医源性胆总管下端损伤的预防及治疗

目的：探讨胆总管探查术中医源性胆总管下端损伤的原因及处理。方法：6例胆管下端损伤中2例修补胆总管裂口,胆总管内置T管引流;2例因胆总管结石嵌顿并胆总管下段狭窄,行Oddi括约肌切开成形术,并将T管横臂经Oddi括约肌置入十二指肠;1例因胆总管损伤较重,在行胆道穿孔修补术后再行胆肠吻合术;术后发现的1例行腹膜后感染灶清创、胃造瘘、空肠造瘘、腹膜后引流术。结果：术后3例并发胰瘘,2例胃瘫,均治愈。1例并发腹腔感染者死亡。结论：不正确的胆总管探查是胆总管下端医源性损伤的常见原因,胆道探查术中金属探条极易损伤胆总管下端。术中及时发现损伤并对损伤部位进行合理有效的处理是改善病人预后的关键。     

医源性胆总管远段损伤的临床分析

目的探讨医源性胆总管远段损伤早期诊断及腹膜后严重感染的预防。方法 回顾分析1990年至2004年间处理的17例医源性胆总管远段损伤患者的临床资料。结果 17例患者中,15例为术中损伤,2例为ERCP切开取石所致。术中发现胆管损伤14例,术中未及时发现者1例。胆管损伤前行B超检查16例,MRCP检查2例,6例在胆道探查后行胆道镜检查。10例行胆总管穿孔修补加T管引流,2例行Oddi括约肌切开成形术,2例行胆肠吻合术,1例行十二指肠及胆管修补腹膜后引流术。胆管损伤后术中表现为胆道探子异位于胆管壁外,胆道镜见到胆管远段有2个或多个孔隙,经T管注水见腹膜后水肿和积液,注入美蓝出现腹膜后蓝染。损伤后临床表现为腹胀、发热、腰背胀痛、休克等。治愈13例,术后并发症包括十二指肠瘘1例,切口感染1例,死亡4例,其中3例死于感染性休克,1例死于胃切除术后再出血。结论 胆道远段损伤术后表现缺乏特异性,对可疑患者应作CT检查,早期诊断胆总管下段损伤并进行及时治疗可以取得较好效果。术前完善的影像学检查及在胆道探查前进行胆道镜检查有可能减少胆总管远段损伤。     

胆道手术中十二指肠损伤的原因及防治

目的 探讨胆道手术中十二指肠损伤的原因及防治方法。方法 对我院从1990年3月-2002年6月诊治的10例胆道手术致十二指肠损伤的临床资料作回顾性分析。结果 2例因分离十二指肠与肝胆广泛粘连而损伤十二指肠前壁51例十二指肠被误认为胆总管而切开；7例在金属探条探查胆道时致十二指肠损伤。处理方法分别用损伤修补、十二指肠腔内外引流和胃空肠造瘘术。术中及时发现6例均治愈；术后诊断4例，1例保守治愈，3例分别经多次手术，其中1例死亡。结论 胆道手术中十二指肠损伤的防范是主要的，而早期发现及选择恰当的处理方法是治疗成功的关键。     

创伤性胆总管损伤漏诊二例

目的 探讨创伤性胆总管损伤的临床特点、诊治方法及预后.方法 回顾性分析2008年6月及2011年9月治疗的2例胆总管损伤漏诊患者的临床资料.结果 2例均在首诊漏诊.1例术后第六天再次手术探查,术中见胆管下段坏死,胆总管基本离断；另1例首诊术中探查胆总管,未发现胆总管裂伤,仅见胆总管下段近十二指肠处有一小处淤血,未行特殊处理,置管引流,术后第四天引流出大量胆汁,再次行剖腹探查术,发现于胆总管淤血处坏死穿孔.1例经3次手术后治愈,1例经2次手术后治愈,2例均未出现严重并发症.结论 创伤性胆总管损伤极易漏诊,术中细致探查、彻底清除局部积血和坏死组织是避免漏诊的关键.治疗应因病而异,一般可采用胆总管修补+T管引流术；损伤范围大于胆管周径50％、炎症较重者应行胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术或胆总管外引流术.     

胆道探查至胆总管下端损伤的临床分析

目的 讨论胆道探查术中探条所致胆总管下端损伤的原因及处理。方法 对胆道探查中探条所至的4例胆总管下端损伤，进行回顾性分析总结。结果 造成损伤原因主要是对胆总管下端的解剖认识不足，术中探查使用暴力所至，对2例胰腺管段未穿出胰腺的损伤，行T管充分引流，穿出胆管至腹膜后间隙的1例行局部修补加T管引流，另1例因术中遗漏，术后死于感染中毒性休克，结论 胆总管下端损伤重在预防，损伤后以局部修补，上方的充分引流为主。     

胆道手术中医源性十二指肠损伤五例报告

医源性十二指肠损伤是胆道手术中一严重的并发症 ,如果未及时发现并妥善处理 ,将产生致命的后果。我院在 1990年至 1999年行胆道手术中致医源性十二指肠损伤 5例 ,3例在术中发现并及时处理 ,治愈 4例 ,死亡 1例。现报告如下。1　临床资料　　例 1、例 2均为术中胆道器械取石戳伤十二指肠壁 ,例 3为术中胆道探子戳伤十二指肠降部 ,均在术中发现行穿孔外修补 ,十二指肠后腹腔多根多孔。经负压管引流、Ｔ管引流 ,有效胃肠减压等处理后 ,痊愈出院。例 4为术中胆道取石截伤十二指肠壁 ,术后高热 ,右腰背部疼痛、腹胀、肠鸣音消失 ,第三天剖腹探查…     

胆总管Ⅰ期缝合在腹腔镜胆总管切开探查术中的应用(附22例报告)

目的:总结胆总管Ⅰ期缝合在腹腔镜胆总管切开探查术中应用的经验。方法:在腹腔镜下行胆总管切开、探查、取石,部分行胆总管Ⅰ期缝合术。结果:22例患者手术均获成功,手术平均时间120min,术后第1天可下床活动和进食,术后第6天出院。无1例发生胆汁瘘,胆道狭窄,胆道出血和胆道残余结石。结论:腹腔镜胆总管切开探查术后胆总管Ⅰ期缝合具有痛苦小,损伤轻,恢复快,脏器干扰少等优点,部分胆总管结石患者术后不用T形管引流就可获满意的治疗。     

胆道金属探条致胆总管远端损伤二例报告

例1,女,23岁,以胆石症合并梗阻性黄疸入院,行胆囊切除及胆总管切开取石术。术中见胆总管下段壶腹有一直径约0．3～0．5cm的结石镶嵌,用Kocher手法游离十二指肠,在双合诊固定结石情况下,用取石钳及刮匙仍无法取出,而用胆道探子试将结石推入十二指肠内,换用3号探子向下探查时感到突破感,但发现探子头于胃结肠韧带处穿出,打开胃结肠韧带见穿孔处位于十二指肠环内侧胰头部     

胆总管下端医源性损伤的诊治体会

我院从 1 994年 7月至 1 999年 1 2月共行胆道探查 80 0例 ,其中胆总管下端医源性损伤 7例 ,发生率 0 .88% ,现将诊治体会报道如下。1　临床资料1 .1　一般资料　男 3例 ,女 4例 ,平均年龄 45岁。原发病 :肝内外胆管结石 1例 ,胆总管结石再次胆道手术 3例 ,胆总管结石合并胆总管下端器质性狭窄2例 ,胆总管结石合并十二指肠乳头旁憩室 1例。1 .2　手术方式及结果　行单纯修补、T管支撑引流2例 ,术后 50天夹管 ,90天拔管痊愈 ;Oddi括约肌成形术 2例 ,其中 1例术后半年行十二指肠镜下Oddi括约肌成形术 ;胆总管空肠 Roux- Y型吻合 2例 ;胆总管…     

无胆总管结石高危因素的胆囊结石患者行磁共振胆胰管成像的必要性

目的探讨无胆总管结石高危因素的胆囊结石患者行腹腔镜下胆囊切除术(LC)前行磁共振胆胰管成像(MRCP)检查的必要性。方法回顾分析我院450例无胆总管结石高危因素的胆囊结石患者行LC术前常规行彩超、MRCP检查并于术后结果比较。结果 450例无胆总管结石高危因素的患者经MRCP检出胆总管结石38例,术中胆总管探查阳性率100%,无胆道损伤病例,术后随访最少三个月,除一例术后7天因发生胆总管结石再次住院外,无因胆总管结石再次入院及死亡病例。结论对于无胆总管结石高危因素的胆囊结石患者LC术前常规行MRCP检查是很有必要的,可以及时发现隐匿性胆总管结石,减少胆总管结石的漏诊,减少术中胆总管探查阴性率和胆道损伤等并发症。     

医源性胆总管远段损伤的早期诊断及处理

目的探讨医源性胆总管远段损伤早期诊断的方法及处理方式.方法对我院于1990至2004年间收治的15例医源性胆总管远段损伤病人的临床资料进行回顾分析.结果15例中术中发现胆管损伤14例,1例术中未及时发现.术前B超检查14例,MRCP检查2例,6例在胆道探查后行胆道镜检查.10例行胆总管穿孔修补加T管引流,2例行Oddi括约肌切开成形术,2例行胆肠吻合术.胆管损伤后术中表现为胆道探异位于胆管壁外,胆道镜见到胆管远段有2个或多个孔隙,经T管注水见腹膜后水肿和积液,注入美蓝出现腹膜后蓝染.治愈13例.术后并发症包括并发十二指肠瘘1例,切口感染1例,死亡2例：1例死于感染性休克,1例死于胃切除术后再出血.结论早期诊断胆总管下段损伤并进行及时治疗可以取得较好效果,应根据损伤的不同程度采用不同的手术方式,术前完善的影像学检查及在做胆道探查前胆道镜检查有可能减少胆总管远段损伤.     

医源性胆总管末段穿通伤的诊断和治疗

目的 提高对胆总管末段穿通伤的认识和治疗效果.方法 回顾性总结12例胆总管末段穿通伤的临床资料,男6例,女6例,年龄45～65岁,全组均为胆囊切除加胆总管切开取石并探查术后发生胆漏者;其中6例术中发现当即处理,6例术后才发现胆漏并伴发热、局限性右上后腹膜炎症.结果 9例治愈存活,3例死亡,总死亡率为25%,若以术后发现6例中3例死亡计算,则死亡率高达50%.结论 术中及时发现和正确处理胆总管末段穿通伤,可获痊愈,术后发现和早期处理才可能存活,延误治疗死亡率高.     

���ܹ��¶ν��������ص������˷��͵Ĺ�ϵ

??The relationship between anatomic characteristics and injury type of distal common bile duct TANG Zhao-hui??HEI Zhen-yu??WENG Ming-zhe??et al. Department of General Surgery?? XinHua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine??Shanghai 200092??China
Corresponding author??TANG Zhao-hui, E-mail??tangzhaohui@yahoo.com
Abstract Exploration of the common bile duct is the basic operational methods of bile duct surgery. The distal common bile duct is divided into two parts??section within pancreas and section within duodenal wall. Before entering duodenum??the common bile duct lean to back lower place forming a angle between bile duct and duodenal wall equaling about ??40.5±4.6??°. Its length is about ??1.67±0.52??cm with limited cover of connective tissue. It’s easy to suffer from iatrogenic injury and cause severe complication during exploration of common bile duct in the distal section for its special anatomy, the high occurrences of calculous obstruction and bile duct stricture. The injury of distal common bile duct includes 4 types such as simple bile duct injury??bile duct injury combined with pancreas trauma??bile duct injury combined with duodenal trauma??bile duct injury combined with pancreas and duodenal trauma. Therefore??it is of vital importance to know the special anatomy of distal common bile duct and injury type??and adopt right exploration method.     

Simplified pancreatoduodenectomy for complex blunt pancreaticoduodenal injury

A 34-year-old man admitted to our de- partment with complex blunt pancreaticoduodenal injury af- ter a car accident. The wall of the first, second, and third portions of the duodenum was extensively lacerated, and the pancreas was longitudinally transected along the supe- rior mesenteric vein-portal vein trunk. The pancreatic head and the uncinate process were devitalized and the distal common bile duct and the proximal main pancreatic duct were completely detached from the Vater ampulla. The length of the stump of distal common bile located at the cut surface of remnant pancreas was approximately 0.6 cm. A simplified Kausch-Whipple＇s procedure was performed after debride- ment of the devitalized pancreatic head and resection of the damaged duodenum in which the stump of distal common bile duct and the pancreatic remnant were embedded into the jejunal loop. Postoperative wound abscess appeared that eventually recovered by conservative treatment. Dur- ing 16 months follow-up the patient has been stable and healthy. A simplified pancreaticoduodenectomy is a safe alternative for the Whipple procedure in managing complex pancreaticoduodenal injury in a hemodynamically stable patient.     

磁共振多平面成像显示胆胰管汇合解剖特征

目的 探讨磁共振成像(MRI)显示胆胰管汇合区域精细解剖结构及其变异的可行性和价值.方法 研究纳入112例行上腹部MRI增强扫描的受检者,排除了临床及实验室检查证实有胰胆管疾病的患者.观察十二指肠乳头的位置、胆胰管汇合的方式,测量胆胰共同管或胆总管与十二指肠的夹角、胆胰管夹角.结果 大乳头位于十二指肠降部上、中、下段者分别占17.0%、66.0%、17.0%,胆胰共同管或胆总管与十二指肠的夹角为44.4°;胆胰管在十二指肠壁内汇合占11.6%,壁外汇合占80.4%,分别注入占8.0%,胆胰管夹角为37.8°.结论 MRI能清晰显示胆胰管汇合特征,能较好显示胆胰管不同汇合方式的细微差别,为临床诊断及治疗胆胰管汇合区疾病提供精细的影像解剖信息.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the display of detailed anatomical structures at the pancreaticobiliary junction. Methods 112 patients who received enhanced MRI of upper abdomen were included in the study. Patients with pancreatic and/or biliary diseases diagnosed clinically and with laboratory tests were excluded. The types of junction between the terminal common bile duct and the pancreatic duct, and the location of the major duodenal papilla were studied on MRI. We measured the angle between the duodenum and the common pancreaticobiliary duct or the common bile duct. Results Of the 112 patients, the duodenal papillas were located at the upper, middle, and lower segment of the duodenum in 17. 0%, 66. 0% and 17. 0%, respectively.The angle between the common pancreaticobiliary duct or the distal common bile duct and the descending duodenum was 44. 4°±17. 3°. The pancreatic duct and the common bile duct opened separately in 9 patients (8. 0%). The confluence of the two ducts was present inside and outside of the duodenum wall in 13 (11. 6%) and 90 patients (80. 4%), respectively. The angle between the distal common bile duct and the pancreatic duct was 37. 8°±15.1°. Conclusion MRI was able to display detailed anatomical structures of the pancreaticobiliary junction, including the angle of the junction between the two ducts and the location of the duodenal papilla. It has the ability to provide meticulous anatomical data for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases at the pancreaticobiliary junction and to help surgeons formulate operative plans.     

保留十二指肠的胰头切除术实用外科血管解剖学研究

目的研究胰头和十二指肠之间的血管解剖 ,为临床上开展关于十二指肠、胰头以及胆总管末端手术提供解剖学基础。方法对 30例甲醛固定的成人尸体和 10例新鲜尸体的十二指肠、胆总管下段及Vater壶腹的血液供应进行解剖研究。结果十二指肠降部和水平部血运由胰十二指肠前、后动脉弓及分支供应 ;胆总管下段血运主要是由胰十二指肠上后动脉供应 ;Vater壶腹血运主要是由胰十二指肠上后动脉发出的乳头动脉供应。结论胰十二指肠前、后动脉弓是供应十二指肠降部和水平部、胆总管下段和Vater壶腹的主要动脉。在行保留十二指肠的胰头切除术时应注意保护前、后动脉弓。     

腹腔镜下胆道探查取石T管引流优化术的临床应用

目的(1)探讨腹腔镜下胆道探查取石T管引流优化术治疗胆总管结石的可行性及安全性。方法(2)回顾性分析2018年2月至2020年4月内蒙古医科大学附属医院收治的54例胆总管结石患者行腹腔镜下胆道探查取石T管引流优化术的临床资料。结果54例患者均顺利完成优化手术,手术时间为(152.4±51.2)min,术后拔除肝下引流管时间为(4.3±1.4)d,术后住院时间为(5.8±2.0)d。1例患者术后出现胆漏,发生率为1.9%。1例患者术后6~8周行T管造影有结石残留,发生率为1.9%。术后随访患者51例,无结石再发和胆管狭窄发生。结论腹腔镜下胆道探查取石T管引流优化术对于治疗胆总管结石是安全有效的,优化的手术步骤以及新颖的胆总管缝合方法可保证手术高效、高质量的完成以及降低术后并发症。     

Operative management of bleeding post-bulbar duodenal ulcers and possible injury to the common bile duct

Emergency surgery for a bleeding post-bulbar duodenal ulcer may entail a risk of injury to the common bile duct. In an experimental study on 20 fresh cadavers, the distance between the common bile duct and the duodenum was measured, and sutures and metal clips were placed in the duodenal wall. Sutures presented a greater risk of injury to the common bile duct than metal clips. Recent clinical experience with the application of metal clips in a bleeding post-bulbar ulcer is presented and relevant reports summarised.     

熟悉胆囊管解剖特点预防腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆管损伤的临床价值

目的:探讨胆囊管的解剖特点在腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中预防胆道损伤的应用价值。方法:回顾分析2005年1月至2011年12月施行2 140例LC的临床资料。结果:2 140例均成功完成LC,无一例肝外胆管损伤。2 072例有典型胆囊管解剖学特点,短胆囊管43例,胆囊管汇入胆总管过低10例,胆囊管开口于胆总管后壁9例,胆囊管与胆总管共同一侧壁并行6例。术后8例发生并发症,其中发生胆漏再次手术4例,穿刺孔出血1例,切口感染1例,胆总管残留结石2例,术后经ERCP取出结石。结论:熟悉胆囊管解剖特点是预防LC肝外胆管损伤的重要措施之一。LC术中在重视胆囊三角区仔细解剖的基础上,离断胆囊管前,不论胆囊管有无变异,均应根据胆囊管的解剖特点,明确无误后离断,以防止发生肝外主要胆管损伤。