恶性胃肠道间质瘤的CT特点15例分析

[目的]分析恶性胃肠道间质瘤(GIST)的CT特点.[方法]回顾性分析经手术病理证实的恶性GIST 15例,发生于胃6例,小肠4例,食管1例,直肠1例,小肠系膜2例,结肠系膜1例.术前12例均行CT平扫和增强扫描.3例仅平扫.[结果]恶性GIST平扫CT表现:病灶体积均大于5cm;胃肠道壁增厚4例,圆形或类圆形肿块11例;增强扫描后中度强化或明显强化.[结论]CT对恶性胃肠道间质瘤有一定的诊断价值.     

甲状腺腺瘤143例CT影像分析

[目的]分析甲状腺腺瘤(thyroid adenoma,TA)CT表现,以提高对甲状腺腺瘤的CT认识.[方法]回顾性分析经手术病理证实143例甲状腺腺瘤的CT表现.[结果]甲状腺腺瘤CT表现:单发病灶(96.5%);圆形或类圆形低密度肿物(93%),边界清晰(97%),包膜完整(100%);肿物不均质强化,伴有明显坏死(24.48%)或囊变(82%).CT诊断准确率为86%(123/143).[讨论]甲状腺单发、包膜完整肿物是TA较有特异性的CT表现.     

腹腔镜联合结肠镜手术治疗结直肠腺瘤性息肉29例

[目的]探讨腹腔镜联合结肠镜手术治疗结直肠腺瘤性息肉的有效性及安全性.[方法] 29例单独无法在结肠镜下切除的结直肠腺瘤性息肉应用腹腔镜联合结肠镜手术治疗.[结果] 29例患者均顺利完成手术,无中转开腹手术,手术时间40～ 100min,平均90min;术中出血10～50ml,平均40ml;肠功能恢复时间12～28h,平均25h;住院4～8d,平均6d.随访3～6个月均未见复发,无术后并发症.[结论]应用腹腔镜联合结肠镜治疗结直肠镜无法切除的结直肠腺瘤性息肉,可以提高手术的安全性和彻底性.     

16例腮腺导管癌的临床病理和CT表现分析

[目的]探讨腮腺导管癌(SDC)的临床病理及CT表现,以提高对这种少见病变的认识.[方法]回顾性分析经手术病理证实的16例SDC患者的临床病理及CT资料.[结果]16例患者均为单发肿瘤,5例位于腮腺浅叶,8例位于腮腺深叶,3例跨腮腺深、浅两叶.肿瘤最大径1.3～6.5 cm,平均(3.1±0.4)cm,病灶呈边缘清晰、光整的类圆形或椭圆形肿块5例;呈边缘不光整、边界不清的不规则分叶状肿块11例,密度均匀4例,不均匀12例(75％),CT平扫病灶呈低密度11例,等密度5例;病灶内见钙化者7例;增强后病灶呈明显强化14例(87.5％),中度强化2例.伴颈部淋巴结肿大者10例.[结论]老年男性患者、腮腺深叶、侵袭性生长,沙砾样钙化、明显强化的肿块及伴有明显强化的颈部肿大淋巴结时,结合临床病史要考虑腮腺导管癌的可能.CT检查可以准确显示肿瘤累及的范围.     

28例低位直肠绒毛状腺瘤癌变局部切除治疗经验

目的：探讨合理选择治疗低位直肠绒毛状腺瘤癌变的手术方式。方法：回顾性分析我院28例经局部切除治疗的低位直肠绒毛状腺瘤癌变的临床资料，并加以讨论。结果：经肛局部切除(transanal excision，TE术)20例．经骶局部切除(Kraske术)8例。术后病理高、中分化腺癌27例，低分化腺癌1例；肿瘤浸润粘膜层13例，浸润粘膜下层12例，浸润肌层3例。术后复发4例，转移2例，5年生存率78.6％(22／28)。结论：直肠绒毛状腺瘤癌变恶性程度低，对于病变位于低位直肠的患者，只要符合适应证，则局部切除术既可以达到根治术的疗效，又能保留正常排便功能，提高患者生存质量。     

胰腺实性假乳头状瘤的CT诊断9例分析

[目的] 总结胰腺实性假乳头状瘤的 CT 诊断经验.[方法] 分析9例经病理证实的胰腺实性假乳头状瘤的CT表现及特征.[结果] 肿瘤发生于胰头部 3 例,胰体和/或尾部 6 例,呈圆形、卵圆形、分叶状,边缘清晰,多有完整包膜;内部可见囊性和实性成分,囊实性成分比例相仿者 2 例,囊性成分为主者占 6 例,CT 表现为囊实性成分相间分布或者包膜下可见实性的壁结节或乳头状突起;另外 1 例以实性结构为主,CT 表现为囊性成分散在分布于包膜下.增强扫描囊性部分无强化,实性部分呈不同程度强化,并呈渐进性强化,包膜可见强化.1例见包膜及分隔局限性钙化.[结论] CT表现对胰腺实性假乳头状瘤的诊断有重要价值,需与胰腺囊实性病变进行鉴别.     

BRAF和EphB2在人结直肠锯齿状腺瘤中的表达及意义

目的:探讨鼠类肉瘤滤过性病毒致癌基因同源体B1(v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1,BRAF)和生促红素人肝细胞蛋白(erythropoietin-producing hepatoma cell line B2,EphB2)在人结直肠锯齿状腺瘤中的表达及其意义。方法:收集滨州医学院附属医院1996年1月至2008年5月10例正常结直肠肠黏膜、21例增生性息肉、22例锯齿状腺瘤、55例腺瘤性息肉(18例管状腺瘤、16例管状绒毛状腺瘤、21例绒毛状腺瘤)石蜡标本。免疫组织化学法检测BRAF和EphB2蛋白的表达量,同时观察蛋白的表达部位。结果:增生性息肉中BRAF蛋白阳性细胞多位于隐窝中下区域,腺瘤性息肉的阳性细胞多表达位于隐窝上部区域,而锯齿状腺瘤阳性细胞多表达于隐窝全层。锯齿状腺瘤与腺瘤性息肉的BRAF蛋白表达量相近[(0.129±0.030)vs(0.130±0.026),P>0.05],但远高于增生性息肉[(0.129±0.030)vs(0.102±0.014),P<0.01];锯齿状腺瘤、管状腺瘤、管状绒毛状腺瘤、绒毛状腺瘤之间BRAF蛋白表达量差异无统计学意义[(0.129±0.030)vs(0.116±0.019),(0.119±0.037),(0.122±0.008),P>0.05]。增生性息肉中EphB2蛋白阳性细胞多位于隐窝中下区域细胞膜上,腺瘤性息肉EphB2蛋白阳性细胞位于隐窝上部,而锯齿状腺瘤EphB2蛋白阳性细胞表达于隐窝全层。锯齿状腺瘤与腺瘤性息肉的EphB2蛋白表达量相近[(0.138±0.024)vs(0.139±0.025),P>0.05],而远高于增生性息肉[(0.138±0.024)vs(0.169±0.018),P<0.01];锯齿状腺瘤与管状腺瘤、管状绒毛状腺瘤、绒毛状腺瘤间EphB2蛋白表达量无区别[(0.138±0.024)vs(0.143±0.027),(0.139±0.028),(0.133±0.021),P>0.05]。结论:BRAF和EphB2蛋白在增生性息肉、腺瘤性息肉中隐窝部分区域表达,而在锯齿状腺瘤中隐窝全层表达,提示锯齿状腺瘤是一类独立的不同于腺瘤性息肉的结直肠肿瘤。     

家族性腺瘤样息肉病多处癌变一例

家族性腺瘤样息肉病多处癌变一例徐宁赵彤徐莉患者女，４１岁。因腹痛、粘液血便反复发作１年，加重１个月在当地医院行直肠镜检，病理诊断为直肠绒毛状腺瘤部分癌变。于１９９７年６月１３日收入南方医院。６月１５日行直肠指检：距肛门约４ｃｍ处，直肠前壁可触及菜花样...     

结直肠癌及癌前病变中DNA倍体分析及其临床意义

目的:检测结直肠癌及癌前病变细胞内的DNA含量及DNA指数,探讨其辅助诊断和预测癌变危险度的意义.方法:应用流式细胞仪(FCM)对400例结直肠组织细胞的细胞核进行DNA倍体分析,其中正常结直肠黏膜组30例,增生性息肉组30例,绒毛状腺瘤组190例,结直肠癌组150例,检测其异倍体检出率和DI值.结果:结直肠癌组的DNA异倍体检出率显著高于正常直肠黏膜组3、增生性息肉组及绒毛状腺瘤组(P＜0.01),绒毛状腺瘤伴重度不典型增生组的DNA异倍体检出率显著高于正常直肠黏膜组3、增生性息肉组、无不典型增生的绒毛状腺瘤组及伴轻度、中度不典型增生的绒毛状腺瘤组(P＜0.01).随着结直肠癌的组织学分化程度降低,其DNA异倍体DI值呈增加趋势并有显著性差异(P＜0.01).结论:DNA含量和倍体的检测有助于了解肿瘤细胞的增殖情况及恶性程度,对诊断结直肠良恶性肿瘤、预测癌变危险度、判断预后均具有重要的参考价值.     

直肠绒毛状腺瘤经括约肌途径切除的方法评价

目的　探讨经括约肌途径手术切除直肠绒毛状腺瘤的安全性和价值。方法　对 15例中下段直肠绒毛状腺瘤采用经括约肌途径手术切除 ,术中根据病变切除的需要 ,对肛门括约肌进行了部分至完全的切断。结果　 15例患者均成功地保留了肛门和大便控制功能。发生术后并发症 5例 ,其中骶前间隙感染 3例 ,吻合口漏 2例。随访中有 2例患者出现吻合口复发 ,3例患者诉坐位时会阴部疼痛。结论　经括约肌途径直肠手术是安全可行的 ,只要术毕细致重建括约肌即可。经括约肌途径手术是治疗较大的中低位直肠绒毛状腺瘤的 1种非常有价值的手术方式     

直肠癌术前综合分期

（目的）研究直肠癌术前分期，为临床合理选择手术方式提供客观依据。（方法）对80例直肠癌病人使用术前腔内超声、CT、MRI检查肿瘤病变的深度及肛诊检查估计病变深度与术后病理报告相对照。（结果）直肠内超声检查直肠癌浸润深度的正确诊断率为89．3％，对早期直肠癌的正确诊断率为83．3％。CT正确诊断率为86．4％，早期癌的正确诊断率为666％。MRI的正确诊断率为90％，早期癌的正确诊断率为83．3％。肛诊检查的正确诊断率仅为52．5％。（结论）直肠内超声可分辨直肠壁五层的细微结构，是目前直肠癌术前分期方法中最精确的一种，可做为首选的诊断方法。CT及MRI在分辨肠壁的细微结构方面不及直肠内超声，病人需做肠道准备，且有放射性损害、价格贵、不宜做为术前分期的常规检查手段。     

胰腺实性假乳头状瘤的影像学诊断与病理对照分析

[目的]分析胰腺实性假乳头状瘤（SPTP）的CT和MRI表现,并与病理结果对照分析。[方法]回顾性分析12例经手术和病理证实的S门P的I临床及CT和MRI表现．分析肿瘤的部位、大小、形态、密度、信号以及强化方式,并将CT与MRI表现与病理对照。[结果]SPTP好发于胰头,影像学表现为境界清楚的圆形或类圆形胰腺肿块,瘤体通常比较大。CT主要表现为囊实性混杂密度影,部分实性结构呈乳头状或壁结节样突起,增强后实性部分呈渐进性强化;MRI表现为肿块在T1WI、T2WI上呈不均匀混杂信号,可识别肿瘤内部的坏死囊变及出血等特异性征象,实性部分增强呈渐进性强化。[结论]胰腺实性假乳头状瘤影像学表现具有一定特征性,对其诊断具有重要指导意义。     

21例卵巢转移瘤的CT诊断

[目的]探讨CT对卵巢转移瘤的诊断价值。[方法]回顾性分析21例经手术病理证实的卵巢转移瘤的CT表现。[结果]21例中,双侧卵巢病变15例,混合性肿块14例,实性肿块7例,实性病灶及病灶的实性部分有明显的强化。[结论]CT可显示卵巢转移瘤的形态、大小及内部特征,对卵巢转移瘤有重要的诊断价值。     

^18F-FDG PET/CT联合胸部薄层CT诊断肺部病灶的价值

[目的]探讨18F-FDGPET/CT联合胸部薄层CT诊断肺部病灶的准确性。[方法]50例患者（其中肺癌34例,肺良性病变16例）行单纯18F-FDGPET/CT或胸部薄层CT及两者联合检查,评价各检查方法的诊断准确性。[结果]18F-FDGPET/CT和18F-FDGPET/CT联合胸部薄层CT两种方法诊断结果相同,灵敏度、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、准确率均分别为91.2%、93.8%、96.9%、83.3%和92.0%,而胸部薄层CT分别为76.5%、43.8%、74.3%、46.7%和66.0%。18F-FDGPET/CT和18F-FDGPET/CT联合胸部薄层CT的诊断特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值均优于胸部薄层CT（P〈0.05）。以病理或临床诊断为标准的一致性分析显示,18F-FDGPET/CT和18F-FDGPET/CT联合胸部薄层CT的一致性好（Kappa值均为0.82）,胸部薄层CT的一致性差（Kappa值为0.21）。胸部薄层CT显示了更多的CT征象。[结论]18F-FDGPET/CT和18F-FDGPET/CT联合胸部薄层CT对肺部病灶诊断有一定价值。加行胸部薄层CT有助于做出符合病理类型的影像学判断。     

Clinicopathological analysis of 50 rectal cancer cases diagnosed as adenoma in biopsy

Objective: To evaluate the clinicopathological characteristics of rectal cancer diagnosed as adenoma in biopsy.Methods: 50 rectal cancer cases diagnosed as adenoma in biopsy were analyzed retrospectively in this study by comparing the biopsy and postoperative pathology. Results: Among these 50 patients, biopsy pathology showed 26% (13/50) adenoma with mild dysplasia, 30% (15/50) adenoma with moderate dysplasia, and 44% (22/50) adenoma with severe dysplasia. In 8 cases, the adenomas were smaller than 2cm. On postoperatively surgical pathology, only 10 cases were carcinoma-in-situ, while 40 cases were invasive cancer. Conclusion: Special emphasis should be taken to biopsy-negative rectal adenomas and those smaller than 2cm.     

IMRT boost dose planning on dominant intraprostatic lesions: gold marker-based three-dimensional fusion of CT with dynamic contrast-enhanced and 1H-spectroscopic MRI

PURPOSE: To demonstrate the theoretical feasibility of integrating two functional prostate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques (dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI [DCE-MRI] and 1H-spectroscopic MRI [MRSI]) into inverse treatment planning for definition and potential irradiation of a dominant intraprostatic lesion (DIL) as a biologic target volume for high-dose intraprostatic boosting with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). METHODS AND MATERIALS: In 5 patients, four gold markers were implanted. An endorectal balloon was inserted for both CT and MRI. A DIL volume was defined by DCE-MRI and MRSI using different prostate cancer-specific physiologic (DCE-MRI) and metabolic (MRSI) parameters. CT-MRI registration was performed automatically by matching three-dimensional gold marker surface models with the iterative closest point method. DIL-IMRT plans, consisting of whole prostate irradiation to 70 Gy and a DIL boost to 90 Gy, and standard IMRT plans, in which the whole prostate was irradiated to 78 Gy were generated. The tumor control probability and rectal wall normal tissue complication probability were calculated and compared between the two IMRT approaches. RESULTS: Combined DCE-MRI and MRSI yielded a clearly defined single DIL volume (range, 1.1-6.5 cm3) in all patients. In this small, selected patient population, no differences in tumor control probability were found. A decrease in the rectal wall normal tissue complication probability was observed in favor of the DIL-IMRT plan versus the plan with IMRT to 78 Gy. CONCLUSION: Combined DCE-MRI and MRSI functional image-guided high-dose intraprostatic DIL-IMRT planned as a boost to 90 Gy is theoretically feasible. The preliminary results have indicated that DIL-IMRT may improve the therapeutic ratio by decreasing the normal tissue complication probability with an unchanged tumor control probability. A larger patient population, with more variations in the number, size, and localization of the DIL, and a feasible mechanism for treatment implementation has to be studied to extend these preliminary tumor control and toxicity estimates.     

The Relation of Smoking, Alcohol Use and Obesity to Risk of Sigmoid Colon and Rectal Adenomas

We conducted a case-control study, using 429 cases with histologically confirmed sigmoid adenoma, 75 cases with rectal adenoma, and 3101 controls showing normal colonoscopy at least up to 60 cm from the anus. The subjects were male Self-Defense Forces personnel aged 48–56 who received a retirement health examination including a routine sigmoid- or colonoscopy. Lifestyle characteristics were ascertained by a self-administered questionnaire. Smoking in the recent past (ġ 10 years preceding the colonoscopy) and smoking in the remote past (>10 years before the colonoscopy) were both significantly associated with risk of sigmoid adenoma but not with rectal adenoma as a whole. After reciprocal adjustment for smoking in the two periods, only smoking in the recent past was associated with both sigmoid colon and rectal adenomas. Odds ratios (OR) of sigmoid adenoma (and 95% confidence interval) for the categories of 0, 1-150, 151-250 and ġ251 cigarette-years were 1.0 (reference), 1.9 (1.3-2,8), 2.1 (1.4-3.0) and 3.0 (1.9-4.7), respectively ( P for trend < 0.01), and those for rectal adenoma were 1.0 (reference), 1.2 (0.4-3.2), 3.5 (1.4-8.5) and 2.0 (0.6-6.7), respectively ( P for trend = 0.03). Alcohol use was significantly positively associated with sigmoid adenoma, and insignificantly associated with rectal adenoma. Body mass index was significantly positively associated with sigmoid adenoma, especially large ones. No such association was found for rectal adenoma. These findings suggest that smoking, especially in the recent past, and alcohol use are common risk factors for sigmoid colon and rectal adenomas while obesity may be exclusively related to the growth of sigmoid adenoma.     

The influence of a rectal balloon tube as internal immobilization device on variations of volumes and dose-volume histograms during treatment course of conformal radiotherapy for prostate cancer.

PURPOSE: A prospective comparative study of a subset of 10 consecutive patients was performed, to describe the effects of an air-inflated rectal balloon tube that has been used for prostate immobilization in 360 patients since 1994. In particular, influences on prostate motion, rectum filling variations, and dose-volume histograms (DVHs) of the rectum during a course of conformal radiotherapy were investigated. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Computed tomographic (CT) examinations without and with rectal balloon (filled with 40 mL air) were performed at the start (t(0)), middle (t(mi)), and end of treatment (t(e)), resulting in 6 CT scans for each patient. Prostate displacement was measured from a lateral beam's-eye-view. DVHs of rectum as a solid organ, and anterior, posterior, and whole rectum wall were calculated at t(0), t(mi), and t(e), and variations during treatment were analyzed for both examinations, with and without balloon. RESULTS: By use of the balloon, rectum filling variations (p = 0.04) and maximum anterior-posterior displacements of the prostate (p = 0.008) were reduced significantly, leading to a reduction in DVH variations during treatment. Maximum displacements of posterior prostate border (>5 mm) were found in 8/10 patients without a rectum balloon and in only 2/10 patients with the balloon. The balloon led to a significant reduction in partial posterior rectal wall volumes included in the high-dose regions, without significant changes at the anterior rectum wall in cases of irradiation of the prostate only. However, when entirely irradiating the whole seminal vesicles, this advantage was lost. CONCLUSIONS: The rectal balloon catheter represents a simple technique to immobilize the prostate and to determine the position of the anterior rectal wall at daily treatment. This allows a reduction of margins, because of reduced prostate movement during treatment course.     

Comparison of methods for calculating rectal dose after (125)I prostate brachytherapy implants

PURPOSE: To compare several different methods of calculating the rectal dose and examine how accurately they represent rectal dose surface area measurements and, also, their practicality for routine use. METHODS AND MATERIALS: This study comprised 55 patients, randomly selected from 295 prostate brachytherapy patients implanted at the Vancouver Cancer Center between 1998 and 2000. All implants used a nonuniform loading of 0.33 mCi (NIST-99) 125I seeds and a prescribed dose of 144 Gy. Pelvic CT scans were obtained for each patient approximately 30 days after implantation. For the purposes of calculating the rectal dose, several structures were contoured on the CT images: (1) a 1-mm-thick anterior rectal wall, (2) the anterior half rectum, and (3) the whole rectum. Point doses were also obtained along the anterior rectal surface. The thin wall contour provided a surrogate for a dose-surface histogram (DSH) and was our reference standard rectal dose measurement. Alternate rectal dose measurements (volume, surface area, and length of rectum receiving a dose of interest [DOI] of > or =144 Gy and 216 Gy, as well as point dose measures) were calculated using several methods (VariSeed software) and compared with the surrogate DSH measure (SA(DOI)).RESULTS: The best correlation with SA(144 Gy) was the dose volumes (whole or anterior half rectum) (R = 0.949). The length of rectum receiving > or =144 Gy also correlated well with SA(144 Gy) (R > or =0.898). Point dose measures, such as the average and maximal anterior dose, correlated poorly with SA(144 Gy) (R < or =0.649). The 216-Gy measurements supported these results. In addition, dose-volume measurements were the most practical (approximately 6 min/patient), with our surrogate DSH the least practical (approximately 20 min/patient). CONCLUSION: Dose-volume measurements for the whole or anterior half rectum, because they were the most practical measures and best represented the DSH measurements, should be considered a standard method of reporting the rectal dose when calculating the DSH is not practical. Average or maximal anterior rectal doses are not reliable indicators of surface area dosimetry.