性分析我科2003年1月～2006年12月经肾活栓确诊的757例原发性IgAN患者的临床病理资料，根据年龄分成四组：A组（青年组，≤24岁，n=172例）、B组（中青年组，25岁～39岁，n=318）、C组（中年组，40岁～54岁，n=189）及D组（中老年组，≥55岁，n=78），分别比较不同性别组随增龄及同一年龄段男性与女性的临床病理特点。结果：A、B、C组男性多于女性，而D组女性多于男性。男、女性原发性IgAN中肾功能中度受损（eGFR〈60 ml／min）、高血压、高甘油三酯血症的比例均与年龄有关（P〈0．05）。A组最低，男性中B、C、D组均显著高于A组（P〈0．007），而女性中仅D组显著高于A组（P〈0．007），B、C组与A组无差异。另外，B、C组中男性肾功能中度受损、高血压及高甘油三酯血症的比例均显著高于女性（P〈0．05），而A、D组均无此趋势。B、C组男性的肾小管间质病变、肾内血管病变及血管壁透明样变性程度均重于同年龄段的女性（P〈0．05），而A、D组均无此趋势。女性患者肾功能中度受损的独立相关因素有年龄、高尿酸血症、肾小管间质损害、蛋白尿〉1g／d、肾内动脉病变5个参数。男性的独立相关因素为年龄、高尿酸血症、肾小管间质损害、全球硬化这4个参数。结论：中青年及中年女性IgAN患者的临床表现、慢性化病理改变显著轻于同年龄段男性，而55岁以上及24岁以下女性多个临床病理预后指标与同年龄段男性基本一致。     

高尿酸血症与IgA肾病临床和病理表现的关系

目的分析IgA肾病合并高尿酸血症患者的临床和病理特征。方法将228例IgA肾病患者分为血尿酸正常组（154例）和高尿酸血症组（74例）,回顾性分析2组患者的年龄、血尿酸、估算肾小球滤过率（eGFR）、24h尿蛋白定量、总胆固醇（Tc）、血白蛋白（Alb）以及肾脏病理改变的差异。结果与血尿酸正常组相比,高尿酸血症组的尿蛋白明显增多（P〈0．01）,eGFR显著降低（P〈0．01）,肾小球球性硬化比率显著升高（P〈0．05）,肾小球细胞增殖程度和。肾小管间质损伤程度显著加重（P〈0．0B）,肾内动脉病变的发生率显著增高（P〈0．05）。Spearman相关分析显示,eGFR与肾小球硬化的比例呈负相关（r=-0．308、P〈0．01）、与肾小球细胞增殖程度呈负相关（r=-0．170,P〈0．01）、与肾小管间质受损的程度呈负相关（r=-0．409,P〈0．01）;而血尿酸与肾小球硬化的比例呈正相关（r=0．147,P〈0．05）、与。肾小球细胞增殖程度呈正相关（r=0．193,P〈0．01）、与肾小管间质受损的程度呈正相关（r=0．219,P〈0．01）;24h尿蛋白定量与肾小球细胞增殖程度呈正相关（r=0．259,P〈0．01）、与肾小管间质受损的程度呈正相关（r=0．225,P〈0．01）。结论高尿酸血症与IgA肾病患者的临床和病理损害相关。     

福建地区571例IgA肾病流行病学特点

目的探讨福建地区IgA肾病的流行病学及临床病理特点。方法回顾性分析本地区571例IgA肾病的流行病学及临床病理特点。结果发病年龄≤20以下占17．0％,21～30岁占36．1％）,31～40岁占24．5％,41～50岁占21．7％,50岁以上仅为1．7％。蛋白尿发生率高达93．0％;伴高血压病者15．9％0,肾功能不全者14．3％。临床表现以无症状性尿检异常型最常见（占39．4％0）,病理类型以弥漫性系膜增生性肾小球肾炎（MsPGN）伴局灶节段肾小球硬化（FSGS）最为常见（占31．9％）,MsPGN占27．5％,局灶节段系膜增生性肾炎（FsPGN）占22．6％,其他类型占18．0％）,肾小管间质损害以中度损害为主（71．6％）。免疫病理类型以IgAMG型占53．1％,IgAG型占21．0％,其他类型占25．9％。IgA肾病出现慢性肾功能不全时,以FSGS病理类型最常见。结论福建地区IgA肾病流行病学及临床病理存在一定的地区特点：老年人比例少,蛋白尿比例高,最常见病理类型是MsPGN伴FSGS,免疫病理以IgAMG型最常见,肾小管间质病变较重。     

高尿酸血症在乙型肝炎病毒相关性肾炎中的作用

目的：探讨高尿酸血症在乙型肝炎病毒相关性肾炎（HBV-GN）中的作用。方法：对227例HBV-GN临床病理资料进行病例对照研究,将其分为高尿酸血症组（A组）及血尿酸正常组（B组）,比较两组临床病理资料,分析血尿酸水平与临床病理指标的关系。结果：高尿酸血症组高血压发生率为29.58%（21/71）,明显高于尿酸正常组17.95%（28/156）,P〈0.05。A组eGFR〈60ml/min者发生率达32.39%（23/71）,明显高于B组（9.61%,P〈0.01）。A组血清肌酐和尿素氮水平明显高于B组（P〈0.01）。A组的膜性肾病（MN）发生率低于B组（P〈0.05）,而增生硬化性肾炎（SGN）明显高于B组（P〈0.01）。高尿酸血症组肾小球硬化≥50%、新月体形成、系膜中度增生和肾小管间质中度病变重比例明显高于尿酸正常组（P〈0.05）。MN与系膜增生性肾炎（MsPGN）两个亚组中高尿酸血症患者eGFR〈60ml/min者发生率明显高于其血尿酸正常者（P〈0.05）。结论：高尿酸血症会促进HBV-GN高血压的发生、加重肾小管间质损害,是影响HBV-GN进展的危险因素之一。     

IgA肾病患者高血压的相关因素分析

目的探讨IgA肾病患者高血压的相关因素。方法经肾脏活体组织检查确诊的IgA肾病患者120例,采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析IgA肾病患者高血压发生的相关因素。结果120例IgA肾病患者中伴有高血压患者39例（占32．5％）。单因素分析发现,24h尿蛋白定量≥2．0g、尿素氮（BUN）≥8mmol／L、血肌酐（SCr）≥133μmol／L、肾小球率过滤（GFR）〈60ml·min^-1·（1．73m^2）^-1、高尿酸血症、贫血、肾小球慢性病变指数≥4分、肾间质炎症细胞侵润〉25％、肾小管萎缩和问质纤维化〉25％、肾小动脉管壁增厚、Lee分级Ⅳ～Ⅴ级与IgA肾病患者高血压相关。多因素Logistic回归结果显示,蛋白尿程度、GFR水平为IgA肾病高血压发生的独立危险因素。结论32．5％的IgA肾病患者伴有高血压,蛋白尿程度、GFR水平是高血压的独立危险因素。     

55例伴贫血的IgA肾病临床研究

目的：探讨55例伴有贫血的IgA肾病（IsAN）的临床特点。方法：经肾活检明确诊断的原发性IgA肾病110例患者分为两组：A组：正常组55例,B组：贫血组55例,比较两组临床和病理的差异。结果：B组与A组比较,其SBP、DBP、Scr、BUN、uA、Tc、TG、24hupro明显增高,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;选择IgAN病理分级为Lee氏分级Ⅱ一Ⅲ级伴贫血患者进行分组比较,B组较A组相比,患者的系膜增殖、节段损害、血管壁增厚、小管萎缩、间质浸润、间质纤维化、小管间质损伤相对严重,其病理积分差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：贫血可加重IgAN患者的肾脏损伤。     

老年肾脏病患者的临床特点及病理改变分析

目的 探讨老年肾脏病患者的临床及病理特点。方法 回顾性分析我科56例老年肾脏病患者（年龄≥60岁,老年组）的临床和肾脏病理资料,并与同期住院的280例中青年肾脏病患者（年龄18～59岁,中青年组）资料进行对比。结果 ①老年组起病首发症状依次分别为肾病综合征、高血压、急性肾损害、慢性肾功能不全（32．1％、28．6H、14．3％、14．3％）;②老年组贫血发病率明显高于中青年组发病率（32．1%18．2％,P〈0．05）,低白蛋白血症、肾小球滤过率降低、高血压及高脂血症并发症更为常见（P〈0．05）。③老年组以原发性肾小球疾病为主（占71．4%,病理以膜性肾病（占19．6％）和IgA肾病（占17．9％）最常见。继发性肾脏疾病以高血压肾病（占41．7％）最常见。以急性肾损害为临床表现的老年患者,病理以急性。肾小管坏死（占37．5％）和新月体性肾炎（占37．50%）为多见。结论老年肾脏病患者的临床表现、肾脏病理与中青年不同,值得进一步研究。     

以大量蛋白尿为主要表现的IgA肾病的临床与病理分析

目的：分析原发性IgA肾病中以大量蛋白尿（尿蛋白〉2.0g／24h）为主要表现的患者临床与病理特点，并进行危险因素及相关性分析。方法：收集1999年--2005年我院肾内科70例临床表现为大量蛋白尿而肾活检病理诊断为原发性IgAN的住院病人．分析其临床和病理特点。采用多因素回归分析方法进行病理损伤的危险因素评估，秩和检验分析免疫球蛋白沉积情况与病理分级的关系。结果：（1）按Hass病理组织分类：Ⅰ级6例（占8、57％），Ⅱ级7例（占10％），Ⅲ级21例（占30％），Ⅳ级26例（占37．14％），Ⅴ级10例（占14、29％）。蛋白尿（OR=9、24，95％CI：2．44～56.56，P〈0．05），和高尿酸血症（OR=11、54，95％CI：1．22～108．04，P〈0.05）是病理损伤重（HassⅢ～Ⅴ级）的危险因素，随着蛋白尿的增多和高尿酸血症的发生其病理损伤有加重趋势。（2）免疫荧光分型：IgA型14例（20％），IgA＋IgM型41例（58．57％），IgA＋IgG型1例（1．42％），IgA＋IgM＋IgG型14例（20％），以IgA＋IgM型多见，不同免疫球蛋白沉积类型在病理分级上无明显差异（P〉0．05）。70例中，免疫球蛋白同时沉积于系膜区及毛细血管壁者18例（25.71％），Hass病理分级集中Ⅲ～Ⅴ级，其中Ⅳ级多见；单纯系膜区沉积52例（74.29％），病理分级多集中在Ⅰ～Ⅱ级。不同免疫球蛋白沉积部位在病理分级上存在统计学差异（P〈0．05）。结论：IgA肾病表现为大量蛋白尿者其病理损伤均较重，蛋白尿和高尿酸血症是病理损伤偏重的危险因素；免疫球蛋白沉积类型与病理分级无明显相关；免疫球蛋白同时沉积于系膜区及毛细血管壁者其Hass病理分级较单纯系膜区沉积重。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.