Cyclopentyladenosine improves cell proliferation, wound healing, and hair growth.

BACKGROUND: N(6)-Cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), a structural analog of adenosine, is a vasodilator with extensive pharmacological effects. However, little is known about the effect of CPA on wound healing and hair growth. METHODS: Cellular responses to CPA were measured in vitro by tetrazolium dye reduction and in vivo by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) uptake. The effect of CPA on healing of incisional and excisional wounds on the dorsum of diabetic (db/db, n = 94) and nondiabetic (db/+, n = 20) mice and hair growth along the wound margin was evaluated with wound breaking strength, wound closure rate, and quantitative histology. RESULTS: CPA stimulated proliferation of BALB/3T3 fibroblasts and human dermal microvascular endothelial cells in both quiescent and nonquiescent phases. Wounds treated with CPA at 10 microM showed a significant increase in the number of BrdU-labeled cells, including keratinocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and cells in sebaceous glands and the outer root sheath of hair follicles, compared with controls (P < 0.05). CPA application (5.1 microg/daily for 12 days) significantly increased the breaking strength of incisional wounds at day 24 postwound (P < 0.05). Excisional wound closure rate in the CPA-treated group (3.4 microg/daily for 15 days) was accelerated starting at day 10 postwound compared with controls (P < 0.01). Tissue sections from CPA-treated wounds showed a sevenfold increase in hair follicle number, compared with controls (P < 0.01). Enhanced hair growth along the wound margin was revealed in CPA-treated groups. CONCLUSION: CPA stimulated proliferation of many cell types in vivo and in vitro and enhanced wound healing and hair growth. Therefore, CPA could be an interesting candidate for clinical application.     

Advanced prostatic cancer: clinical and hormonal response to flutamide in patients pretreated with LHRH analogue and cyproterone acetate

The aim of the present investigation was to establish whether in advanced prostatic carcinoma in relapse treated with LHRH analogues combined with cyproterone acetate (CPA), substitution of this antiandrogen with another compound such as flutamide (FLU) might lead to further subjective and objective improvement. The present randomized study was carried out on 100 patients in relapse treated with long acting LHRH analogue + CPA: 52 patients were submitted to combination therapy with FLU, whilst the remaining 48 cases continued with CPA treatment. Plasma levels of gonadotropin FSH-LH, androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate were significantly reduced by both treatments, testosterone fell to castration values, but prolactin showed no change. Progress of the disease was confirmed in all the patients who continued with CPA treatment with a median survival rate of 9.3 +/- 2 months from the start of the second cycle of CPA. In the FLU-treated group, the overall objective response differed significantly in relation to the stage of the disease. In fact, in stage D2, the response was poor with a median survival of 12 +/- 2 months, which is almost comparable to that in the CPA group. In stage D1, a clinical improvement, even if of short duration, was observed in almost 50% of the cases with a median survival of 18 +/- 3 months. Good results were also obtained in undifferentiated tumours, FLU probably acting as an antimitotic agent. Moreover, FLU also exerted an analgesic effect, with relief of bone pain in 65% of the cases in stage D2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Histologically advanced IgA nephropathy treated successfully with prednisolone and cyclophosphamide

Background

No definitive therapeutic consensus has been established for progressive immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN).

Methods

We retrospectively investigated 35 patients with histologically advanced IgAN. The patients were divided into two groups: 27 received prednisolone and cyclophosphamide (PSL+CPA group) and 8 received supportive treatment (control group). The initial doses of PSL and CPA were 30?mg/day and 50?mg/day, respectively. PSL was tapered to 2.5?mg/day over 2 years and CPA was discontinued at 6 months.

Results

In the control group, mean follow-up duration was 22.9 months, renal progression rate was ?20.9 × 10<συπ>?3?dl/mg per month, and all patients developed endstage renal disease within 5 years. In the PSL+CPA group, mean follow-up duration was 64.3 months, renal progression rate was ?1.5 × 10<συπ>?3?dl/mg per month, and renal survival at 5 years was 89.8%. Renal prognosis was markedly improved in the PSL+CPA group compared with the control group. The patients in the PSL+CPA group were divided into two subgroups according to baseline serum creatinine (<2?mg/dl or ≥2?mg/dl); renal survival in the two subgroups was similar (84.4% versus 100% at 5 years). Adverse effects of PSL+CPA were minimal and mild.

Conclusions

It is possible that PSL+CPA therapy safely improved the renal prognosis of patients with severe IgAN who would otherwise have required dialysis therapy within 5 years. However, a prospective, multicenter clinical trial is required to prove the effects and safety of this treatment.

     

低剂量丝裂霉素C术中肿瘤基底部注射加即刻灌注预防膀胱肿瘤复发

目的探讨低剂量丝裂霉素C（MMC）术中肿瘤基底部注射加即刻膀胱灌注对预防术后复发和进展的有效性及可行性。方法51例膀胱移行细胞癌初发病例，均接受保留膀胱手术；术中随机分成两组：A组（治疗组）27例，采用低剂量MMC（0．1g／L）术中肿瘤基底部注射，联合膀胱即刻灌注；B组（对照组）24例仅术后采取MMC（0．4g／L）定期膀胱内灌注治疗。术后随访12—60个月，比较两组复发率（RR）及进展率（PR），并分析其与初发肿瘤分期、分级的关系。结果A组复发3例，平均复发时间15．67个月，RR11．11％（3／27），B组复发9例，平均复发时间11个月，RR为37．50％（9／24），两组间复发率比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）；两组复发肿瘤细胞病理分级升高共4例，其中A组病理由Gz升高至G2 1例；B组G1升高至G2 1例，由G2升高至G3 2例，相互比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；两组中共有9例发生肌层浸润进展，其中B组3例，浸润至膀胱浅肌层的T2期；A组1例，B组5例，浸润至深肌层的T3期，两组间分期PR比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）；治疗期间，共有26例发生局部反应，未见膀胱黏膜坏死、骨髓抑制等严重并发症。结论低剂量MMC（0．10g／L）术中肿瘤基底部注射联合即刻膀胱灌注，对预防膀胱肿瘤术后复发及抑制肿瘤分期进展疗效均明显优于单纯MMC术后定期膀胱灌注治疗，且安全、可靠，尤其适用于低中风险的Ta或T1期的膀胱肿瘤患者，为T2或T3期的膀胱肿瘤患者增加了保留膀胱的治疗机会，可作为治疗膀胱肿瘤的较为理想的方法。     

Flow cytometric analysis of DNA content in bladder cancer: prognostic value of the DNA-index with respect to early tumour recurrence in G2 tumours

Summary Flow cytometric DNA analysis was performed on 167 biopsies from 131 patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, all histologically confirmed. The degree of aneuploidy increased with tumour grade: G1 tumours were generally diploid (71%); G2, G3 tumours and carcinoma in situ were aneuploid (61%, 79% and 100%, respectively). There were 33 cases of newly diagnosed G2 tumours, all treated by transurethral resection; 11 tumours were diploid, whereas the aneuploid cases could be divided into two distinct populations on the basis of the DNA-index (DI): I) 1.01.5. In group I a significantly lower number of cases (9%) showed tumour recurrence within 1 year, compared to group II (77%) (P=0.001; Fisher's test). This could not be explained solely by differences in tumour stage. G2 tumours of a higher stage (at least P1b) showed more early recurrences compared to lower stage tumours (P=0.02). In cases of discrepancies, however, the degree of aneuploidy, was found highly predictive for early tumour recurrence. Flow cytometric analysis of DNA content offers additional information for the recognition of rapidly recurring G2 bladder tumours allowing early installation of appropriate therapy.     

二次电切治疗单发广基型T1G3期膀胱尿路上皮癌临床分析

目的探讨经尿道膀胱肿瘤二次电切术（二次电切）治疗单发广基型T1G3期膀胱尿路上皮癌的临床疗效。方法分析我院收集并随机分组的46例T1G3期膀胱尿路上皮癌患者资料。其中21例作为实验组于首次电切后4～6周行二次电切,明确有无肿瘤残留及确切的临床分期。与未接受二次电切患者（对照组）进行复发率、疾病进展率及无复发生存率的比较。结果两组患者性别、年龄、随访时间、肿瘤体积等的差异均无统计学意义（均为P〉0．05）．21例行二次电切的患者中,术后病理证实有肿瘤残余8例（38．1％）,3例（14．3％）临床分期升高。术后平均随访时间（34±6．2）个月,对照组1年、3年、总复发率分别是：54．55％（12／17）、88．89％（16／18）、68％（17／25）;疾病进展率：70．59％（12／17）;实验组1年、3年、总复发率分别是：15．79％（3／19）、42．86％（6／14）、38．10％（8／21）;疾病进展率：37．5％（3／8）。二组相比,1年、3年、总复发率（Х^2=6．60,P〈O．05;P〈0．01;Х^2=4．11,P〈0．05）;疾病进展率（P=0．026）、无复发生存率（Х^2=7．28,P〈0．05）比较,差异均有统计学意义。结论二次电切可以降低T1G3期膀胱尿路上皮癌肿瘤残留率,并可以减少肿瘤的复发率、疾病进展率及改善无复发生存率。     

Fractionated Radiation Therapy in the Treatment of Cerebello-Pontine Angle Neurinomas: 12 Years of Experience in 29 Cases

The purpose of this research was to reevaluate long-term results of frationated radiation therapy (RT) in two previously published series of cerebello-pontine angle (CPA) neurinomas. From January 1986 to October 1995, 29 patients with stage III and IV CPA neurinomas were treated with external fractionated RT. One patient was irradiated on both sides and indications for radiotherapy were as follows: (a) poor general condition or old age contraindicating surgery, 16 cases; (b) hearing preservation in bilateral neurinomas after contro-lateral tumor removal, 6 cases; (c) partial resection or high risk of recurrence after subsequent surgery for relapse, 5 cases; (d) nonsurgical relapse, 3 cases. Most patients were irradiated with 6 to 10 MV photons. A three- to four-field technique with coplanar static beams and conformal blocks was used. Doses were calculated on a 95% isodose and were given 5 days a week for a mean total dose of 51 Gy (1.80 Gy/fraction). Median follow-up from RT was 66 months (7 to 120); 7 patients died, 2 with progressive disease, 5 from nontumoral causes. Two patients underwent total tumor removal after RT (1 stable and 1 growing tumor). On the whole, tumor shrinkage was observed in 13 patients (43.3%), stable disease in 14 (46.6%), and tumor progression in 3. Hearing was maintained in 4 out of 6 hearing patients. No patient experienced facial or trigeminal neuropathy. Long-term efficacy of fractionated RT is well documented in this series. Acute and delayed tolerance was excellent. Hearing can be preserved for a long time.     

Results of treatment of superficial vesical tumors by transurethral resection alone and transurethral resection followed by an intravesical instillation of Calmette-Guerin bacillus

Superficial bladder tumors treated at the Henri Mondor Hospital from 1984 through 1988 were analyzed for recurrence and progression using the following prognostic parameters: stage (TNM classification, 1978), grade (G1, G2, G3), size, number of tumors, and tumor malignancy index as defined by the Besan?on group. Forty-five patients were treated with transurethral resection alone (TUR group) whereas 30 had TUR followed by the prophylactic instillation of fresh Calmette-Guérin bacillus in the bladder (BCG group). In TUR patients, parameters predictive of progression included grade G3, multiple tumors, stage T1, recurrence within 6 months of TUR, and a tumor malignancy index above 455. None of these criteria were predictive of a response to BCG. Results obtained in the BCG group were comparable to those reported in the literature and confirmed the efficacy of BCG instillations to prevent recurrence and progression of superficial carcinomas of the bladder.     

Ta期膀胱癌经尿道电切加膀胱内灌注治疗后的长期随访

目的　研究Ta期膀胱移行细胞癌(BTCC)经尿道电切加膀胱内灌注治疗的预后及相关因素。　方法　88例初发TaBTCC患者。男62例,女26例。平均年龄61岁(41 ~81岁)。G1 26例、G2 61例、G3 1例。单发者62例(G1 16例,G2 45例,G3 1例),多发者26例(G1 10例,G2 16例)。均行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术及膀胱内灌注治疗。平均随访113个月(56 ~168个月),分析肿瘤复发和进展情况及与初发肿瘤分化及数目间的关系。　结果　全组复发53例(60% )。单发肿瘤组16例G1 肿瘤者中复发4例(25% ), 45例G2 者中复发28例(62% ),总复发率为52% (32 /62);多发肿瘤组10例G1 中复发8例(80% ), 16例G2 者中复发12例(75% ),总复发率77% (20 /26)。原发肿瘤为多发者手术后复发率明显高于单发者(P<0. 01),单发肿瘤组中G2 患者复发率明显高于G1 者(P<0. 001)。多发肿瘤组中肿瘤分级与复发率无明显相关差异。G1 肿瘤组复发病例中无肿瘤进展, 40例G2 者中17例(42. 5% )复发时出现肿瘤进展,其中进展为T1G2 者12例,进展为T2G2 者5例。术后膀胱灌注噻替哌、丝裂霉素、卡介苗各组肿瘤复发率分别为75% (12 /16)、68% (30 /44)、40% (11 /27)。1例因癌特异死亡者为TaG3。　结论　多发的Ta膀胱移行细胞癌在经尿道膀胱肿瘤电术加膀胱内灌注治疗后有较高的复发     

T1G3膀胱尿路上皮癌复发与进展影响因素分析

目的探讨影响T1G3膀胱尿路上皮癌复发与进展的因素,为临床治疗提供循证医学依据。方法回顾性分析1997年至2009年我科治疗的62例行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(TURBT)+膀胱灌注治疗的T1G3膀胱尿路上皮癌患者,对这些患者进行随访并对生存预后进行分析。生存函数运用Kaplan-Meier法,单因素和多因素分析运用Cox回归,并采用Log-rank法行显著性检验。结果中位随访期40个月(6～140个月),41例(66.0%)复发,2、5年无复发生存率分别为43.4%、35.1%。14例(23.0%)出现进展,2、5年无进展生存率分别为86.4%、83.5%。将与复发相关的危险因素纳入Cox回归多因素生存分析后提示肿瘤复发的危险因素为肿瘤数目(RR=2.250)、肿瘤大小(RR=1.039)、既往复发情况(RR=2.162),P均<0.05;与进展相关的危险因素纳入Cox回归多因素生存分析,提示肿瘤进展的危险因素为肿瘤数目(RR=3.695)。结论肿瘤数目是T1G3膀胱尿路上皮癌复发最大的影响因素,其次为既往复发情况和肿瘤大小,肿瘤数目是肿瘤进展的相关因素;T1G3膀胱尿路上皮癌需结合肿瘤数目、肿瘤大小、既往复发情况综合考虑治疗方案。     

肾嫌色细胞癌临床病理特征及预后分析

目的 分析肾嫌色细胞癌的临床病理特征及预后,提高对肾嫌色细胞癌的认识. 方法 对1998年2月至2009年7月行根治性肾切除术后病理诊断为嫌色细胞癌的75例患者资料进行回顾性研究.男42例,女33例.平均年龄56(25～74)岁.均为单发肿瘤,左肾36例,右肾39例.比较患者性别、年龄、肿瘤大小、分级、分期与预后的关系,Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析生存关系.结果 肿瘤平均直径7.3(2.5～17.0)cm,大体切面以灰黄、灰红色为主(50/75例),肿瘤细胞多为体积较大的多角形嫌色细胞和小圆形嗜酸细胞.T1N0M0 30例,T1N0M11例,T2N0M0 26例,T2N0M11例,T3N0M0 11例,T3N0M1 3例,T3N1M0 1例,T4N0M1 1例,T4N1M11例.依照Fuhrman分级系统,Ⅰ级3例,Ⅱ级24例,Ⅲ级46例,Ⅳ级2例.平均随访44(9～93)个月,死亡7例,其余均无瘤生存.3、5年生存率分别为93.3%和90.7%.单因素分析示肿瘤大小(P=0.028)、TNM分期(P=0.000)和肿瘤侵袭、预后有关;多因素分析显示,TNM分期可作为肾嫌色细胞癌独立的预后因素.结论 肾嫌色细胞癌是一种具有特殊形态的少见肾癌类型,多数瘤体较大,预后较好;细胞核分级较高,不适用Fuhrman分级系统;TNM分期可作为肾嫌色细胞癌预后的独立因素.     

CUOG randomized trial of neoadjuvant androgen ablation before radical prostatectomy: 36-month post-treatment PSA results. Canadian Urologic Oncology Group

OBJECTIVES: To test the hypothesis that neoadjuvant androgen ablation before radical prostatectomy reduces the likelihood of biochemical progression at 36 months. METHODS: Two hundred thirteen patients with localized prostate cancer were randomized to radical prostatectomy alone (Sx, n = 101) or a 12-week course of 300 mg of cyproterone acetate daily followed by surgery (CPA, n = 112). Biochemical progression (two consecutive detectable prostate-specific antigen [PSA] values) was determined for the entire group and by baseline PSA, Gleason score, clinical stage, and pathologic stage. RESULTS: The probability of biochemical progression at 36 months was similar in both groups (CPA 40.2%, Sx 30.1%; P = 0.3233). CPA patients with baseline serum PSA between 25 and 50 ng/mL had a lower probability of biochemical progression (CPA 63.5%, Sx 84.6%; P = 0.0038). No difference in the probability of biochemical progression was seen between groups when analyzed by clinical stage or Gleason score. When analyzed by pathologic margin status, no difference was observed in the probability of biochemical progression in patients with organ-confined disease (P = 0.4484). There was a trend for a higher probability of progression in the neoadjuvant arm in patients with positive and negative surgical margins (P = 0.0105, P = 0.0459; alpha = 0.005 with Bonferroni adjustment). CONCLUSIONS: Neoadjuvant androgen ablation with CPA reduces the positive margin rate significantly but does not result in a difference in biochemical progression at 3 years. This may be due to a lack of sufficient follow-up, insufficient power of the trial to demonstrate a small benefit, or a true lack of benefit of neoadjuvant androgen ablation before radical prostatectomy.     

Multimodal therapy in locally advanced breast carcinoma

Among 879 patients treated for breast cancer between 1975 and 1984, advanced disease was found in 125 (14%). A subgroup of 34 (4%) presented with untreated locally advanced disease without demonstrable distant metastases at the time of diagnosis (stage IIIB = T4abed, NX-2,MO). During the first 5 years (1975 through 1979), 17 patients were treated primarily with sequential radiotherapy and chemotherapy (Group A). From 1980 to 1984 (Group B), the management consisted of four courses of induction multi-drug chemotherapy followed primarily by mastectomy and additional chemotherapy. The mean follow-up for the most recent group (Group B) is 48 months. Follow-up was complete. While the local disease control rate was the same for both groups (76%), the survival was remarkably different. Group A patients experienced a median survival of 15 months, and only one survived 5 years. In Group B, the median survival was 56 months with nine patients (53%) alive between 40 and 76 months, seven (41%) of whom are 5-year survivors. While the overall mortality of patients with inflammatory breast cancer was greater in both groups when compared with the group with noninflammatory disease, the survival of patients in Group B was better than in Group A for both inflammatory and noninflammatory cancers (p less than 0.01). Estrogen receptor, nodal, and menopausal status did not influence survival. These data suggest that neoadjuvant chemotherapy improves survival for patients with stage IIIB breast carcinoma and delays the establishment or progression of distant metastases. Mastectomy is an important component in the treatment of this disease.     

欧洲癌症研究与治疗组织风险评分表在非肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌中的临床应用初探

目的 评价欧洲癌症研究与治疗组织风险评分表(European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer risk tables,EORTC风险评分表)用于非肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌患者预后评估的可行性.方法 回顾性分析2003年1月至2009年2月收治的185例非肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌患者临床资料,其中Ta128例、T1 57例;G1 87例、G253例、G345例;肿瘤数目为单发、2～7个、≥8个者分别120、36、29例;肿瘤直径＜3 cm者131例、≥3 cm者54例;伴发原位癌者6例.185例均行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术,术后均行常规膀胱灌注化疗.采用电话随访方式,随访6～77个月,平均36个月.应用EORTC风险评分表进行预后风险评分,计算各评分组患者的1年复发率和进展率,并与EORTC评分表的预计值进行比较.结果 185例中1年内复发48例(25.9%),1年内出现肿瘤进展者7例(3.8%).根据患者实际情况计算,0、1～4、5～9、10～17分4组患者1年实际复发率分别为10.4%(5/48)、21.5%(14/65)、35.2%(19/54)、55.6%(10/18);0、2～6、7～13、14～23分患者1年实际进展率分别为0(0/43)、1.5%(1/67)、6.7%(4/60)、13.3%(2/15).经x2检验,结果与评分表的预计值差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);而低危、中危、高危3组患者1年复发率及进展率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 EORTC风险评分表可用于非肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌术后复发和进展风险的短期预测,对长期预测的应用及广泛人群的适用性尚待进一步验证.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the feasibility of European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) risk tables in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer in Chinese patients.Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on the data from 185 patients with non-muscle invaaive urothelial bladder cancer from January 2003 to February 2009. Among the 185 patients, 128 patients were stage Ta compared with 57 patients who were stage T1. There were 87, 53 and 45 patients with grade G1, G2 and G3 respectively. Transurethral resection of the bladder tumor was performed on all the patients and all the patients received routine post-operative intravesical instillation. A telephone interview follow-up was conducted on all the patients, and the average follow-up period was 36 months. EORTC risk tables were used to calculate risk scores for recurrence and progression for each patient. The recurrence and progression rates of different risk groups were recorded and compared with the estimated rates by EORTC risk table. Statistical analysis was used for comparison. ResultsTotal 1-year recurrence rate and progression rate for these patients were 25.9% and 3.8% respectively. According to calculated values of the patients, the 1-year recurrence rates of Group 0, Group 1-4, Group 5-9, Group 10-17 were 10.4%(5/48), 21. 5%(14/65), 35. 2% (19/54), 55.6%(10/18), respectively. The 1-year progression rates of Group 0, Group 2-6, Group 7-13, Group 14-23 were 0% (0/43), 1.5% (1/67), 6. 7% (4/60), 13. 3% (2/15). There was no significant difference between the real rates and estimated rates of the EORTC risk tables (P＞0. 05). However,the 1-year recurrence and progression rates between the low risk group, the medium risk group and the high risk group showed significant differences respectively (P ＜ 0. 05 ). Conclusions The EORTC risk tables are feasible to evaluate the recurrence and progression risk of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer in the present cohort. Nevertheless, the long term value and feasibility need more research to confirm.     

T1G3膀胱癌187例临床分析及预后研究

目的 分析T1G3膀胱癌的临床特点及复发、进展、死亡的风险因素,提高对T1G3膀胱癌的认识和治疗效果. 方法 收集1998年1月至2006年10月天津市泌尿外科研究所诊断为T1G3膀胱癌且资料完整的患者187例.男162例,女25例.年龄35～92岁,平均66岁.进行临床流行病学调查并随访预后情况.寿命表法估计1、2、3、5年复发率、进展率及死亡率.将年龄、性别、出现症状至就诊时间、有无肾积水、手术方式、术后是否即刻灌药、膀胱灌注药物种类、肿瘤直径、肿瘤数量、肿瘤形态、有无原位癌、复发次数、初次复发时间≤6个月作为变量,分别进行肿瘤复发、疾病进展、死亡的Kaplan-meier单因素及Cox多因素生存分析. 结果 本组患者随访12～111个月,平均46个月.肿瘤复发100例(53.5％),进展61例(32.6％),死亡37例(19.8％).1、2、3、5年肿瘤复发率分别为35.0％、60.0％、63.0％、65.0％,疾病进展率分别为12.0％、27.0％、34.0％、38.0％,死亡率分别为0、11.0％、17.0％、26.0％.肿瘤直径、肿瘤数量、即刻灌注、初次复发时间≤6个月是T1G3膀胱癌复发的危险因素;肿瘤形态、原位癌、初次复发时间≤6个月、复发次数是T1G3膀胱癌进展的危险因素.肿瘤进展是患者死亡的危险因素. 结论 肿瘤直径≥3 cm、多发、初次复发时间≤6个月的T1G3膀胱癌患者更容易复发,应加强随访,即刻膀胱灌注可以降低T1G3膀胱肿瘤复发的风险.对肿瘤形态呈结节状、合并原位癌、初次复发时间≤6个月、多次复发等进展高危风险因素的T1G3膀胱肿瘤患者,应早期行膀胱切除.     

The effect of decompression on the natural course of spinal stenosis. A comparison of surgically treated and untreated patients

The clinical course of 19 untreated patients with spinal stenosis (mean age, 60 years) was compared with that of 44 patients treated surgically (mean age, 65 years). The time of follow-up was 31 and 53 months, respectively. About 80% of the patients had neurogenic intermittent claudication. In the follow-up, one third of the treated and one half of the untreated patients still had neurogenic claudication. By visual analogue-scale estimation, 60% of those treated surgically and 33% of the untreated patients felt better. Fifty-eight percent of the untreated patients were unchanged. Neurophysiologic changes showed progression in almost all cases; it was more pronounced in the treated patients. No proof of severe deterioration was found in the untreated patients, and observation for 2-3 years seems to be a good alternative to surgery.     

Prognostic significance of mucosal aneuploidy in stage Ta/T1 grade 3 carcinoma of the bladder.

In a prospective series of 71 patients with newly detected grade 3, stages Ta and T1 bladder carcinoma tumor characteristics, including the results of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) analysis as well as morphological and DNA characteristics of the grossly normal urothelium, were investigated and related to progression-free survival. The mean duration of followup was 57 months, with a minimum of 24 months. Of the 71 patients 24 underwent primary cystectomy, and 47 were conservatively treated with transurethral resection alone, or followed by instillation therapy or irradiation therapy. Of the cystectomy and conservatively treated patients 2 (8%) and 16 (34%), respectively, died of bladder carcinoma. Among the 47 conservatively treated patients tumor progression could not be predicted by the initial characteristics of tumor stage, papillary or nonpapillary growth, tumor multiplicity, tumor size, existence of 1 or multiple aneuploid cell populations, S phase value, carcinoma in situ and atypia or aneuploidy in the mucosal biopsies. Neither was progression predicted by the recurrence rate during year 1 of observation. However, a change to or persistent mucosal aneuploidy and a change to or persistent morphological abnormality of the mucosa during year 1 of observation were predictive for tumor progression (p = 0.001 and 0.045, respectively). When compared in stepwise regression analysis (Cox's proportional hazard model), DNA aneuploidy in the mucosa at 12 months after diagnosis was a highly significant predictor, whereas morphology added no further prognostic information. Therefore, progression is related to gross chromosomal abnormalities of the mucosa. High risk patients can be identified by evaluation of the grossly normal mucosa, which should be done as part of the initial diagnosis and during followup in conservatively treated patients with stages Ta and T1, grade 3 bladder carcinoma.     

DNA profile, recurrence rate and progression of superficial G2 cancer of the urinary bladder

In a retrospective study the prognostic value of flow cytometric DNA analysis was studied in 114 newly diagnosed cases with superficial bladder tumours. G1-tumours were generally diploid, G3-tumours almost exclusively aneuploid. G2-tumours exhibited a bimodal distribution with 50% diploid and 50% aneuploid cases respectively. Recurrence and progression correlated systematically with the ploidy level. Furthermore, the degree of aneuploidy is predictive for proneness to progression.     

Effect of lycopene on testicular androgenic and anti-oxidative enzymes in cyproterone acetate-induced male infertile Wistar strain albino rats: An in vitro study

Incidents of male infertility are mushrooming worldwide. Oxidative stress plays a prime role for its onset. Considering this background, the study was designed to focus the direct role of lycopene on cyproterone acetate (CPA) induced testicular hypofunction in rat. Four groups have been considered including the vehicle-treated control, lycopene-treated control, CPA-treated and CPA+ lycopene-treated groups. Androgenic, antioxidant and toxicity profiles were assessed. Results focused a nonsignificant (p > .05) difference in recovery of testicular Δ⁵, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD), 17β-HSD after direct exposure of lycopene compared to the CPA-treated group. On other side, lycopene exposure to the testicular tissue of CPA-treated rat (CPA+ lycopene-treated) exhibited a significant (p < .05, p < .001) rectification in testicular catalase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase activities towards the vehicle- and lycopene-treated control groups. Toxicity profile also showed a significant (p < .001) recovery in CPA-treated group after direct exposure of lycopene towards the vehicle- and lycopene-treated control groups. So, it can be concluded that direct exposure of lycopene may rectify the CPA-induced testicular hypofunction either by its free radical-quenching ability or by stimulating antioxidant enzyme activity without modulating androgenic key enzyme directly.     

Outcome of very large superficial bladder tumours: a 10-year experience

OBJECTIVES: To determine the biological behaviour of very large superficial bladder tumours (pTa, pT1) and evaluate the impact of the initial tumour weight on long-term prognosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Of 1569 patients who presented with bladder tumours over a 10-year period, 1070 of the tumours were superficial. Fifty-nine patients had very large tumours (resected weight >or= 15 g). Case notes were analysed to determine recurrence, progression and survival. Median follow-up was 60 months (range 1-156 months). Histological slides were reviewed for all tumours initially reported as pT1 to determine the presence of uninvolved muscle. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method to calculate progression and survival estimates. RESULTS: The overall progression and recurrence rates for very large superficial bladder tumours were 18% and 68%, respectively. The progression rates for Ta, T1, G1, G2 and G3 tumours were 4%, 28%, 0%, 20% and 50%, respectively, with highest progression rates being seen for pT1G2 and pT1G3 tumours. The progression rate was significantly influenced by initial stage (p=0.01) and grade (p=0.03). Tumour weight did not affect either recurrence, progression or cause-specific survival. There were no differences in progression and survival rates in patients with tumour weights of 15-30 and >30 g (p=0.80 and 0.07, respectively). The review of histology slides of T1 tumours showed that 7/10 cases (70%) with progression had no muscle or an inadequate amount of muscle for definitive staging. Upper urinary tract tumours were seen in only two patients (3.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Large size is not an adverse prognostic factor for patients with a superficial bladder tumour. However, these cases are difficult to stage. In view of the high rates of progression and disease-specific mortality, we recommend that very large pT1G2 bladder tumours should be considered as high-risk tumours and targeted for aggressive treatment, including early re-resection, to rule out any occult invasive disease.