浅析腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆囊动脉出血的预防及处理

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中胆囊动脉出血的预防及处理。方法对实施LC300例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 300例LC患者,术中有12例出现胆囊动脉出血,使用电凝、钛夹成功止血的有11例,1例患者进行中转开腹治疗。结论正确处理Calot三角解剖结构,有效预防胆囊动脉损伤出血,LC中一旦发生出血,经过恰当处理,大多数都可以成功止血。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆囊动脉出血的预防及处理

目的探究腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)中预防胆囊动脉出血的方法及处理措施。方法回顾性分析40例LC中胆囊动脉出血患者的临床资料。结果 40例患者中37例运用肽夹夹闭成功止血,3例中转开腹止血成功。止血时间2～40 min,平均22 min。术后未发生继发出血及膈下感染,未发生胆管损伤,均痊愈出院。结论 LC中胆囊动脉出血应以预防为主,熟悉局部解剖,正确操作是预防及处理胆囊动脉出血的关键。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中变异胆囊动脉出血的预防与处理

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（1aparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）中变异胆囊动脉出血的预防与处理措施。方法2001年3月-2013年10月我院行LC8016例,其中21例发生变异胆囊动脉出血,术中采用电凝止血、钛夹夹闭、压迫止血以及中转开腹止血等方法处理。结果胆囊动脉变异情况：位于胆囊三角内13例,表现为胆囊动脉分为前后两支或双胆囊动脉12例,三支胆囊动脉1例;位于胆囊三角外7例,其中紧贴胆囊管后方上行4例,紧贴胆囊管前方上行1例,来自胃十二指肠动脉与变异右肝动脉各1例;胆囊动脉同时出现于胆囊三角内外1例,该例一支动脉为典型胆囊动脉,另一支位于胆囊管浅表。18例在腹腔镜下成功止血,3例止血困难中转开腹后成功止血。术后住院时间3～9d,平均4．8d。21例术后随访2—6个月,平均3个月,无胆管损伤、继发出血、腹腔感染等并发症。结论胆囊动脉变异常见,Lc术中精细解剖、准确辨认、妥善处理,对预防LC术中变异胆囊动脉出血有重要意义。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊动脉出血的处理体会

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)术中胆囊动脉损伤出血的原因及处理方法。方法:回顾分析2013年1月至2016年8月12例LC术中胆囊动脉损伤出血患者的临床资料。结果:12例均在腔镜下进行妥善止血处理,并完成LC,无中转开腹。手术时间30~150 min,平均(87.60±17.40)min;术中出血量30~150 ml,平均(63.10±11.20)ml;术后2~5 d出院,平均(5.10±0.67)d。术后患者均获随访,随访6~24个月,平均(18.4±2.1)个月,患者均恢复良好,无并发症发生。结论:LC术中引起胆囊动脉损伤出血的原因是多方面的,既有解剖因素,也有病理因素及术者操作技术因素等,而且有时是多种因素共同作用的结果。术中损伤胆囊动脉或其分支引起出血时,术者应沉着冷静,切忌在视野不清的情况下慌乱钳夹电凝止血,应根据术中血管损伤的具体情况、术者经验与操作技能,个体化地进行止血处理。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆囊动脉出血的预防和处理

腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）时发生胆囊动脉损伤出血较开腹手术时处理困难，是LC中转开腹手术的重要原因。本文总结笔者在LC中预防和处理胆囊动脉出血的体会。报道如下。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊动脉出血的原因及对策

为探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊动脉出血的原因及预防措施,提高腹腔镜胆囊切除术手术成功率。本文回顾分析了我院1991年9月至1998年8月6000例腹腔镜胆囊切除术中723例胆囊动脉出血病例,详细阐述了腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊动脉出血的原因、预防措施及处理方法。本组病人545例术中成功止血,174例中转开腹,4例术后胆囊动脉再出血,第二次开腹手术,全部患者均痊愈出院。本结果提示腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊动脉出血是中转开腹的重要原因之一,防止胆囊动脉出血是提高腹腔镜胆囊切除术手术成功率的关键。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆囊动脉的处理体会

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)胆囊动脉的处理方法.方法:回顾分析为153例患者施行LC的临床资料,并总结胆囊动脉出血的原因及对策.结果:149例(97.4%)成功完成LC,26例(17.0%)胆囊动脉出血,4例(2.6%)因胆囊动脉出血主动中转开腹.术后随访...     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中出血的处理对策及预防

目的：探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）术中出血的处理对策及预防。方法：回顾性分析了1210例LC的临床资料。并总结了LC术中各类型出血原因、处理方法及预防。结果：1210例LC中70例发生术中较多量出血,均及时得到了有效控制,未因出血而中转开腹手术,术后无继发出血。结论：注重LC术中出血的处理及预防,是保证手术成功的关键。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆囊动脉出血的预防和处理

腹腔镜胆囊切除手术(LC)时发生胆囊动脉出血较开腹手术时处理困难,是LC中转开腹手术的重要原因.本文总结笔者在LC中预防和处理胆囊动脉出血的体会.报道如下:     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊床出血的处理

出血是腹腔镜胆囊切除术（1aparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）常见并发症之一,我们在行LC过程中,对胆囊床的出血采用了几种不同的处理方式,本文中将浅谈我们的经验及体会。     

Hemobilia Due to Cystic Artery Stump Pseudoaneurysm Following Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Case Presentation and Literature Review

Hemobilia is the process of bleeding into the biliary tree and is an unusual cause of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. When this event results from a cystic artery pseudoaneurysm, it is a particularly rare phenomenon; fewer than 20 cases are described in the literature. Alongside the literature review, we report a case of a 34-year-old woman presenting 3 months post laparoscopic cholecystectomy with hematemesis. Computed tomography (CT) angiography revealed a cystic artery pseudoaneurysm. Following an ineffective hyperselective arterial embolization, the patient was successfully treated by surgical ligation of the right hepatic artery. Even though this complication is uncommon, all surgeons need to be aware of its presentation and of available therapeutic options.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后再疼痛的原因分析及预防

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）后再疼痛的原因及其预防措施。方法回顾性分析2000年1月～2006年1月168例LC术后再疼痛患者的临床资料（非切口创伤引起;LC术后并发症引起;LC术后1年内又出现类似术前症状;LC术前症状符合胆囊炎并胆囊结石症状,而未能进一步完善诊断,术后又出现LC术前相同症状及新发症状,考虑为其他病因引起的LC术前疼痛症状）。并对其术后再疼痛的原因及处理进行总结。结果颈肩痛24例;戳口痛5例;持续性腹腔内疼痛71例,其中28例胆漏,23例继发胆总管结石,6例术后急性胰腺炎,残株胆囊炎和（或）胆囊管残余结石8例,肝下间隙积液感染5例,十二指肠球部溃疡1例;阵发性腹部疼痛32例,其中9例为肠蠕动亢进,23例胆道运动障碍;黄疸并疼痛31例,其中右肝管狭窄肝内胆管局灶性扩张7例,胆管炎10例,肝外胆管残余结石11例,壶腹癌2例,胆总管下端癌1例;胆道蛔虫症2例;腹胀诱发疼痛2例;剧烈恶心、呕吐诱发疼痛1例。168例均症状缓解,其中再手术、ERCP＋EST治疗86例,非手术治疗82例。168例随访1～36个月,无其他并发症发生。结论LC术后疼痛的原因涉及到围手术期的每个环节;完善LC术前检查,重视术中术后的每个环节是减少LC术后疼痛的关键。     

36例腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤的原因及处理

目的分析腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）胆管损伤的原因及影响因素,探讨其防治的措施。方法1998年1月-2007年2月,我院行LC 8600例,发生胆管损伤36例。术中发现31例,术后因黄疸、胆漏发现5例。肝总管无缺损横断20例,胆总管横断4例,肝总管游离横断缺损4例,肝总管钛夹不全夹闭3例,胆总管不全夹闭1例,胆囊管与肝总管交汇处撕裂损伤3例,电钩损伤胆总管1例。胆管对端吻合并置T管支撑引流24例,肝总管-空肠Roux-en-Y吻合4例,T管支撑引流4例,胆-肠Roux-en-Y吻合1例,拔除钛夹3例。结果1例胆管对端吻合后2个月后T管拔除,术后胆管狭窄,3个月后行胆-肠Roux-en-Y吻合术;2例因胆管空肠吻合口狭窄,于术后11个月再次行胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合。3例三次手术者随访2-3年,未出现胆管炎症状及结石再形成。1例术后反复发作胆管炎、黄疸、肝功损害,经多次住院抗炎、肝功支持治疗及加强预防,随访1年上述症状消失。余32例术后随访8-36个月,平均16个月,未出现任何不适,无胆管狭窄及其他并发症。结论术者对LC潜在危险性缺乏足够重视,盲目扩大手术适应证,手术操作粗糙、疏漏,经验不足,镜下不能正确判断Calot三角关系,器械使用不当,是发生胆管损伤的根本原因。严格掌握手术适应证,强化操作训练,把握中转开腹的时机,可减少胆管损伤的发生。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤的处理

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy，LC）中胆管损伤的处理。方法回顾分析我院1992年3月-2006年10月8876例LC中16例胆管损伤的临床资料，其中胆总管横行剪断4例，电灼伤3例，胆总管部分撕裂伤4例，钛夹误夹5例。胆管裂口修补，T管支撑引流6例；游离两断端，行端端吻合，T管支撑引流3例；胆管空肠Roux—en—Y吻合5例；去肽夹2例。结果1例胆总管横行剪断后行胆管端端吻合，置T管支撑引流3个月，T管拔除3～5个月后因胆管狭窄，再次行胆管空肠Roux—en—Y吻合，术后未出现因胆管狭窄所引起阻塞性黄疸。2例因胆管空肠吻合口狭窄，分别于术后9、11个月再次行胆管空肠Roux—en—Y吻合，再手术后随访2～4年，未出现胆管炎症状、结石再形成。1例胆管完全性夹闭后行胆管空肠Roux—en-Y吻合术后胆道感染，反复发作。余12例均一次性临床治愈，其中10例随访3～4年，未出现任何不适。结论胆管损伤是LC的主要并发症，早期预防和积极处理胆管损伤是防止多次胆道手术的重要举措。     

Laparoscopic Management of a Cystic Duct Cyst

Background:

Choledochal cysts are rare cystic dilatations of the biliary tree. Though their cause is uncertain, these cysts are usually referred for surgical resection because of their association with developing malignancy. Traditionally, choledochal cysts have been classified under 5 main types. Not included in this classification are cysts of the cystic duct, a condition that is even rarer, with only 14 cases reported in the literature to date. We describe one such rare case of a cyst of the cystic duct that we successfully treated via laparoscopic resection.

Methods and Results:

A 41-year-old male was found to have a biliary abnormality on a routine follow-up computed tomography (CT) scan for an unrelated medical condition. Further magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) imaging identified a cystic dilation consistent with a Type II choledochal cyst. Laparoscopic resection was performed using a total of 5 trocars, at which time a cyst of the cystic duct was found instead of the expected Type II choledochal cyst. Intraoperative cholangiography was used as a surgical adjunct to confirm the anatomy, and resection of the cyst was completed without complications.

Conclusions:

Our case adds to the body of reports showing that cysts of the cystic duct, while extremely rare, do occur and need to be recognized. Given the preoperative similarity between cystic duct cysts and other choledochal cysts, proposal for a new “Type VI” category for choledochal cysts may be considered so that clinicians can be prepared for this variation. Once recognized, cysts of the cystic duct can be safely and effectively removed by laparoscopic excision, as we have demonstrated.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除与小切口胆囊切除的比较

为比较腹腔镜胆囊切除（ＬＣ）与小切口胆囊切除（ＭＣ）的临床应用效果，自１９９３年９月～１９９５年７月，将同期收治的胆囊良性病变的病例分为ＬＣ组和ＭＣ组。ＬＣ组１１５例，治愈１０９例（９４．８％），中转ＭＣ５例，再次手术１例；ＭＣ组５７例，治愈５２例（９１．２％），延长切口５例。两组术后无出血、胆瘘、胆管损伤及肠穿孔等严重并发症。比较两组结果：在创伤疼痛、止痛剂、抗菌素用量、机体康复、住院时间及美容等方面，ＬＣ优于ＭＣ；术中出血量及手术时间两组无差异。提示：ＬＣ中转手术时应取ＭＣ；手术困难时，应掌握好ＬＣ及时中转ＭＣ及ＭＣ适当延长切口的指征。     

原发性血小板减少性紫癜所致腹腔镜胆囊切除术后大出血原因及处理 (附3例报告)

目的：探讨原发性血小板减少性紫癜(Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura,ITP)所致腹腔镜胆囊切除(LC)术后大出血原因及处理。方法：对我院3例原患者临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：大出血原因主要为：术前盲目相信“BT、CT正常”检验结果,术前及出血后未输注足量血小板,输注足量血小板仍出血时未及时想到混合因素所致。经输注足量血小板及输注新鲜血浆(必要时)后,3例患者均治愈。结论：对ITP患者实施LC,无论BT、CT是否正常,术前均应输注足量血小板,术中细致操作,大出血输注血小板无效时应及时想到混合因素所致出血并做出相应处理,是预防术后大出血的重要因素。     

老年患者行低气腹压腹腔镜胆囊切除术的可行性

目的探讨老年患者在低气腹压下行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的可行性。方法 2009年1月～2011年8月,对100例老年患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术,其中51例低气腹压（6～8 mm Hg）,49例常规气腹压（15 mm Hg）。比较2组手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间、术后并发症发生率等。结果 100例老年患者均顺利完成腹腔镜胆囊切除,无中转开腹。低压组手术时间（46.6±20.7）min与常规压组（42.7±22.3）min差异无显著性（t=0.907,P=0.367）;低压组术中出血量（52.5±25.3）ml与常规压组（42.1±30.3）ml差异无显著性（t=1.867,P=0.065）;低压组住院时间（4.9±2.6）d与常规压组（4.5±2.3）d差异无显著性（t=0.765,P=0.446）;低压组术后并发症9例,与常规压组8例差异无显著性（χ2=0.031,P=0.860）。结论选择低压气腹对非高危病人是可行的,对高危病人是必要的,进行低气腹压LC安全可行。     

Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy and Newer Techniques of Gallbladder Removal

Objectives:

To describe the surgical complications associated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy, as performed by a single surgeon over an 8-year period and to discuss how this compares to newer methods of cholecystectomy, such as single-incision surgery and natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery.

Methods:

The charts of 1000 consecutive patients who underwent consecutive cholecystectomies were reviewed to gather the following information: age, sex, prior abdominal procedures, type of procedure performed (laparoscopic vs open, with or without cholangiography), pre and postoperative diagnosis, and complications directly related to surgical technique, such as biliary injury, bile leak, infection, trocar-related injury, and incisional hernia.

Results:

The laparoscopic approach was attempted in all but one patient and was successful in 94.1% of patients. The conversion rate was higher with acute cholecystitis than with other forms of biliary tract disease. Successful cholangiography was accomplished in over 97% of patients. Nineteen complications directly related to the surgical procedure were found, including one bile duct injury.

Conclusion:

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy continues to offer a safe and effective treatment for patients with symptomatic biliary tract disease. Although other forms of minimally invasive cholecystectomy are being studied, there is little data to suggest any additional benefit, other than a slight improvement in cosmesis. Until larger series demonstrate that these techniques have a complication rate similar to those cited in the surgical literature, traditional 4-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy should remain the standard of care.