Clinical and epidemiological aspects of enteritis due to Salmonella hadar. I. Isolation of S. hadar from sporadic diarrhea--clinical and bacteriological study]

Before 1983, S. hadar was seldom isolated from man, animals, food or the environment in Japan: only one strain having been isolated from man and one from the environment. In subsequent years there has been a progressive increase in the number of isolations. S. hadar is now one of the commonest serotypes isolated from cases of sporadic diarrhea in Shizuoka Prefecture (Table 1). However, the epidemiology of S. hadar is not clearly understood. Reports on the clinical features of S. hadar gastroenteritis are also scarce. We examined the clinical symptoms of 15 cases of S. hadar gastroenteritis. S. hadar was encountered in patients of all ages. Infants and young children below 10 years of age constituted 47% of all cases. Seventy per cent of young children below 10 years of age experienced fever of more than 39 degrees C. This incidence was significantly higher than that of general Salmonella gastroenteritis observed in our previous study, in which fever of more than 38 degrees C was noted in 61% of the children. We found one case of presumptive person-to-person spread. No other household contacts of index patients suffered from diarrhea during the same period. Systematic examination for Salmonella contamination was performed for poultry farms, broiler chickens, broiler processing plants and meat on the market. 259 Salmonella strains were isolated from 1197 samples. S. hadar accounted for 37.1% (96) of all isolations (259). A drug resistance test was performed for 51 strains of the diarrhea cases and 67 strains of the environment. The pattern of the distribution of MICs of 9 drugs was similar in the two groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Isolation of Salmonella from poultry droppings and other environmental sources in Awka, Nigeria.

OBJECTIVE: A survey of Salmonella contamination of poultry droppings used as manure, retail fresh beef, fresh beef retailers' aprons and fresh beef retail tables, was carried out. DESIGN: A total of 120 samples of poultry droppings collected from five poultry farms, 96 fresh beef samples, 96 beef retailers' aprons and 96 fresh beef retail tables were examined for the presence of Salmonella species. RESULTS: Different Salmonella serotypes were isolated from all the sources. Salmonella paratypi A had an isolation rate of 12.5% from poultry droppings, 4.2% from fresh beef, and 2.1% and 4.2% from meat retailers' aprons and tables respectively. Other serotypes isolated from the sources included S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis, S. gallinarum, S. pullorum, S. typhi and S. agama. Salmonella typhi was not isolated from poultry droppings throughout the survey. CONCLUSION: There is a need to create more environmental and personal hygiene awareness among the Nigerian populace, especially among food vendors.     

Are we ready for a National Salmonella Control Program?

Control of contamination of meat and poultry with Salmonella is difficult because of the complexity of the paths of transmission of the organism, the large number of sources of the organism, and the large number of persons, groups, and agencies involved in the production of animal feed and food and in the regulation of these industries. Furthermore, there is a gap between the basic technology available to destroy or prevent contamination with Salmonella and the technology available that is acceptable, inexpensive, and applicable on a large scale. Support of research for the development of new technology amounts only to about $2.7 million. There are programs for the control of Salmonella in certain feeds and in the production, processing, further processing, and cooking of food. With current technology, an eradication program would likely cost far more to the consumer than could be justified by the benefits the consumer would derive from such eradication. Nevertheless, practical control of salmonella contamination can be achieved through progressive application of new technology developed through research.     

鸡源性肠炎沙门氏菌的流行病学调查

目的与方法通过对一株分离自患病蛋鸡的沙门氏菌进行了生化鉴定、血清学鉴定、分子生物学检测和攻毒试验,确定了我国鸡群中存在肠炎沙门氏菌的感染;通过血清学试验,对我国部分鸡群进行了血清流行病学调查。结果结果表明,从临床分离的沙门氏菌与肠炎沙门氏菌的微生物学和生物化学特征相符合,通过血清型鉴定、PCR检测、DNA测序和分析证明分离的肠炎沙门氏菌株与标准株肠炎沙门氏菌相符合;首次全国范围血清流行病学调查,从全国采集603份蛋鸡血清中发现9份阳性样本,利用肠炎沙门氏菌阳性血清检测从当地禽肉、蛋样本中分离的8株可疑沙门氏菌,未检测到肠炎沙门氏菌。结论本研究结果显示,我国部分地区蛋鸡群中存在肠炎沙门氏菌的感染,但是鸡群感染率不高。     

山东地区屠宰场猪肉污染沙门氏菌菌株毒力基因筛查与ERIC-PCR分型

目的 了解生猪屠宰加工过程中沙门氏菌的污染状况、分离菌株的毒力基因携带情况及其溯源性追踪。方法 应用液相芯片法对分离沙门氏菌进行血清分型,并对分离菌株进行毒力基因筛查,通过基因间重复序列为引物的聚合酶链式反应(ERIC—PCR)分型技术对代表性沙门氏菌分离株进行基因分型,并用NTSYS-pc2.10软件进行聚类分析。结果 1 480份样品共得到298株沙门氏菌菌株,分离率为20.14%;98.32%的分离菌株携带肠毒素stn基因;96%以上的分离菌株携带毒力岛SPI1、SPI5核心蛋白基因mogA、araB以及菌毛基因;选择实验的沙门氏菌遗传相似性在70%~100%之间,共分为 9个基因型。结论 山东地区屠宰环节猪肉中分离沙门氏菌携带多种耐药基因和毒力基因,德尔卑、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌占试验菌株的45.97%。     

Serotype distribution of Salmonella isolates from food animals after slaughter differs from that of isolates found in humans

If raw meat and poultry are the primary point of entry for Salmonella species into human populations, a correlation might be expected between the serotype distribution of Salmonella species isolated from animals at the time of slaughter and that of isolates found in humans. For 1990-1996, sufficient national data were available to permit such a comparison. A mathematical model was developed to predict serotype distributions of Salmonella isolates among humans on the basis of animal data. There was a significant mismatch between the serotype distributions among humans predicted by the model and those actually observed. This mismatch raises questions about the validity of the "standard" assumptions about Salmonella transmission on which the model was based-namely, that raw animal products are the primary source for human salmonellosis, that the risk of transmission to humans is equal for all food product categories, and that all Salmonella serotypes have an equal ability to cause human illness.     

Animal salmonellosis in peninsular Malaysia. II. Annual and zoological distribution of Salmonella serotypes over the 10-year period 1966-1975.

A total of 860 Salmonella isolations were made in Peninsular Malaysia from 15 animal species (domestic and wild), eggs, molluscs, flies, and animal feed. The isolations were distributed among 31 serotypes in eight groups. The most common serotype isolated was Salmonella pullorum, followed by S. choleraesuis and S. infantis. S. typhimurium had the widest zoological distribution. The importance of controlling animal salmonellosis is emphasized.     

河南省鹤壁市食源性和禽源性沙门氏菌耐药性研究

目的了解河南省食源性和禽源性沙门氏菌菌型分布和耐药性的关系。方法随机采集生鸡肉和大型养鸡场不同鸡龄的鸡肛拭子标本,按照GB/T4789.4 2008进行沙门氏菌的分离和鉴定,琼脂平板稀释法对分离株进行药敏测定,结果依照CLSI/NCCLS(2005版)进行判定。结果生鸡肉沙门氏菌检出率为81.5%;鸡肛拭子总体检出率为14.1％,其中种鸡检出率(18.4%)高于小鸡(15.3%),高于待宰成年鸡(2.0%)。不同鸡龄分离的沙门氏菌耐药谱明显不同,来自小鸡和成年待宰鸡的沙门氏菌耐药严重,而来自种鸡的沙门氏菌几乎不耐药;生鸡肉和鸡肛拭中沙门氏菌型别不同。食源性和禽源性沙门氏菌耐药谱明显不同,但均具有严重的多重耐药现象。结论河南省食源性和禽源性沙门氏菌菌型不同,耐药谱不同,但均存在严重的多重耐药现象,不同鸡龄检出沙门氏菌耐药谱存在较大差异,提示在鸡的饲养过程中,抗生素的不合理使用情况比较严重。     

Explosive increase of Salmonella Java in poultry in the Netherlands: consequences for public health

In the Netherlands Salmonella Paratyphi B variant Java increased in poultry from less than 2% of all isolates before 1996 to 60% in 2002. Despite exposure to contaminated meat is high, human patients with Java infection are rare (0.3% of all isolates). However, 50% of the human isolates showed PFGE profiles identical to the poultry clone. Resistance to flumequin in S. Java increased from 3% between 1996-2000 to 19% in 2001, and 39% in 2002, while that of other serotypes in poultry remained at about 7%. S. Java is also fast becoming less sensitive to ciprofloxacin.     

成都地区鸭源沙门氏菌的分离鉴定及其耐药特征、毒力基因分析

目的 了解肉鸭屠宰生产链中沙门氏菌的污染、耐药状况以及毒力基因携带情况。方法 参照GB 4789.4-2010,从肉鸭屠宰链中分离疑似沙门氏菌,采用双重PCR对疑似菌株进行准确鉴定,并进行血清分型;采用纸片扩散法对分离株进行10种抗菌药物敏感性试验,根据CLSI标准判定结果;通过PCR检测与沙门氏菌致病性相关的9个基因。结果 343份样品共分离鉴定出99株沙门氏菌,总体分离率为28.86%,宰前、脱毛、掏膛、分割、宰后样品沙门氏菌分离率分别为45.71%、22.68%、24.72%、38.33%、25.81%;分离株共产生了7种血清型,以印第安纳、纽兰和鸭沙门氏菌为优势血清型;药敏试验结果表明,沙门氏菌对NAL(91.92%)的耐药率最高,对TET(43.43%)、AMP(42.42%)、SXT(34.34%)、CIP(29.29%)、CRO(27.27%)、GEN(24.24%)、KAN(22.22%)的耐药率相对较低,对AMC(9.09%)和MH(6.06%)的耐药率最低,多重耐药率为47.47%,其中印第安纳、伤寒和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的耐药性较突出;沙门氏菌分离株spvR(94.95%)、avrA(93.94%)、ssaQ(90.91%)、mgtC(87.88%)、sopB(83.84%)、bcfC(80.81%)、siiD(77.78%)毒力基因的携带率较高,spvB(29.29%)和spvC(11.11%)的携带率较低。结论 肉鸭屠宰生产链容易受到不同血清型、不同耐药特征,且毒力基因携带率高的沙门氏菌污染,相关企业和部门应当在卫生和抗菌药物的使用上加强监督和管理,保障食品安全和公众健康。     

屠宰生猪沙门氏菌分离株的血清型和药物感受性分析

目的了解合肥市屠宰生猪沙门氏菌分离株的血清型分布和药物感受性。方法应用GB/T4789.4-2003对来自五个定点屠宰场生猪胴体体表和肉样的沙门氏菌分离株进行血清型鉴定,并采用标准K-B纸片法对分离菌株进行22种抗生素敏感试验。结果胴体体表沙门氏菌以B群为优势菌群,优势血清型包括里定沙门氏菌和山夫登堡沙门氏菌;胴体肉样沙门氏菌以E1群为优势菌群,明斯特沙门氏菌为优势血清型;沙门氏菌分离株对头孢曲松钠和丁胺卡那感受性最大,对强力霉素和四环素高度耐受;51株耐药菌株中有33株(64.71%)为多重耐药,最常见的多重耐药谱是强力霉素-四环素-卡那霉素-氯霉素。结论实施宰前检验和管理是控制沙门氏菌病,保证病健隔离分宰,减轻对加工环境和产品污染的重要措施;沙门氏菌优势血清型的分布具有一定的区域性;应加强畜牧养殖业中抗生素的合理使用,以减少细菌耐药性的产生。     

Prevalence of Salmonella and E. coli,and their resistance to antimicrobial agents,in farming communities in northern Thailand

A cross-sectional pilot study was conducted in Chiang Mai, Thailand, to determine the prevalence of Salmonella and Escherichia coli in swine, broiler chickens and human workers from farms and abattoirs in northern Thailand, and compare their antimicrobial resistance profiles. Fecal samples and cloacal swabs were collected from 150 swine and 150 chickens at the farm. Fecal samples from swine, cloacal swabs from chickens, and carcass swabs from both animals were collected from 100 swine and 100 chickens at the abattoir. Stool samples were collected from 15 swine farm workers and seven chicken farm workers. Primary isolation and identification of Salmonella and E. coli were conducted using standard methods. In vitro susceptibility testing of Salmonella and E. coli was conducted using the broth microdilution method, based on the United States National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) guidelines. The prevalence of Salmonella from swine and chicken samples ranged from 2% to 25%. The prevalence of E. coli in chickens and swine ranged from 36.8% to 47.6%. In humans, the prevalence of Salmonella was 15%, and the prevalence of E. coli ranged from 51% to 53%. Resistance in Salmonella was found for tetracycline (84.7%), nalidixic acid (27.1%), florfenicol (18.6%), ampicillin (13.6%), and ceftiofur (3.4%), and in E. coli for tetracycline (91.5%), nalidixic acid (67.4%), ampicillin (61.6%), florfenicol (51.8%), enrofloxacin (28.7%), ciprofloxacin (12.5%), ceftiofur (4.9%) and ceftriaxone (1.5%).     

上海市沙门菌血清型流行特征

目的建立本市沙门菌数据库,初步了解本地区部分沙门菌血清型的流行特征。方法以1999-2007年于从业人员体检、食品、腹泻病人质控(QC)和沙门菌监测对象分离的1078株沙门菌的血清型进行回顾性分析;其中2006年和2007年按照全球沙门菌监测(GSS)方案进行连续性腹泻病例监测。结果血清型谱显示本市不同来源的沙门菌型在分布上存在优势交叉,GSS分离菌株中有7个型为国内首次报告;通过分子分型证明本市2006年的山夫登堡和2007年的汤卜逊病例分别属于2个和1个克隆型。结论肠炎、鼠伤寒仍是本市优势致泻性血清型,山夫登堡和汤卜逊病例符合沙门菌性相对散发和集中暴发的分子流行特征。加强对沙门菌综合监测和准确及时的血清、分子分型能力有助于检索和追溯流行菌型。     

Dioxin contamination of feed and food

A preventive action limit for dioxins in feed for broiler chickens and pigs was set to 2 pg toxic equivalents/g feed in Austria. This limit was effective in the detection of feed contamination from an imported mineral additive, and in the prevention of food contamination according to WHO tolerable daily intake.     

The melanocortin circuit in obese and lean strains of chicks

Agonists of membranal melanocortin 3 and 4 receptors (MC3/4Rs) are known to take part in the complex control mechanism of energy balance. In this study, we compared the physiological response to an exogenous MC3/4R agonist and the hypothalamic expression of proopic melanocortin (POMC) gene, encoding few MC3/4R ligands, between broiler and layer chicken strains. These strains, representing the two most prominent commercial strains of chickens grown for meat (broilers) and egg production (layers), differ in their food intake, fat accumulation, and reproductive performance and, therefore, form a good model of obese and lean phenotypes, respectively. A single i.v. injection of the synthetic peptide melanotan-II (MT-II; 1 mg/kg body weight) into the wing vein of feed-restricted birds led to attenuation of food intake upon exposure to feeding ad libitum in both broiler and layer chickens. A study of the POMC mRNA encoding the two prominent natural MC3/4R agonists, alpha-MSH and ACTH, also revealed a general similarity between the strains. Under feeding conditions ad libitum, POMC mRNA levels were highly similar in chicks of both strains and this level was significantly reduced upon feed restriction. However, POMC mRNA down-regulation upon feed restriction was more pronounced in layers than in broilers. These results suggest: (i) a role for MC3/4R agonists in the control of appetite; (ii) that the physiological differences between broilers and layers are not related to unresponsiveness of broiler chickens to the satiety signal of MC3/4R ligands. Therefore, these findings suggest that artificial activation of this circuit in broiler chicks could help to accommodate with their agricultural shortcomings of overeating, fattening, and impaired reproduction.     

Dissemination of Salmonella enterica serotype agona and multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium in Cuba

The molecular epidemiology, antimicrobial susceptibility, and mechanisms of resistance of 34 Salmonella spp. strains causing acute gastroenteritis, isolated from different provinces in Cuba, were determined. Sixty-four percent of the strains showed multiresistance. Salmonella typhimurium was the most frequent with 15 strains (44%), 13 of which belonged to phagotype 104 and presented similar genetic profiles of pulsed field gel electrophoresis. High levels of resistance to tetracycline (53%), spectinomycin (50%), ampicillin (44%), and chloramphenicol (41%) were found. Resistance to tetracycline was associated with the tet G and tet A genes. Resistance to ampicillin was caused by the presence of beta-lactamases, mainly the CARB type. The floR gene was the main mechanism of resistance to chloramphenicol. Our results showed an antimicrobial susceptible clone of Salmonella enterica serotype Agona in two separate regions. This is the first report of the widespread dissemination of a multiresistant clone of S. enterica serotype Typhimurium definitive phage type 104 in Cuba.     

Disseminated Salmonella arizona Infection Associated with Rattlesnake Meat Ingestion

Salmonella arizona is an uncommon enteric pathogen. We report a case of a woman with systemic lupus erythematosus, receiving prednisone therapy, who developed fatal disseminated S. arizona infection after ingesting raw dried rattlesnake meat as a form of treatment for her illness. S. arizona was isolated from stool, blood, peritoneal fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid. The importance of being aware of the Mexican-American folk remedy involving the ingestion of rattlesnake meat in the forms of dried snake, snake powder, or snake powder capsules, and the risk of acquiring S. arizona enteric infections is discussed.     

Salmonella krefeld in Thailand: I. Epidemiology, infection and drug resistance

Information from the National Salmonella Shigella Center (NSSC), Thailand indicated that the most frequently isolated Salmonella serotype from humans during 1974-1975 was Salmonella typhi (33.1%), during 1976-1982 was S. krefeld (26.6%) and during 1983-1987 was S. derby (12.6%). Antimicrobial susceptibility study of various Salmonella serotypes indicated that S. krefeld was the serotype with multiple drug resistance persisting for the longest period of time. Human salmonellosis due to S. krefeld is very rare. During 1976-1978, a large outbreak of S. krefeld gastroenteritis occurred in Thailand, mainly in children. The outbreak spread countrywide and is currently endemic. Gastrointestinal symptoms are severe in young infants. Systemic invasion with bacteremia, meningitis and pneumonitis were reported. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of isolates varied from sensitive to multiply drug resistant. The common antibiotic resistances were to ampicillin (75-92%), chloramphenicol (33-75%), kanamycin (67-90%) and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (15-52%). Resistance to gentamicin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim declined after the period of the epidemic. Antimicrobial resistance patterns of 150 S. krefeld strains isolated in Thailand during 1978-1987 showed multiple drug resistance with up to seven drugs. The most common patterns were ApCmKmSuTp and ApCmKmSmSuTc.     

Salmonella serotypes identified in Mexican health services

OBJECTIVE: To identify the different Salmonella strain serotypes isolated at public and private laboratories in Mexico and at the Institute for Epidemiologic Diagnosis and Referral (InDRE). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 24,394 Salmonella strains collected from 1972 to 1999 in public and private health laboratories of Mexico were analyzed with the Kauffmann-White method, using antisera produced by InDRE, according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, Atlanta, GA) standards; 15,843 (64.9%) samples were from human sources and 8,551 (35.1%) from non-human sources. RESULTS: One hundred ninety nine different serotypes were identified. The most frequent serotype in human beings was S. Typhimurium (20.4%), followed by S. Enteritidis (18.3%). In the past few years, the frequency of S. Enteritidis has been increasing, surpassing that of S. Typhimurium since 1991. Presently S. Enteritidis is the most frequently isolated serotype. In non-human sources, S. Derby (13.8%) and S. Anatum (8.5%) are the most frequent strains. CONCLUSIONS: Salmonella serotypes most frequently isolated in Mexico are: S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, S. Derby, S. Agona y S. Anatum. From the epidemiologic standpoint, it is necessary to identify circulating and emerging Salmonella serotypes in order to target pertinent preventative interventions.     

无锡市腹泻病人沙门菌的病原学特征及分子分型研究

目的分析无锡市腹泻人群中分离的沙门菌的流行特征;同时比较主要血清型菌株间的脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)带型差异,为沙门菌感染的防控提供实验数据。方法收集2015年无锡市腹泻病人的粪便标本,分别进行沙门菌的分离鉴定、药敏试验、血清型分型以及PFGE分型分析。结果 756份粪便标本中共分离到32株沙门菌,阳性率为4.23%;检出时间主要集中在5~10月份,感染人群以老年人为主。药敏试验说明无锡地区的沙门菌对氨苄西林的耐药率最高,达56.25%;对环丙沙星和头孢他啶的耐药率最低,均为6.25%。32株沙门菌共鉴定出11种血清型,以肠炎沙门菌和鼠伤寒沙门菌为主,分别占31.25%和21.88%。对这2种血清型的沙门菌进行PFGE分析,显示肠炎沙门菌所有带型的相似度均在85%以上,鼠伤寒沙门菌的带型各不相同。结论无锡市沙门菌的感染具有明显季节和年龄分布差异性,流行的优势血清型为肠炎沙门菌。无锡市需同时加强对食品和环境中沙门菌的监测。