米索前列醇用于晚期妊娠引产效果观察

目的：探讨米索前列醇用于晚期妊娠引产的安全性及效果。方法：对９０ 例妊娠３３ ～４３ 周有引产指征的初产妇,随机分成两组,米索前列醇组（４６ 例） 、对照组（４４ 例） , 分别用米索前列醇５０ μｇ 阴道后穹窿用药引产及用催产素引产。结果：米索前列醇组晚期妊娠引产的有效率为９５ ．６５ ％ ,显著高于对照组的８１ ．８２ ％ （ Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５） , 两组宫颈评分提高程度比较差异有非常显著性意义（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１） 。米索前列醇组引产时间、总产程显著短于对照组（ Ｐ ＜ ０ ．０５） 。两组新生儿情况比较无显著性差异（ Ｐ ＞ ０ ．０５） 。结论：阴道后穹窿放置米索前列醇用于晚期妊娠引产能促宫颈成熟及发动子宫收缩,是一种方便、有效、较安全的引产方法。     

米索前列醇用于足月妊娠引产1828例疗效观察

综合报道国内１６所医院分娩的初产妇１８２８例，随机分为两组，分别给予米索前列醇和催产素进行足月妊娠引产的病例对照研究。结果：米索前列醇用于足月妊娠的有效率为９３．５６％，显著高于催产素组７９．４９％（Ｐ＜０．０１），其临产发动时间及总产程分别为（２．９５±０．５３）ｈ和（６．３５±２．２１）ｈ，短于催产素组的（３．７５±０．６１）ｈ及（９．０９±２．４１）ｈ（Ｐ＜０．０１）；剖宫产率为８．８９％亦显著低于催产素组１７．０５％（Ｐ＜０．０１）；两组新生儿体重及新生儿窒息发生率均无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。因此认为：米索前列醇用于足月妊娠引产能缩短产程，降低剖宫产率，有利于计划分娩，是一种安全有效的引产方法。     

米索前列醇在足月妊娠引产中的应用

目的：探讨米索前列醇用于足月妊娠引产的可行性及对母儿的安全性。方法：对８４例足月妊娠单胎头位初产妇，用米索前列醇口服０．１ｍｇ每小时一次，直至胎儿娩出，进行引产（米索组）。以５０例同样条件的孕妇，用催产素引产（催产素组）为对照。结果：米索组及对照组引产成功及有效率分别为９７．６％和８０．０％，Ｐ＜０．０１，有显著性差异。两组１２小时分娩成功率分别为７３．８％与４６．０％，Ｐ＜０．０１，有显著性差异。两组失败率分别为２．４％和２０．０％，Ｐ＜０．０１，有显著性差异。结论：米索前列醇口服用于足月妊娠引产疗效显著、安全、方便，有推广价值     

三种引产方法的前瞻性比较研究

目的：前瞻性研究米索前列醇（Ｍｉｓｏ）、低位水囊（ＬＰＷＢ）及小剂量催产素（ＯＸ）静脉滴注３种引产方法的有效性及对母、婴的影响。方法：将１２４例单胎、头位、、宫颈Ｂｉｓｈｏｐ评分＜５分、足月妊娠初产妇随机分为３组：Ｍｉｓｏ组４１例，ＬＰＷＢ组４３例，ＯＸ组４０例；３种方法引产后，如宫颈Ｂｉｓｈｏｐ评分≥７分，则行人工破膜术。结果：ＬＰＷＢ组及Ｍｉｓｏ组较ＯＸ组、宫颈Bｉｓｈｏｐ评分＜５分显著提高（Ｐ＜０．００１，P＜０．０１），引产到临产时间明显缩短（Ｐ＜０．００１，Ｐ＜０．０５），但３组间母、婴并发症差异无显著性。结论：对宫颈不成熟孕妇采用ＬＰＷＢ及Ｍｉｓｏ引产安全、有效、经济，可靠，ＯＸ静脉滴注引产不宜作为首选引产方法     

米索前列醇阴道后穹窿给药用于足月妊娠引产90例临床分析

目的：探讨小剂量米索前列醇（米索）用于足月妊娠引产的有效性和完全性。方法：A组90例根据宫颈Bishop评分阴道后穹窿首次置米索25－50μg,观察宫缩情况，若无规律宫缩则每3小时置药一次（25μg），直至出现规律宫缩，总量不超过200μg；B组90例，静滴催产素引产作为对照组。结果：两组引产成功率分别为87．78％和80．00％（P＞0．05）。A组从开始用药至临产时间较B组明显缩短（P＜0．05）。初产妇宫颈评分≤5分者，A组引产成功率高于B组（P＜0．05），两组剖宫产率，产时出血量及新生儿窒息的发生率均无显著性。结论：小剂量重复阴道后穹窿给米索用于足月妊娠引产，是一种安全、有效的方法。     

米索前列醇促宫颈成熟的效果及安全性评价

目的：评价米索前列醇用于晚期妊娠促宫颈成熟的有效性及安全性。方法：采用随机双盲临床对照试验。宫颈Ｂｉｓｈｏｐ评分＜７分、有引产指征的单胎、头位妊娠８５例，分为试验组４３例（阴道给米索前列醇１００μｇ），对照组４２例（给予安慰剂）。用药前及用药１２小时后进行宫颈Ｂｉｓｈｏｐ评分，胎心电子监护，脐动脉、胎儿大脑中动脉和肾动脉收缩期最大血流速度（Ｓ）与舒张末期血流速度（Ｄ）的比值（Ｓ／Ｄ值）测定。如１２小时不临产，按常规行催产素引产。产后留取胎盘及蜕膜组织进行组织学观察。结果：用药１２小时后，试验组宫颈Ｂｉｓｈｏｐ评分升高平均为４．４±２．２分，明显高于对照组的１．０±０．９分。试验组用药后１２小时内自然临产发生率为６７．４％（２９／４３），显著高于对照组的１４．３％（６／４２）。两组用药前后脐动脉、大脑中动脉及肾动脉Ｓ／Ｄ值差异均无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。两组胎心率监护异常发生率、胎儿窘迫发生率及新生儿Ａｐｇａｒ评分差异均无显著性。组织学观察除绒毛干及绒毛内血管呈不同程度扩张外，试验组胎盘及蜕膜组织学改变与对照组无其它不同。结论：米索前列醇（１００μｇ）用于晚期妊娠促宫颈成熟，安全、有效、用药方便。     

米非司酮配伍米索前列醇用于死胎引产效果观察

目的 探讨米非司酮配伍米索前列醇在死胎引产中的作用。方法 对５１例妊娠２０￣４２周的死胎孕妇引产分别在１￣２日服用米非司酮,总量１５０￣２００ｍｇ,并于用药前后观察宫颈长度及宫颈评分的变化,第３日晨口眼米索前列醇６００μｇ观察引产效果。结果 服用米非司酮后宫颈缩短１￣３ｃｍ（Ｐ〈０．０５）,Ｂｉｓｈｏｐ评分提高４￣５分,宫颈成熟有效率达１００．００％,引产成功率达９８．０４％。结论 应用米非司酮配     

催产素静脉滴注加哌替啶肌肉注射引产效果观察

１１２例足月引产妇随机分为两组，研究组４９人，以１％催产素静滴，同时肌注哌啶１００ｍｇ引产；对照组６３人，单纯静滴１％催产素引产．结果表明，研究组催产素使用时间、产程时间均短于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１），剖宫产率小于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）．两组间急产率、阴道助产率、产后出血率及新生儿窒息差异无１１意义（Ｐ＞０．０５）。催产素静滴加哌　啶肌注不失为一种有效的引产方法．     

两种剂量米索前列醇用于晚期妊娠引产的比较

米索前列醇（Ｍｉｓｏｐｒｏｓｔｏｌ）用于晚期妊娠引产成功率高,但易发生子宫收缩过频、过强而致胎儿宫内窘迫及急产。为探索米索前列醇用于晚期妊娠引产最安全的有效剂量,本研究设计了２５μｇ与５０μｇ米索前列醇用于晚期妊娠引产的对照研究。一、资料及方法１．对象选择１９９６年３月至１９９８年８月在本院住院的单胎、头位、足月妊娠的初产妇１２２例,均无妊娠合并症及并发症,无阴道分娩及前列腺素禁忌症。受试者随机分成２５μｇ米索前列醇组（第Ⅰ组）６３例及５０μｇ米索前列醇组（第Ⅱ组）５９例。两组孕妇的年龄、孕次、…     

卡前列甲酯栓用于足月妊娠引产剂量的探讨

目的：探讨卡前列甲酯栓用于足月妊娠引产的临床合理剂量。方法：将１５０例足月妊娠、单胎头位孕妇随机分为３组，每组５０例，分别予０．１００ｍｇ、０．１２５ｍｇ、０．２００ｍｇ的卡前列甲酯栓于阴道用药引产。结果：０．１００ｍｇ组、０．１２５ｍｇ组、０．２００ｍｇ组引产总有效率分别为９０．０％、９４．０％和１００．０％。宫颈Ｂｉｓｈｏｐ评分≤５分，产程中需加用催产素者，３组分别为４８．５％、４０．７％和５．０％；宫颈Ｂｉｓｈｏｐ评分≥６分者，３组分别为１１．８％、１３．０％和０．０％，明显低于Ｂｉｓｈｏｐ评分≤５分者，差异有显著性。０．１２５ｍｇ和０．２００ｍｇ组各发生３例急产。子宫收缩过强在０．２００ｍｇ组发生３例，其余两组无１例发生。结论：（１）卡前列甲酯栓用于晚期妊娠引产单次最大剂量在０．２００ｍｇ以下较为安全；（２）应根据宫颈Ｂｉｓｈｏｐ评分选用不同的剂量，≤５分选用０．２００ｍｇ或０．１２５ｍｇ，≥６分选用０．１００ｍｇ。     

Toll样受体与子宫内膜及子宫内膜异位症

子宫内膜异位症(EMs)发病机制尚未完全阐明.大量研究表明,免疫因素在EMs的发病机制中起重要作用.EMs免疫应答异常主要是巨噬细胞数量和活性增加及其分泌产物,如生长因子、细胞因子和血管生成因子的改变.Toll样受体(TLRs)识别特异性的病原体相关分子模式,启动和介导免疫应答,在固有免疫中发挥重要作用,并诱导产生适应性免疫反应.TLRs在正常子宫内膜中的生理作用以及在EMs中的相关研究已逐步开展,对其深人认识和研究将为EMs诊断、治疗和预后判断提供新思路和手段.     

Pharmacokinetics and endometrial and tubal tissue penetration of cefalotin and cefazolin

The pharmacokinetics and concentrations of the two antibiotics cefazolin and cefalotin were studied during gynecologic operations in endometrial and tubal tissue. The patients received 0.05 g/kg of the antibiotics by intravenous injection. Under the given conditions, pharmacokinetic calculation of the plasma elimination gave half-lives of 24.8 min for cefalotin and of 63 min for cefazolin. Fitting of the tissue levels to the Bateman function showed that the two antibiotics diffuse rapidly into both tubal and endometrial tissue and attain peak concentration levels between 10 and 25 min. In both tissues the concentrations of cefazolin were higher than those of cefalotin. Higher tissue concentrations of cefazolin could also be demonstrated in experiments of longer duration.     

Toll样受体与子宫内膜及子宫内膜异位症

子宫内膜异位症（EMs）发病机制尚未完全阐明。大量研究表明,免疫因素在EMs的发病机制中起重要作用。EMs免疫应答异常主要是巨噬细胞数量和活性增加及其分泌产物,如生长因子、细胞因子和血管生成因子的改变。Toll样受体（TLRs）识别特异性的病原体相关分子模式,启动和介导免疫应答,在固有免疫中发挥重要作用,并诱导产生适应性免疫反应。TLRs在正常子宫内膜中的生理作用以及在EMs中的相关研究已逐步开展,对其深入认识和研究将为EMs诊断、治疗和预后判断提供新思路和手段。     

Israeli and British women's wellbeing and eating behaviours in pregnancy and postpartum

Objectives: The study had two main objectives: (a) track changes in self-esteem, eating behaviours and body satisfaction from early pregnancy to 24 months postpartum and (b) to compare changes by context (Israel vs. UK) and maternal body mass index (BMI).

Background: High maternal BMI is associated with negative body image and restrained eating, which are experienced differently across cultures.

Methods: 156 pregnant women were recruited from Israel and the UK. Seventy-three women were followed up every six months from early postpartum and until 24 months following birth. Women completed questionnaires assessing self-esteem (RSEQ), body image (BIS/BIDQ) and eating behaviours (DEBQ) and self-reported weights and heights so that BMI could be calculated.

Results: Women with higher BMI had higher levels of self-esteem and were less satisfied with their body. Healthy-weight women were more likely to lose all of their retained pregnancy weight compared to overweight and obese women. Self-esteem, body image and eating behaviours remained stable from pregnancy until 24 months postpartum. No significant differences were found for any measure by context.

Conclusion: BMI was the strongest predictor of self-esteem and body dissatisfaction and a higher BMI predicted less weight loss postpartum.     

Psychological and pharmacological treatments of mood and anxiety disorders during pregnancy and postpartum. Review and synthesis

The aim of this article is to review the main methods of treatment of anxious and depressive disorders during pregnancy and the postpartum. To this end, we analyse recent publications about the use and efficacy of psychotherapy and psychosocial interventions (cognitive behavioural therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, psychoanalytical therapy) in the perinatal period. We also review recent papers about the use of psychotropic medication during pregnancy and breast-feeding, with special emphasis on clinical trials. We particularly focus on the risk/benefit assessment of antidepressants, mood stabilisers, antipsychotics and benzodiazepines, in terms of teratogenicity, and impact on neonatal adaptation and neuropsychological development. Various treatment modalities are presented and discussed. It appears that psychotherapies have proved their efficiency on most pre- and postpartum anxious and depressive disorders and represent a first line treatment in most cases. Psychopharmacological treatment is indicated for severe anxious and depressive disorders. The risks of such medication, especially antidepressants, may have been overestimated in the past. Provided reasonable precautions are taken and mothers and future mothers receive clear information on the potential risks and benefits, psychotropic medication could be more broadly prescribed during pregnancy and the breast-feeding period.     

Placental ischemia and changes in umbilical and uteroplacental arterial and venous hemodynamics

Objective: To relate Doppler velocimetry findings in fetoplacental and uteroplacental circulation to placental histomorphology. Material and methods: In 14 uncomplicated and 31 high-risk pregnancies Doppler velocimetry was performed in umbilical artery and vein, and in maternal uterine veins and arteries during the second half of gestation. Histopathology of the placentas was examined, especially for signs of ischemia and inflammation. Results: All fetuses in uncomplicated pregnancies had normal flow velocity waveforms in umbilical artery; in the high-risk group, 18 fetuses had abnormal flow (increased PI or absent/reverse end-diastolic flow). The latter group had more often high ischemic score and infarctions in the placenta than found in pregnancies with normal umbilical artery flow (p?<?0.001 and p?=?0.02, respectively). Similarly, the abnormal uterine artery flow pattern (uterine artery score 3–4) occurred more often with high ischemic score and placenta infarctions (p?<?0.001 and p?<?0.001, respectively). No significant associations were found between the uterine venous flow type and placental ischemia. Conclusion: Placental ischemic morphological changes were associated with Doppler ultrasound signs of increased resistance to arterial blood flow, both on the fetal and maternal sides of the placenta. No significant relation to the uterine venous flow velocities was found.     

绒毛膜羊膜炎与胎儿及新生儿疾病

绒毛膜羊膜炎是产科炎症反应,但与新生儿预后关系密切。母体的宫内炎症反应可以直接导致胎儿和婴儿患病率和死亡率增加,胎儿炎症反应综合征（FIRS）也不可忽视。早期识别和快速诊断有助于减少母儿的近期合并症,改善新生儿的远期预后。产科和儿科共同关注,整合信息,是早期发现、实施有效干预的临床重点之一。