河南省濮阳市一起人感染H5N6禽流感流行病学及病原学特征分析

目的 分析2022年3月河南省濮阳市首例人感染H5N6禽流感流行病学特征，探索感染来源，为防控人感染禽流感提供科学依据。方法 对人感染H5N6禽流感病例、密切接触者和涉禽外环境开展流行病学调查，采集病例和密切接触者的呼吸道标本、环境标本、禽类生物样本和禽类产品，运用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测禽流感病毒核酸。结果该病例肺泡灌洗液、咽拭子和鼻拭子样本均检出H5N6亚型禽流感病毒核酸，病例有宰杀禽类职业暴露史。1份屠宰厂的案板涂抹拭子检出H5N6亚型禽流感病毒核酸，9份鸭头类产品的口咽拭子检出H5亚型禽流感病毒核酸，确诊为人感染H5N6禽流感，为单个散发病例。结论 濮阳市首例人感染H5N6禽流感病例为单个散发病例，病原甲型H5N6亚型禽流感病毒可能来自宰杀的鸭子；应加强禽流感日常监测及健康科普。     

云南省首例人感染H9N2禽流感病例发现与应对

目的对云南省流感监测中发现的首例人感染H9N2禽流感病例进行调查分析,为进一步防治人禽流感疫情提供科学依据。方法对患者、密切接触者和活禽市场开展流行病学调查,并采集病例呼吸道标本和外环境标本进行实验室检测分析。结果病例有活禽市场暴露史,标本禽流感病毒核酸阳性结果表明,该病例为人感染H9N2禽流感确诊病例,未出现二代病例。病例暴露的活禽市场环境中存在大量禽流感病毒。结论医疗机构加强流感样病例监测和不明原因肺炎监测是及时发现人禽流感病例的重要手段。活禽交易市场定期消毒与休市是降低感染率的关键措施。     

新疆首例人感染H7N9禽流感病例流行病学调查

目的分析新疆首例人感染H7N9禽流感病例流行病学特征,探讨该病例可能的感染来源,为新疆制定人感染H7N9禽流感防控措施提供依据。方法对一例不明原因肺炎病例展开现场流行病学调查,在病原学排查的同时对病例及其密切接触者和可疑感染来源进行流行病学调查,采集相关标本送实验室检测,并应用描述流行病学方法进行分析。结果该病例有明确的禽类养殖及无防护措施的禽排泄物及其污染环境暴露史,呼吸道标本检测出人感染H7N9禽流感病毒,相关外环境和家禽标本H7N9禽流感病毒核酸检测阳性,环境标本分离禽流感病毒与人标本中分离的禽流感病毒HA片段和NA片段同源性为99.9%和100.0%,未发现人与人之间传播病例。结论该病例为新疆确诊的首例人感染H7N9禽流感病例,传播途径可能为禽—环境—人或者禽—人;加强门诊医生诊断敏感性和强化不明原因肺炎监测工作是及时发现与处理人感染H7N9禽流感疫情的重要手段。     

人禽流感——临床医师面对的问题

散发时有报道,流行潜在威胁禽流感系由甲型禽流感病毒株某些亚型引起的急性呼吸道传染病,通常情况下主要为禽类的传染病,但亦可引起多种哺乳类动物感染,如猪、犬等。我国香港特别行政区于1997年首次报道18例由高致病性禽流感病毒H5N1感染的患者,其中6例死亡,使人们认识到禽流感病毒可在人类引起严重疾病。以后世     

荧光定量RT-PCR方法检测感染小鼠不同组织中的H5N1禽流感病毒

目的测定H5N1禽流感病毒感染小鼠各脏器组织中的病毒核酸含量,了解病毒复制与疾病进程的关系,为H5N1禽流感病毒致病机理与防治研究提供技术支持。方法利用建立的荧光定量RT-PCR法对H5N1禽流感病毒感染BALB/c小鼠的不同脏器组织中病毒核酸进行定量检测,观察H5N1禽流感病毒在不同组织中的复制情况。结果利用荧光定量RT-PCR法可从H5N1禽流感病毒感染小鼠后第3d的肺脏、脑、脾脏、肾脏和肝脏组织中检测到不同含量的病毒核酸;而在感染后4d的肺脏、脑和脾脏等组织中的病毒核酸含量开始下降;在感染后第6d,H5N1禽流感病毒核酸在肺脏和脑组织中大量存在外,其余组织中均有少量病毒核酸。结论H5N1流感病毒感染小鼠肺脏和脑组织中病毒核酸含量较高,说明病毒主要在小鼠的肺脏和脑组织中复制。由于荧光定量RT-PCR法可对感染小鼠不同脏器组织中的病毒核酸进行准确定量,可为H5N1禽流感病毒所致疾病的早期诊断、流行病学和致病机理研究提供技术支持。     

人感染高致病性禽流感病毒病原学特点分析与启示

本文对近年频繁发牛的人感染高致病性禽流感病毒病原学特点、流行状况、传播途径、以及病毒致病的分子生物学基础进行了分析,并强调了进一步加强国际合作研究的重要性。     

鄱阳湖地区禽流感病毒相关监测研究进展

鄱阳湖地区位于东亚-澳大利亚迁徙路线上,流感病毒能通过野鸟迁徙传播到其他国家和大洲。频繁的家禽贸易同样能使流感病毒基因间不断发生重配,导致病毒持续进化和传播。此外家禽的长距离运输和野鸟的捕捉贩卖等也是影响病毒传播的因素。本文总结了鄱阳湖当地禽流感病毒的流行、分布状况以及影响病毒传播的因素。长期监测能更好的了解禽流感病毒的分布和流行规律,更好地对禽流感进行预警和防控。     

荧光定量RT—PCR方法检测感染小鼠不同组织中的HSN1禽流感病毒

目的测定H5N1禽流感病毒感染小鼠各脏器组织中的病毒核酸含量，了解病毒复制与疾病进程的关系，为H5N1禽流感病毒致病机理与防治研究提供技术支持。方法利用建立的荧光定量RT-PCR法对H5N1禽流感病毒感染BALB／c小鼠的不同脏器组织中病毒核酸进行定量检测，观察H5N1禽流感病毒在不同组织中的复制情况。结果利用荧光定量RT-PCR法可从H5N1禽流感病毒感染小鼠后第3d的肺脏、脑、脾脏、肾脏和肝脏组织中检测到不同含量的病毒核酸；而在感染后4d的肺脏、脑和脾脏等组织中的病毒核酸含量开始下降；在感染后第6d，H5N1禽流感病毒核酸在肺脏和脑组织中大量存在外．其余组织中均有少量病毒核酸。结论H5N1流感病毒感染小鼠肺脏和脑组织中病毒核酸含量较高，说明病毒主要在小鼠的肺脏和脑组织中复制。由于荧光定量RT-PCR法可对感染小鼠不同脏器组织中的病毒核酸进行准确定量，可为H5N1禽流感病毒所致疾病的早期诊断、流行病学和致病机理研究提供技术支持。     

广州市禽H9N2亚型流感病毒监测结果分析

1997年5月香港特别行政区首次发生了禽流感（HSN1）疫情,发病18例,死亡6例,震惊了全世界。一般认为人与禽流感病毒不易在相互宿主间直接传播,香港这次禽流感疫情属全球首次发现禽流感病毒能感染人,打破了人鸟宿主的界限。我市毗邻香港,与香港交往频繁,为防止波及,了解禽流感病毒在我市人群中的感染和分布情况,1997年9月起我市加强了流感监测,增加了监测内容,扩大了监测面,增加了禽流感方面的监测,现将1997—2003年禽H9N2亚型流感病毒监测情况报告如下。     

2014-2019年中山市H9亚型禽流感监测及病例特征分析

目的 分析中山市H9亚型禽流感病毒外环境监测情况及人感染H9N2禽流感病例特征,指导H9N2禽流感防控工作.方法 2014-2019年采集监测镇区内的禽类批发市场、活禽销售市场和生鲜禽销售市场3类交易场所的外环境标本进行禽流感病毒核酸检测,并对人感染H9N2禽流感报告病例进行流行病学分析.结果 共采集和检测外环境标本9...     

Genetic Characteristics of Avian Influenza Virus Isolated from Wild Birds in South Korea, 2019–2020

Wild aquatic birds, a natural reservoir of avian influenza viruses (AIVs), transmit AIVs to poultry farms, causing huge economic losses. Therefore, the prevalence and genetic characteristics of AIVs isolated from wild birds in South Korea from October 2019 to March 2020 were investigated and analyzed. Fresh avian fecal samples (3256) were collected by active monitoring of 11 wild bird habitats. Twenty-eight AIVs were isolated. Seven HA and eight NA subtypes were identified. All AIV hosts were Anseriformes species. The HA cleavage site of 20 representative AIVs was encoded by non-multi-basic amino acid sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of the eight segment genes of the AIVs showed that most genes clustered within the Eurasian lineage. However, the HA gene of H10 viruses and NS gene of four viruses clustered within the American lineage, indicating intercontinental reassortment of AIVs. Representative viruses likely to infect mammals were selected and evaluated for pathogenicity in mice. JB21-58 (H5N3), JB42-93 (H9N2), and JB32-81 (H11N2) were isolated from the lungs, but JB31-69 (H11N9) was not isolated from the lungs until the end of the experiment at 14 dpi. None of infected mice showed clinical sign and histopathological change in the lung. In addition, viral antigens were not detected in lungs of all mice at 14 dpi. These data suggest that LPAIVs derived from wild birds are unlikely to be transmitted to mammals. However, because LPAIVs can reportedly infect mammals, including humans, continuous surveillance and monitoring of AIVs are necessary, despite their low pathogenicity.     

H7N9亚型禽流感病毒研究进展

H7N9亚型禽流感病毒(H7N9 AIV)是危害家禽养殖的主要病原体之一,其不仅制约家禽养殖业的健康发展,而且表现出对人类较强的传染性和较高的致死率,严重威胁公共卫生安全。2013年我国首次报道人类感染H7N9 AIV事件,病毒溯源发现家禽体内存在H7N9 AIV,但无明显症状。2017年,H7N9 AIV出现变异株,表现出对家禽的高致病性,随后我国推出H5/H7二价苗,并在全国实施家禽强制免疫接种,有效控制了H7N9 AIV在我国家禽中的流行以及人类感染事件的发生,成为我国控制人兽共患传染病的成功案例。由于我国家禽养殖和AIV的复杂性,全面和持续的流行病学监测对于H7N9禽流感的防控仍然至关重要。本文针对2013年至今H7N9 AIV的流行特征、遗传变异特点及疫苗研究等内容作简要论述,以期为禽流感的预防和控制提供参考。     

A Characterization and an Evolutionary and a Pathogenicity Analysis of Reassortment H3N2 Avian Influenza Virus in South China in 2019–2020

Seasonal H3N2 influenza virus has always been a potential threat to public health. The reassortment of the human and avian H3N2 influenza viruses has resulted in major influenza outbreaks, which have seriously damaged human life and health. To assess the possible threat of the H3N2 avian influenza virus to human health, we performed whole-genome sequencing and genetic evolution analyses on 10 H3N2 field strains isolated from different hosts and regions in 2019–2020 and selected representative strains for pathogenicity tests on mice. According to the results, the internal gene cassettes of nine strains had not only undergone reassortment with the H1, H2, H4, H6, and H7 subtypes, which circulate in poultry and mammals, but also with H10N8, which circulates in wild birds in the natural environment. Three reassorted strains were found to be pathogenic to mice, of these one strain harboring MP from H10N8 showed a stronger virulence in mice. This study indicates that reassorted H3N2 AIVs may cross the host barrier to infect mammals and humans, thereby, necessitating persistent surveillance of H3N2 AIVs.     

Genetic Characterization and Pathogenicity of H7N7 and H7N9 Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated from South Korea

H7 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) can mutate into highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs). In addition to avian species, H7 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) also infect humans. In this study, two AIVs, H7N9 (20X-20) and H7N7 (34X-2), isolated from the feces of wild birds in South Korea in 2021, were genetically analyzed. The HA cleavage site of the two H7 Korean viruses was confirmed to be ELPKGR/GLF, indicating they are LPAIVs. There were no amino acid substitutions at the receptor-binding site of the HA gene of two H7 Korean viruses compared to that of A/Anhui/1/2013 (H7N9), which prefer human receptors. In the phylogenetic tree analysis, the HA gene of the two H7 Korean viruses shared the highest nucleotide similarity with the Korean H7 subtype AIVs. In addition, the HA gene of the two H7 Korean viruses showed high nucleotide similarity to that of the A/Jiangsu/1/2018(H7N4) virus, which is a human influenza virus originating from avian influenza virus. Most internal genes (PB2, PB1, PA, NP, NA, M, and NS) of the two H7 Korean viruses belonged to the Eurasian lineage, except for the M gene of 34X-2. This result suggests that active reassortment occurred among AIVs. In pathogenicity studies of mice, the two H7 Korean viruses replicated in the lungs of mice. In addition, the body weight of mice infected with 34X-2 decreased 7 days post-infection (dpi) and inflammation was observed in the peribronchiolar and perivascular regions of the lungs of mice. These results suggest that mammals can be infected with the two H7 Korean AIVs. Our data showed that even low pathogenic H7 AIVs may infect mammals, including humans, as confirmed by the A/Jiangsu/1/2018(H7N4) virus. Therefore, continuous monitoring and pathogenicity assessment of AIVs, even of LPAIVs, are required.     

Preparation and evaluation of specific polyclonal antibodies to H5N1 subtype of the avian influenza virus in Egypt

Influenza A virus continue to cause widespread morbidity and mortality. The unprecedented spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 in Egypt is threatening poultry and public health systems. Effective diagnosis and control management are needed to control the disease. To this end, polyclonal antibodies (PAbs) were developed against the H5N1 avian influenza virus (AIV) and used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect the H5 viral antigen. A group of rabbits were immunized with H5N1 vaccine to obtain PAbs as the detector antibody after conjugation with horse radish peroxidase and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). The conjugated PAbs proved to be specific for the detection of AIV in field specimens, and results were confirmed using reference antisera obtained from Veterinary Lab in Weybridge. Specimens collected from different governorates of Egypt and tested positive for AIV by haemagglutination test were used to evaluate the produced PAbs. The detection limit of ELISA using the prepared peroxidase conjugated PAbs was 1:100,000, while the limit using fluorescein conjugated PAbs was 1:10,000. Extracts from pharyngeal-tracheal mucus of apparently healthy chickens mixed with H5 AIVs also yielded positive signals in ELISA. Such data suggest that these PAbs are useful in the surveillance and diagnosis of AIV in birds in Egypt.     

H6N6亚型禽流感病毒进化演变及跨种属传播研究进展

H6N6亚型禽流感病毒(AVI)在欧亚大陆野生鸟类和家禽中广泛流行,通过适应性突变和基因重配,其宿主范围逐渐扩大,遗传分析表明该病毒是高致病禽流感病毒H5N6的先祖之一。近年来研究证实,H6N6亚型AIV可以感染小鼠、雪雕、猪等哺乳动物,甚至在健康人群中检测到H6亚型AIV的血清特异性抗体,表明H6N6亚型禽流感病毒具有跨越物种屏障感染哺乳动物的能力,并对人类健康构成潜在威胁。本文从H6N6病毒起源、流行情况、进化演变及跨种属传播的研究进展进行综述,以期为H6N6亚型AIV的防控提供参考。     

Adaptation of Two Wild Bird-Origin H3N8 Avian Influenza Viruses to Mammalian Hosts

Wild birds play an important role in the emergence, evolution, and spread of zoonotic avian influenza viruses (AIVs). However, there are few studies on the cross-species transmission of the H3N8 AIV originating from wild birds. In this study, we investigated the transmissibility and pathogenicity of two H3N8 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) isolated from wild birds, GZA1 and XJ47, to mammals. The HA genes of both strains belonged to Eurasian isolates, while the other genes were derived from a variety of other subtypes of AIVs. Both strains can infect specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens, BALB/c mice, and guinea pigs. The XJ47 strain spread horizontally in SPF chickens and guinea pigs. The GZA1 strain did not spread horizontally but caused higher weight loss and mild lung inflammation in mice. P12-GZA1- and P12-XJ47-adapted strains obtained after 12 passages in the lung of mice showed enhanced pathogenicity in mice, which led to obvious clinical symptoms, lung inflammation, and 100% death. Both adapted strains have the reported mutation T97I in the PA, and the reported mutation D701N in PB2 has been found in the P12-GZA1-adapted strain. This study provides an important scientific basis for the continuous monitoring of wild AIVs and the mechanism underlying AIV cross-species transmission.     

Spatiotemporal Associations and Molecular Evolution of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A H7N9 Virus in China from 2017 to 2021

Highly pathogenic (HP) H7N9 avian influenza virus (AIV) emerged in China in 2016. HP H7N9 AIV caused at least 33 human infections and has been circulating in poultry farms continuously since wave 5. The genetic divergence, geographic patterns, and hemagglutinin adaptive and parallel molecular evolution of HP H7N9 AIV in China since 2017 are still unclear. Here, 10 new strains of HP H7N9 AIVs from October 2019 to April 2021 were sequenced. We found that HP H7N9 was primarily circulating in Northern China, particularly in the provinces surrounding the Bohai Sea (Liaoning, Hebei, and Shandong) since wave 6. Of note, HP H7N9 AIV phylogenies exhibit a geographical structure compatible with high levels of local transmission after unidirectional rapid geographical expansion towards the north of China in 2017. In addition, we showed that two major subclades were continually expanding with the viral population size undergoing a sharp increase after 2018 with an obvious seasonal tendency. Notably, the hemagglutinin gene showed signs of parallel evolution and positive selection. Our research sheds light on the current epidemiology, evolution, and diversity of HP H7N9 AIV that can help prevent and control the spreading of HP H7N9 AIV.     

人感染禽流感病毒病例在我国的分布情况北大核心CSCD

禽流感病毒(avian influenza virus,AIV)属于正黏病毒科、A型流感病毒属、单股负链RNA病毒。水禽是禽流感病毒的天然宿主,部分禽流感病毒亚型不但能引起禽类致病,还能导致人类患病甚至死亡,严重危害公众健康。迄今为止,在自然界中共发现16种HA亚型和9种NA亚型的禽流感病毒,本文就我国禽流感病毒感染人病例的发生分布情况进行分析研究,为预测禽流感病毒的发病规律和制定防控措施提供科学依据。     

2011-2017年陕西省外环境中禽流感病毒污染情况分析

目的 了解陕西省外环境禽流感病毒污染状况,为陕西省人感染禽流感疫情防控、预测和预警提供依据。方法 在陕西省选取城乡活禽市场、家禽规模养殖场(户)、家禽屠宰加工厂等不同类型监测场所,采用PCR法对外环境标本进行禽流感病毒核酸检测,多组间率的比较采用χ2检验。结果 2011年1月至2017年12月,共采集外环境标本6 426份,检出A型禽流感病毒阳性率为7.61%。其中H9亚型阳性占74.23%,H5亚型阳性占15.34%,H7亚型阳性占3.89%,A型未分型及混合型阳性占5.73%。发现活禽市场禽流感病毒污染为主;宰杀或摆放禽肉案板表面擦拭标本和清洗禽类污水的禽流感病毒阳性率最高。结论 陕西省禽类相关环境中存在禽流感病毒,以H9亚型为主,城乡活禽市场和家禽屠宰加工厂受病毒污染较重。