Gingival crevicular fluid interleukin-36β (-1F8), interleukin-36γ (-1F9) and interleukin-33 (-1F11) levels in different periodontal disease

Background

Periodontal inflammation is driven by the coordinated action of a number of factors, including the IL-1 family. Our study aimed to examine the levels of interleukin (IL)-36β, IL-36γ and IL-33 levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from patients with different periodontal diseases.

Materials and methods

A total of 80 subjects, 20 patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis (G-AgP), 20 patients with chronic periodontitis (CP), 20 with gingivitis and 20 periodontally healthy subjects were included. Periodontal status was evaluated by measuring probing depth, clinical attachment loss, papillary bleeding index and plaque index. GCF cytokine levels were analysed by ELISA.

Results

CP, gingivitis and healthy groups had similar GCF IL-36β total amount (p > 0.008). G-AgP group had elevated IL-36β total amount compared to CP group (p < 0.008). G-AgP group had similar GCF IL-36β total amount to gingivitis and healthy groups (p > 0.008). GCF IL-36γ and IL-33 total amounts of the study groups were similar (p > 0.05).

Conclusions

The present study demonstrated for the first time the presence of IL-36β, IL-36γ and IL-33 GCF levels with different periodontal diseases. High levels of IL-36-β in the AgP group in comparison to CP group might suggest that periodontitis in the aggressive form could be related to the increase in GCF IL-36β.     

Gingival crevicular fluid EMAP-II, MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta levels of patients with periodontal disease

BACKGROUND: Periodontal diseases may differ, which could be attributed to the factors that might modify the host response to microbial pathogens. The aim of this study was to examine gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of EMAP-II, MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta in patients with different periodontal diseases (EMAP-II, endothelial-monocyte activating polypeptide; MIP-1alpha, macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha; MIP-1beta, macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta). METHODS: Eighty-two subjects were included in this study. GCF samples were collected from 26 patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis (G-AgP), 26 patients with chronic periodontitis (CP), 15 with gingivitis and 15 periodontally healthy subjects. Clinical periodontal parameters were recorded. GCF EMAP-II, MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta levels were quantified by enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS: GCF EMAP-II levels of G-AgP group were higher than those of gingivitis and healthy groups (p<0.008). G-AgP group showed a trend for higher GCF EMAP-II levels compared with CP group (p>0.008). G-AgP, CP, gingivitis and healthy groups had comparable GCF MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta levels. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that elevated GCF EMAP-II could contribute to the pathogenesis of G-AgP. Alternatively, EMAP-II reflects the extent of the inflammatory activity in the periodontal tissues. At this point, MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta levels in GCF do not seem to play a discriminatory role in periodontitis. Our data document for the first time the essential role of EMAP-II in the pathogenesis of different periodontal diseases.     

高迁移率族蛋白1在慢性牙周炎病变牙龈组织中的表达

目的 研究慢性牙周炎病变牙龈组织中高迁移率族蛋白1（HMGB1）的表达。方法 提取健康志愿者外周血单核细胞（PBMC）,以1 pg·mL-1的细菌脂多糖（LPS）刺激细胞,24 h后用免疫荧光染色法检测HMGB1的表达,48 h 后用酶联免疫吸附试验检测细胞上清液中HMGB1的表达;分别以50 ng·mL-1肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）和100 ng? mL-1 HMGB1刺激PBMC,48 h后检测细胞上清液中HMGB1和TNF-α的表达。另外收集健康者和慢性牙周炎患者的牙龈组织和龈沟液,分别检测牙龈组织和龈沟液内HMGB1的表达。结果 LPS刺激PBMC 24 h后,HMGB1自细胞核移出至细胞质中;刺激48 h后,细胞上清液中HMGB1的表达量明显高于对照组（P<0.01）。TNF-α和HMGB1分别刺激 PBMC 48 h后,上清液中HMGB1和TNF-α的表达水平较对照组亦有明显增强（P<0.01）。在慢性牙周炎牙龈组织上皮钉突下方浸润的细胞中,HMGB1自细胞核转移至细胞质和细胞外;其龈沟液内HMGB1的表达量也明显高于健康对照组（P<0.01）。结论 HMGB1可能在牙周炎病理进程中有重要作用。     

Gingival crevicular fluid transforming growth factor-beta1 in several forms of periodontal disease

BACKGROUND: Transforming growth factor-beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)) has significant effects on periodontal host response regulation. Limited knowledge on the role of TGF-beta(1) in various periodontal disease types and particularly in advanced periodontitis forms warranted the present study. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) TGF-beta(1) levels in patients with different forms of periodontal disease. METHODS: GCF TGF-beta(1) levels were investigated in 32 chronic periodontitis (CP), 30 generalized aggressive periodontitis (G-AgP), 15 gingivitis patients and 16 periodontally healthy subjects. Periodontal status was evaluated by measuring probing depth, clinical attachment loss, plaque and bleeding on probing. TGF-beta(1) levels were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results were expressed in terms of total amount (pg) and concentration (pg/microl). RESULTS: G-AgP and CP groups had significantly elevated GCF TGF-beta(1) total amount compared to healthy group (p<0.008). Moreover, GCF TGF-beta(1) total amount of G-AgP group was significantly higher than that of gingivitis group (p<0.008). G-AgP and CP groups had similar GCF TGF-beta(1) total amount (p>0.008). Significant correlation was found between GCF TGF-beta(1) total amount and all clinical periodontal parameters (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study suggest contribution of TGF-beta(1) to the pathogenesis of advanced chronic and aggressive periodontitis. TGF-beta(1) may thus be one of the components modulating exaggerated host response together with other major mediators of inflammation.     

慢性牙周炎病人基础治疗前后Th17型细胞因子及RORC的表达变化

目的:研究慢性牙周炎(CP)病人牙周基础治疗前后龈沟液(GCF)中的Th17型细胞因子及其外周血特异性转录因子RORC的表达变化规律。方法:选择CP病人30例,使用ELISA检测牙周基础治疗前后GCF中Th17型细胞因子(IL-17、IL-21)的水平变化,并利用荧光定量PCR检测牙周基础治疗前后外周血CD4+T细胞中特异性转录因子RORC的表达水平。结果:牙周基础治疗后龈沟液中的Th17型细胞因子IL-17、IL-21水平以及外周血CD4+T细胞中特异性转录因子RORC表达水平均较治疗前显著下降,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:Th17型细胞因子在慢性牙周炎发生发展中发挥重要的致炎作用。     

Early wound healing following one-stage dental implant placement with and without antibiotic prophylaxis: a pilot study

BACKGROUND: One-stage implant placement has clinically acceptable treatment outcomes. Among other advantages, it may allow investigation of early wound healing. The purpose of this pilot study was to determine whether peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) can be used to detect early changes around implants placed with one-stage surgical protocol following 1 week of healing. METHODS: Twenty subjects (11 males and nine females; aged 22 to 72 years; two smokers) were included. Exclusion criteria were allergies to amoxicillin and systemic conditions that may affect healing. Subjects had a healthy periodontium and needed a single implant; eight received antibiotic prophylaxis, and 12 served as controls. Clinical healing was evaluated with plaque and gingival indices (PI and GI, respectively). Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from the surgical site was obtained prior to the surgery, whereas PICF was collected at the 1-week visit. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine GCF/PICF interleukin (IL)-1beta and -8 concentrations. Peripheral blood and GCF antibiotic levels were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS: Postoperative PI and GI were slightly increased. Total GCF and PICF volumes did not show a significant difference between appointments. There was an increase in PICF IL-1beta and -8 levels at 1 week postoperatively. Mean amoxicillin serum concentration was 5.1 +/- 2 microg/ml at 1 to 4 hours following the initial dose, whereas GCF amoxicillin levels were below the limit of detection. Antibiotic prophylaxis had a modest effect on clinical indices (PI and GI) and no appreciable effect on biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS: PICF content can be studied as early as 1 week following one-stage implant placement. The results raise doubts regarding the clinical usefulness of amoxicillin prophylaxis.     

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and NPY Y1 receptor in periodontal health and disease

Objectives

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) coordinates inflammation and bone metabolism which are central to the pathogenesis of periodontitis. The present study was designed to determine whether NPY was quantifiable in human gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and to test the null hypothesis that GCF levels of NPY were the same in periodontal health and disease. A subsidiary aim was to determine the potential functionality of released NPY by detecting the presence of NPY Y1 receptors in gingival tissue.

Design

The periodontitis group consisted of 20 subjects (10 females and 10 males) mean age 41.4 (S.D. 9.6 years). The control group comprised 20 subjects (10 females and 10 males) mean age 37.4 (S.D. 11.7 years). NPY levels in GCF were measured in periodontal health and disease by radioimmunoassay. NPY Y1 receptor expression in gingival tissue was determined by Western blotting of membrane protein extracts from healthy and inflamed gum.

Results

Healthy sites from control subjects had significantly higher levels of NPY than diseased sites from periodontitis subjects. NPY Y1 receptor protein was detected in both healthy and inflamed gingival tissue by Western blotting.

Conclusions

The significantly elevated levels of NPY in GCF from healthy compared with periodontitis sites suggests a tonic role for NPY, the functionality of which is indicated by the presence of NPY Y1 receptors in local gingival tissue.     

Human β-defensin 2 and protease activated receptor-2 expression in patients with chronic periodontitis

Objective

Some previous studies have shown that gingipains, trypsin-like proteases produced by Porphyromonas gingivalis, up-regulate human β defensin-2 (HBD-2) mRNA expression through protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR₂) in gingival epithelial cells. This study aimed at investigating salivary HBD-2 levels and crevicular PAR₂ mRNA expression in human chronic periodontitis and evaluating whether periodontal treatment affected this process.

Methods

Salivary and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were collected from periodontally healthy (control) and chronic periodontitis patients at baseline and 50 days after non-surgical periodontal treatment. Salivary HBD-2, and GCF TNF-α levels were analysed by ELISA, and PAR₂ mRNA at the GCF was evaluated by RT-PCR.

Results

P. gingivalis was significantly (p < 0.05) more prevalent in patients with chronic periodontitis when compared to controls. This prevalence decreased after periodontal therapy (p < 0.0001). The control group showed statistically significant lower levels of HBD-2, TNF-α, and PAR₂ expression when compared to the chronic periodontitis group. In addition, periodontal treatment significantly reduced PAR₂ expression and HBD-2 levels in chronic periodontitis patients (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Our results suggest that salivary HBD-2 levels and PAR₂ mRNA expression from GCF are higher in subjects with chronic periodontitis than in healthy subjects, and that periodontal treatment decreases both HBD-2 levels and PAR₂ expression.     

Gingival crevicular fluid laminin-5 gamma2-chain levels in periodontal disease

AIM: Our study aimed to examine the molecular forms and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of laminin-5 gamma2-chain in patients with different periodontal disease, and compare the effects of P.gingivalis trypsin-like proteinase on intact laminin-5 gamma2-chain species. METHODS: Eighteen patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis (G-AgP), 29 patients with chronic periodontitis (CP), 20 with gingivitis and 20 periodontally healthy subjects were included. Probing depth, clinical attachment loss, presence of bleeding on probing and plaque were recorded. Molecular forms and GCF laminin-5 gamma2-chain levels and the effects of P. gingivalis trypsin-like proteinase on intact laminin-5 gamma2-chain were analysed by computer-quantitated Western immunoblotting. RESULTS: Laminin-5 gamma2-chain 40 and 70 kDa fragments could be detected in all groups, in varying levels.The CP group had elevated GCF laminin-5 gamma2-chain fragment levels compared with the gingivitis and healthy groups (p<0.008).The G-AgP group had GCF laminin-5 gamma2-chain fragment levels similar to the gingivitis and healthy groups (p>0.008). GCF laminin-5 gamma2-chain fragments differed clearly from the multiple lower molecular size fragments of P.gingivalis trypsin-laminin-5 gamma2-chain proteinases. CONCLUSION: Increased GCF laminin-5 gamma2-chain fragments in periodontitis sites with deep periodontal pocket suggest that these cleaved 40 and 70 kDa fragments could reflect the extent of the inflammatory reaction in CP.     

Increased levels of interleukin-33 in gingival crevicular fluids of patients with chronic periodontitis

The purpose of this clinical study is to comparatively investigate the interleukin-33 (IL-33) levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), saliva and plasma of patients with periodontal disease as well as periodontally healthy subjects and the association between these levels and clinical parameters. GCF, saliva and plasma samples were collected from systemically healthy, non-smoker chronic periodontitis patients (CP group, n = 20), gingivitis patients (G group, n = 20) and periodontally healthy control groups (H group, n = 20). Full-mouth clinical periodontal parameters were also recorded. IL-33 levels were determined by ELISA. The total amount of GCF IL-33 was greater in the G and CP groups compared to the H group (p < 0.05). The GCF IL-33 concentration was significantly lower in the CP group than in the H and G groups (p < 0.001). Salivary or plasma IL-33 levels were similar in the study groups. The total amount of GCF IL-33 was positively correlated with the GI, PI and BOP (%) (p < 0.05). Considering the present findings, the increase in total amounts of GCF IL-33 may have a role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease.     

Graves病合并牙周炎患者IL-6和TNF-α检测及意义

目的: 通过检测Graves病（GD）伴牙周炎(CP)患者龈沟液及血清中白介素6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)的浓度,探讨Graves病与牙周炎之间的关系。方法: 采用双免疫酶联法检测30例健康志愿者、30例牙周炎患者、30例Graves病患者、30例Graves病伴牙周炎患者龈沟液及血清中IL-6和TNF-α含量。记录4组研究对象的牙周探诊深度（PD）、临床附着丧失(CAL)和龈沟出血指数（SBI）。采用SPSS 19.0软件包对数据进行统计学处理。结果: GD伴牙周炎组患者血清和龈沟液中IL-6和TNF-α的浓度显著高于单纯牙周炎组及GD组（P<0.05）,GD伴牙周炎组和GD组血清和龈沟液IL-6、TNF-α水平升高与FT3、FT4呈正相关（P<0.05）,且GD伴牙周炎组的相关性显著高于GD组。结论: Graves伴牙周炎组IL-6与TNF-α浓度高于单纯牙周炎组和Graves病组,表明在免疫机制方面,牙周炎与Graves病可能存在相互影响。     

Longitudinal Comparison of Cytokines in Peri‐Implant Fluid and Gingival Crevicular Fluid in Healthy Mouths

Background: Peri‐implant and gingival tissues provide important sealing and protective functions around implants and teeth, but comparisons of the immunologic responses of these tissues after implant placement have not been conducted. Cytokine levels were measured in peri‐implant crevicular fluid (PICF) and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) as surrogate measures of immune function at subcrestally placed dental implants and healthy periodontal sites during a 1‐year monitoring period. Methods: A total of 27 dental implants were placed subcrestally in 21 periodontally healthy patients (mean age: 49.0 ± 13.4 years). Repeated clinical and cytokine measurements were obtained over 12 months. GCF and PICF samples were collected and analyzed by cytokine microarray. Data were examined by non‐parametric analysis of variance. Results: Plaque and bleeding indices were similar among all patients (P >0.05) at baseline. During 1 year of monitoring, the mean volumes of PICF and GCF were similar (P >0.05). The levels of interleukin (IL)‐4, ‐6, ‐10, and ‐12p70, tumor necrosis factor‐α, and interferon‐γ in GCF and PICF were not significantly different and did not vary over time (P >0.05). The levels of IL‐1α were higher in GCF than PICF at 1, 2, 6, and 12 months, as were the levels of IL‐8 at 1, 2, 4, 6, and 12 months (P <0.001). Transforming growth factor‐β1 in PICF and GCF exhibited time‐dependent increases, and vascular endothelial growth factor was reduced at 1 year without differences between PICF and GCF (P >0.05). Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study design, it can be concluded that after subcrestal implant placement, the immune response of peri‐implant and periodontal tissues, as assessed by cytokine levels in PICF and GCF, is similar.     

广泛型侵袭性牙周炎患者龈沟液中白介素-17的检测

目的 比较广泛型侵袭性牙周炎患者与健康人龈沟液中白介素-17(IL-17)的表达水平及与临床指标的关系。方法 选择广泛型侵袭性牙周炎患者18例和健康人16例,共68颗牙,记录临床牙周检查指标,用滤纸条法收集龈沟液。采用抗体夹心ELISA法测定广泛型侵袭性牙周炎患者治疗前、治疗后3个月及健康对照者龈沟液中IL-17总量和浓度。结果 广泛型侵袭性牙周炎患牙治疗前龈沟液中IL-17的总量和浓度高于牙周健康牙,基础治疗3个月后广泛型侵袭性牙周炎患牙龈沟液中IL-17的总量和浓度较治疗前下降。广泛型侵袭性牙周炎患牙龈沟液中IL-17浓度与探诊深度、附着丧失和出血指数呈正相关关系,而IL-17总量仅与探诊深度呈正相关关系。结论 龈沟液中IL-17浓度可能与广泛型侵袭性牙周炎牙周破坏及炎症的严重程度相关。?     

Soluble interleukin-1 receptor type II levels in gingival crevicular fluid in aggressive and chronic periodontitis

Background: Interleukin (IL)-1 is closely related to the initiation and progression of periodontal disease. IL-1 levels in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of subjects with periodontitis are higher than those in periodontally healthy controls, and the levels of IL-1 correlate with disease severity. However, soluble IL-1 receptor type II (sIL-1RII), which acts as a decoy receptor for IL-1s, has not been investigated in detail in periodontal disease. The purpose of this study was to measure sIL-1RII levels in the GCF of subjects with chronic or aggressive periodontitis; the correlation between the sIL-1RII levels in GCF and clinical parameters also was examined. Methods: IL-1beta and sIL-1RII were measured in 64 GCF samples collected from 47 subjects with chronic periodontitis (CP) and 17 subjects with aggressive periodontitis (AgP). The clinical characteristics of each site were recorded at the time of GCF sampling. IL-1beta and sIL-1RII were measured by specific non-cross-reactive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The disease severity was comparable in CP and AgP. IL-1beta was detected in 98% of CP GCF samples and 88% of AgP GCF samples. sIL-1RII was detected in 55% of CP GCF samples and 35% of AgP GCF samples. However, the concentrations of IL-beta and sIL-1RII detected in GCF from subjects with CP or AgP were similar. Conclusion: sIL-1RII was detected more often in CP GCF than in AgP GCF, and there was no correlation between GCF sIL-1RII concentration and clinical parameters.     

TNF-alpha TGF-beta2 and IL-1beta levels in gingival and peri-implant crevicular fluid before and after de novo plaque accumulation

Aims: The aim of this split‐mouth study was to investigate levels of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α), transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐β2) and interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and peri‐implant crevicular fluid (PICF) after a 21‐day‐period of de novo plaque accumulation in the same patient. Material and Methods: In 25 patients, samples of GCF and PICF were collected in the sulcus of the tooth and of the implant after professional hygiene. After the no‐hygiene phase (21 days), second samples of GCF and PICF were taken. Third samples were collected after 69 days of re‐establishment oral hygiene techniques. The crevicular fluids were used to determine the volume and the levels of TNF‐α, TGF‐β2 and IL‐1β. Results: The volume of the crevicular fluids increased significantly after 21 days of plaque accumulation around teeth and implants and decreased significantly by 69 days. TNF‐α and TGF‐β2 did not change significantly among the three different samples. A significant increase of IL‐1β was observed after plaque accumulation around the teeth GCF, whereas in the PICF the increase was not statistically significant. Conclusions: These data suggest that increased volumes of GCF and PICF could be useful markers of early inflammation in gingival and peri‐implant tissues. In the presence of de novo plaque, implants showed lower, and nearly significant, levels of IL‐1β compared with teeth.     

Gingival crevicular fluid monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and RANTES levels in patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis

BACKGROUND: Local and systemic inflammatory and immune mechanisms may be implicated in the pathogenesis of the aggressive forms of periodontal disease. Chemokines, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and regulated on activation, normal T cells expressed and secreted RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cells expressed and secreted), are involved in the activation and recruitment of inflammatory and immune cells to the infected sites and thereby mediating a variety of pathophysiological conditions. The aim of the present study was to examine the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of MCP-1 and RANTES in patients with generalized agressive periodontitis (G-AgP). METHODS: MCP-1 and RANTES levels were investigated in GCF samples of 10 patients with G-AgP and 10 periodontally healthy subjects. Periodontal status was evaluated by measuring probing depth, clinical attachment loss, presence of bleeding on probing and plaque. In the G-AgP group, GCF samples were collected from the two approximal sites; from one single-rooted tooth and from one first molar tooth with > or =6 mm probing depth. In the healthy group, GCF samples were collected from one of the single-rooted teeth. GCF MCP-1 and RANTES levels were quantified by enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS: The G-AgP patients had significantly higher GCF MCP-1 and RANTES levels compared to the healthy group (p<0.05). GCF MCP-1 and RANTES levels were positively correlated with both probing depth and clinical attachment loss (p<0.05). There was no correlation between GCF MCP-1 and RANTES levels and the percentage of sites with bleeding (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study suggest that MCP-1 and RANTES could play key roles in both activation and recruitment of inflammatory and immune cells in periodontal environment of G-AgP patients. In conclusion, these CC chemokines may be considered in the biological mechanism underlying the pathogenesis and progression of G-AgP.     

IL-35在慢性牙周炎血清及龈沟液中的表达及相关性

目的通过检测牙周炎患者血清及龈沟液中白细胞介素35( IL-35)的水平,分析其与临床指标的相关性,初步探讨IL-35在牙周疾病过程中的变化情况。方法按纳入标准选择20例中、重度牙周炎患者作为实验组,20例健康人群作为对照组;记录患者的一般信息、牙周袋探诊深度( PD)和临床附着丧失( CAL) 情况;收集静脉血清及龈沟液样本,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定血清及龈沟液中的IL-35水平;利用SPSS19.0软件包进行Pearson秩相关检验,分析IL-35的表达及与临床指标的关系。结果实验组血清及龈沟液中IL-35平均浓度分别为（330.42±19.23）ng/mL、(205.56±14.42) ng/mL,对照组分别为(206.89±45.01) ng/mL、(101.88±3.34 ) ng/mL,实验组血清及龈沟液中IL-35水平显著高于对照组( P<0.01)。实验组血清及龈沟液中IL-35水平分别与PD和CAL呈负相关。结论慢性牙周炎可导致血清及龈沟液中IL-35水平显著升高, 其升高程度与牙周炎呈负相关。     

Effects of scaling and root planing on the amounts of interleukin-1 and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and the mRNA expression of interleukin-1beta in gingival crevicular fluid and gingival tissues

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the clinical changes after non-surgical periodontal therapy and interleukin 1 (IL-1) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and gingival tissues from patients with chronic periodontitis. BACKGROUND: The inflammatory responses mediated by IL-1 play an important role in periodontal tissue destruction. Although numerous studies have attempted to elucidate the dynamic movement involved in chronic periodontitis, the results have often conflicted. Such discrepancies may have been due to the inability to determine clinical disease activity. METHODS: Seven patients with chronic periodontitis were examined. The severity of periodontal inflammation was expressed using clinical parameters before and after a scaling and root planing (SRP) procedure. The amounts and concentrations of IL-1alpha, IL-1beta and IL-1 receptor antagonist in GCF were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and IL-1 activity index was calculated. A needle biopsy in matching gingival tissues was also performed before and after the SRP procedure. The localization and mRNA expression of IL-1beta were determined using histological methods. RESULTS: Clinical parameters improved slightly after the SRP procedure. Only the probing pocket depth (PPD) was reduced significantly (p < 0.05). However, the amount of IL-1beta in GCF was slightly increased. The localization and mRNA expression of IL-1beta could still be observed after the SRP procedure. Therefore, none of the clinical parameters showed a high sensitivity or specificity for evaluating subgingival inflammation. CONCLUSION: These observations suggest that IL-1 is effective for evaluating in detail the state of subgingival inflammation.     

Increased expression of C-reactive protein gene in inflamed gingival tissues could be derived from endothelial cells stimulated with interleukin-6

Background

Epidemiological studies have suggested periodontitis as a risk factor for ischemic heart disease. High sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), a predictor of cardiovascular risk, is elevated in periodontitis patients. Therefore, local infection-induced elevation of systemic CRP could account for the relationship between the 2 diseases. However, the underlying mechanism of CRP production in the periodontal tissues has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to clarify the mechanism of CRP production in periodontal tissues.

Methods

Gene expression of CRP in gingival biopsies was analysed by quantitative PCR. Human gingival epithelial cells (HGECs), human gingival fibroblasts (HGFBs), and human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) were characterized for CRP-producing ability by incubating with interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R), and Porphyromonas gingivalis strain W83.

Results

Gene expression of CRP is significantly elevated in periodontitis lesions compared with gingivitis lesions. HCAECs, but not HGECs and HGFBs, produced CRP in response to IL-6 and IL-1β in the presence of sIL-6R. In contrast to IL-6, the effect of IL-1β on CRP production was indirect via induction of IL-6. IL-1β was produced by HGECs and HGFBs with stimulation of P. gingivalis antigens.

Conclusion

These results suggest that CRP induced locally by periodontal infection may play another role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease, and to a much lesser extent, has the potential to modulate systemic CRP level by extra-hepatic CRP production.