新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎早期诊断的探讨

为了提高对新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎的早期诊断的认识。本文将１９９０－１９９５年我院收住的７３例ＮＥＣ患儿按发病年龄≤３天分为Ａ组，〉３天的分为Ｂ组。对其诱因，症状，Ｘ线等分别进行比较。结果；对于有窒息缺氧，感染的患儿，临床出现腹胀，呕吐，体温波动以及Ｘ线出现肠管扩张以气，排列紊乱，肠间隙增宽的表现应早期诊断的ＮＥＣ，并提出内科治疗方案和外科手术指征。     

新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎的研究近况

新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)是新生儿(特别是早产儿)最常见和最严重的胃肠道疾病之一。近几十年来对NEC 的病因和病理生理进行了大量研究。本文就NEC 的近年研究进展作一简要综述。发病机理目前,有关NEC 的发病机制尚不完全清楚。早期观点认为肠道缺血缺氧是NEC 发病的重要因素。早产儿许多疾病(如窒息、休克、贫血和先心病等)和不少治疗措施都可造成胃肠缺血,而使肠道粘膜屏障受破坏继发细菌侵入。细菌发酵产生大量     

两种评分预测新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎预后的价值

目的 分析新生儿急性生理学评分(score for neonatal acute physiologyⅡ,SNAP-Ⅱ)和新生儿紧急生理学评分补充(score for neonatal acute physiology-perinatal extensionⅡ,SNAPPE-Ⅱ)预测新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎(neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis,NEC)的预后价值.方法 以本院儿科重症监护室2002年至2012年收治的确诊NEC病例73例为研究对象.根据手术情况将病例分为手术组和非手术组,根据预后结果分为存活组和死亡组.收集患儿的一般资料,比较不同组间SNAP-Ⅱ和SNAPPE-Ⅱ评分.结果 手术组的两项SNAP-Ⅱ和SNAPPE-Ⅱ评分[(27.0±2.3)分,(26.5±1.8)分]均高于非手术组[(14.0±2.1)分,(15.0±2.5)分],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);死亡组的SNAP-Ⅱ和SNAPPE-Ⅱ评分[(31.0±3.2)分,(31.0±3.4)分]均高于存活组[(11.0±2.5)分,(10.0±3.6)分,P＜0.01].应用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线分析,SNAP-Ⅱ和SNAPPE-Ⅱ评分预测手术风险的ROC曲线下面积分别是0.726和0.732,其预测手术风险的最佳值分别是20和24;预测死亡风险的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.752和0.825,其预测死亡风险的最佳值为31和33,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 评价疾病严重程度的SNAP-Ⅱ和SNAPPE-Ⅱ评分能够预测NEC预后的手术风险,对NEC的临床诊断、治疗、跟踪和病情的后续发展具有意义.     

新生儿巨结肠结肠炎与坏死性小肠结肠炎的鉴别诊断

本文讨论新生儿先天性巨结肠结肠炎(HDEC)与新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎(NE-C)的鉴别诊断。根据本组资料分析,NEC组孕期并发症、早产儿、低出生体重儿、窒息和伴发病更多见HDEC。临床表现以腹胀、呕吐、腹泻和便血为主。X线特征为肠囊样积气和门静脉积气。孕期并发症、窒息和伴发病少。绝大多数是足月儿,出生体重超过2500g。临床表现以胎粪排出延迟、腹胀、呕吐或便秘伴腹泻为主。30％泛影葡胺结肠造影可显示狭窄段。     

新生儿感染与新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎

新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎(necrotizing enterocolitis,NEC)是新生儿时期比较常见的消化系统危重症,严重者甚至可能危及新生儿生命.NEC的发生机制具有复杂性和不确定性,新生儿期的感染是其中重要的环节.早产儿肠道屏障结构和功能未成熟,肠道固有免疫存在缺陷以及异常的肠道细菌定植均会导致早产儿NEC的高发生率.目前明确有效的特异性治疗措施是有限的,对已经发现的风险因素采取有效的预防措施对于减少NEC发生是有益的.     

新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎遗传多态性研究进展

新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎(neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis,NEC)仍是新生儿期发病率和病死率较高的疾病,其病因目前尚不十分明确.炎症级联反应、先天性免疫及肠道血流动力学改变等在NEC发病机制中有重要作用.单核苷酸多态性是指DNA序列中单个碱基发生的变异,它可能通过改变转录效率或其所编码的分子的结构而与疾病相关联.该文就NEC相关因子如炎症因子、Toll样受体信号通路、甘露糖结合凝集素、血管内皮生长因子、氨甲酰磷酸合成酶、血管紧张素转换酶等的单核苷酸多态性研究作一综述.     

腹部超声在新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎诊断及病情评估中的价值

目的 探讨腹部超声检查对新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)的诊断价值及其在NEC病情评估中的意义。方法 回顾性分析2013年7月至2015年1月84例NEC患儿的临床资料。根据修正Bell-NEC分级诊断标准分为NEC疑似组(n=44)、确诊组(n=40);另根据临床转归分为内科治愈组(n=58)和手术/死亡组(n=26),比较腹部超声及腹部X线平片检查结果在各组中的改变。结果 在确诊组,腹部超声对门静脉积气、肠管扩张的检出率显著高于腹部平片(PPP结论 腹部超声在NEC的诊断中有重要作用;超声表现对预测疾病的严重程度有预测作用。     

影响新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎预后的危险因素分析

目的探讨影响新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎(neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis,NEC)预后的危险因素.方法对1990年4月至2003年4月收治156例NEC患儿进行回顾性分析.结果早产儿41例,足月儿110例,过期产儿5例.发病时间≤3d 94例,>3d 62例.治愈66例(42.3%),好转39例(25%),放弃14例(9%),死亡37例(23.7%).单因素分析发现NEC患儿病死组较治愈组合并或并发败血症、硬肿症、呼吸衰竭、全腹膜炎、颅内出血、代谢性酸中毒、低钠血症、肺出血、全心衰、肾功能衰竭、休克、中毒性脑病者发生率高,P<0.05.治愈组白细胞≤5×109/L或≥20×109/L为21.2%(14/66),病死组为45.9%(17/37),χ2=6.894,P<0.01.治愈组血小板计数(PLT)≤100×109/L发生率为18.2%(12/66),病死组为59.5%(22/37),χ2=18.268,P<0.001.治愈组腹部X线Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期表现发生率分别为74.2%、18.2%、7.6%,病死组分别为40.5%、24.3%、35.1%,χ2=15.077,P<0.0017.回归方程Logistic(NEC)=-2.1452+1.2971X2+1.6557X7+1.7707X10+1.7825X12+3.2555X15(χ2=24.5953,P<0.001).Logistic回归分析显示全腹膜炎、新生儿硬肿症、低钠血症、PLT≤100×109/L、呼吸衰竭的OR值分别为3.659、5.237、5.875、5.981、25.933(P<0.05).结论全腹膜炎、新生儿硬肿症、低钠血症、PLT≤100×109/L、呼吸衰竭为影响NEC预后的危险因素,积极防治NEC各种合并症及并发症,有助于降低其病死率.     

肠道微生态和新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎

肠道微生态是由体内有益菌及有害菌共同构成的生态环境,是人体最大、最复杂的微生态系统.研究表明,适当的肠道微生物定植过程有助于肠道结构和功能发育以及免疫系统成熟,它决定了之后肠道发生疾病的风险.肠道微生态或益生菌与新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎（neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis,NEC）的关系已越来越受到关注.该文就新生儿肠道微生态的构成及作用、肠道微生态在NEC发生中的作用及机制、益生菌对NEC的防治作用等研究进展作一综述.     

Surgical outcome of necrotizing enterocolitis

Forty-six neonates were treated for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) between 1982 and 1987. The mean gestational age was 33.6 weeks and the mean birth weight was 1865 g. Birth weight less than 1500 g and gestational age less than 32 weeks had an adverse effect on survival. Neonates less than or equal to 30 week's gestation developed symptoms at a mean age of 10.8 days while those greater than 30 weeks developed symptoms at a mean age of 1.7 days. All infants who never had enteral feedings survived; 20 were cured with medical treatment only. Three patients underwent peritoneal lavage (2 of these survived). Twenty-two patients required surgery; the operative mortality was 9%. Four patients underwent elective surgery for primary strictures. The remaining 18 presented with acute perforation (11), obstruction (5), deterioration with medical therapy (1), or peritonitis (1). The most frequent site of perforation was the terminal ileum, while the most common site of stricture was the left colon. Seven patients were found to have strictures after prior emergency surgery. In 6 of the patients who underwent primary enterostomy, the strictures were located in the defunctionalized bowel segment. Evidence of progression of the disease, which most frequently involved the right and transverse colon, necessitated extensive resection. When performing a proximal ileostomy for acute NEC, the surgeon must be aware that the chances of conservation of the defunctionalized distal bowel segment are minimal because of progression of the disease. Complications related to resection of the ileocecal valve have been negligible. Our results with peritoneal lavage are encouraging, and our overall mortality of 13% in contrast with higher rates in earlier series reflects improvement in the management of these neonates. Offprint requests to: S. Yazbeck     

A critical analysis of risk factors for necrotizing enterocolitis

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most common serious gastrointestinal morbidity in preterm infants. A number of risk factors for NEC have been reported in the literature. With the exception of decreasing gestational age, decreasing birth weight and formula feeding, there is disagreement on the importance of reported risk factors with uncertain causality. Causal risk factors may be observed at any time before the onset of NEC, including prior to an infant's birth. The purpose of this review is to examine the existing literature and summarize risk factors for NEC. This review may be helpful in understanding the epidemiology of NEC and inform the measurement and assessment of risks factors for NEC in research studies and quality improvement projects.     

腹部X线量表在新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎中的应用价值

目的：评价腹部X线量表在新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎中的诊断价值及在手术选择中的意义。方法：将2005年1月至2011年3月收住入院的61例新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎患者根据Bell分期标准分为NECⅠ组（25例）,NECⅡ组（11例）,NECⅢ组（25例）。统计患儿的出生胎龄、性别、体重、临床表现、治疗方法及预后,并对患儿的腹部X线进行量表评分。结果：NECⅠ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组的X线量表评分分别为3.2±1.4、5.3±1.7、8.9±1.7（χ2 =39.006,P<0.05）,NECⅢ组的分数最高,NECⅠ组的分数最低。NECⅢ组手术患儿和非手术患儿的X线评分分别为8.7±1.8和9.4±1.2,差异无统计学意义。肠穿孔组的X线评分（9.6±1.1）高于肠坏死组（6.8±1.8）（P<0.05）。手术组患儿X线量表分数为7分以上者占80%。NECⅠ组治疗好转率为96%,NECⅡ组好转率为64%。NECⅢ组患儿中,手术组痊愈出院患儿占71%,非手术组只有9%的患儿好转。结论：腹部X线量表可以评估新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎的病情严重程度,X线评分在7分及以上是手术干预的指征。NECⅢ期患儿行外科手术治疗短期疗效好。     

Surgical intervention in necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates with symptomatic congenital heart disease

The commonly accepted indication for surgical intervention in necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is perforation of the bowel. In this study, the indication and role of surgery was assessed in neonates born with symptomatic congenital heart disease (CHD). Records of neonates admitted to a single institution in Hong Kong between January 1981 and December 1997 with symptomatic CHD who subsequently developed NEC were reviewed. The patients were categorized into cyanotic and acyanotic groups. Of 850 neonates with CHD admitted during the period, 30 developed NEC (3.5%); 17 had cyanotic and 13 had acyanotic heart disease. The average Apgar scores at 1 and 5 min were 7.5 and 8.6, respectively. The mean gestational age was 37.7 weeks and the mean birth weight was 2.5 kg. The mean age at which NEC developed was 16 days. The overall mortality in the proven cases of NEC was 57%. After excluding the suspected NEC cases (stage I), it was found that surgery in the proven NEC cases without perforation, i.e., stages II and IIIA, resulted in higher survival than in those managed medically (75% vs 44%). The cyanotic patients had higher mortality than the acyanotic group (71% vs 39%). Neonates with CHD who develop NEC belong to a unique group of mature babies with reasonable birth weights and Apgar scores, unlike the common NEC patient population. The mortality of these patients is extremely high, and a modified management approach is required. Surgical intervention may be indicated at a much earlier stage of proven NEC before gut perforation occurs. Accepted: 3 February 1999     

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目的探讨血浆谷氨酰胺(Gln)浓度与新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)的关系。方法选取2002年10月至2003年10月福建省妇幼保健院住院治疗的NEC患儿16例,以同期住院的性别相同,年龄、胎龄、出生体重相当的非NEC患儿16例为对照组,采用反向高效液相色谱法测定血浆Gln值,观察两组间差异;以多因素分析的方法判定血浆Gln浓度与NEC的关系。结果NEC患儿血浆Gln浓度为(0·21±0·08)mmol/L,对照组为(0·35±0·14)mmol/L,差异有显著性意义(P<0·05)。控制了缺氧和感染因素的影响后,NEC组和对照组的血浆Gln浓度的边缘估计均值及95%可信区间分别为:0·216mmol/L(0·150~0·282mmol/L)和0·344mmol/L(0·278~0·410mmol/L)。两组校正均值比较,差异有显著性意义(P=0·032)。在单因素分析筛选出关联因素的基础上,建立多因素条件Logistic回归模型,结果显示血浆Gln浓度是NEC的危险因素,OR值为13·342(2·006~88·735)。结论NEC患儿血浆Gln浓度降低,低浓度的血浆Gln是NEC发生的危险因素。     

微生态制剂防治新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎病例对照研究

目的：探讨新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)的危险因素及应用微生态制剂(培菲康)预防NEC发生的有效性。方法：对2002年1月至2005年5月住院治疗的2528例新生儿分为微生态制剂预防组与非预防组,观察两组NEC的发病率;以确诊NEC的患儿为病例组,非NEC新生儿为对照组进行病例对照研究。结果：预防组1182例中6例诊断为NEC,发病率0.51%;非预防组1346例中19例发生NEC,发病率为1.41%,两组差异具有显著性(P<0.05)。条件Logistic回归分析提示:胎龄、新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病、败血症及病情危重程度是危险因素;微生态制剂的应用是保护因素。结论：避免NEC的危险因素,预防性应用微生态制剂能够降低NEC发病率。