Nonspecific granulomatous prostatitis

Nonspecific granulomatous prostatitis (NSGP) is a relatively uncommon type of chronic inflammation of the prostate, frequently mistaken for carcinoma on digital rectal examination, trans-rectal ultrasound (TRUS) and serum PSA test. It is presently the most frequent variety of granulomatous prostatitis observed at histological examination. The present study reviews the trans-rectal US results and serum PSA levels of 20 patients with biopsy-proven NSGP. Physical findings, laboratory data and US indicated malignancy in all cases. Sonographically (TRUS), the lesions appeared as single or multiple hypoechoic nodules, mainly localised in the peripheral zone of the gland, mimicking carcinoma. Mean serum PSA values were 13.3 ng/ml (range from 3.5 to 34 ng/ml), and only one patient had a value lower than 4 ng/ml. A sufficiently long period of follow-up (mean 19 months; range from 7 to 48 months) with TRUS and PSA was only possible in 11/20 patients. In 8/11 cases, serum PSA returned within normal range, and in 5/11 patients the US features slowly resolved, the hypoechoic nodules disappearing. Final diagnosis can only be obtained by prostatic biopsy. Several questions remain unanswered regarding the relationship between chronic prostatitis and prostatic carcinoma, natural history, the need for specific therapy and also the follow-up of this disease.     

超声引导下经直肠前列腺活检的临床应用

目的 探讨经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检在诊断前列腺疾病中的临床应用。方法对36例前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）〉4ng／ml或直肠指检（DRE）有结节或经直肠超声发现有异常的患者，行经直肠超声引导6针系统活检加异常区域处1～2针活检。结果36例经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检，检出良性前列腺增生20例，占55．6％，前列腺癌9例，占25％，前列腺轻度不典型增生4例，占11．1％，前列腺良性增生合并前列腺炎性改变3例，占8．3％。无严重的并发症。结论经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检术有助于前列腺疾病的诊断和鉴别诊断，为临床进一步诊治提供了依据。     

经直肠超声引导下穿刺活检诊断非特异性肉芽肿性前列腺炎

目的　探讨经直肠超声引导下穿刺活检在非特异性肉芽肿性前列腺炎 (NSGP)诊断中的临床价值。方法　回顾分析 5 87例疑前列腺癌经超声引导下穿刺活检证实的 6例NSGP的临床资料。结果　 3例NSGP病灶位于前列腺周围区 ,2例为弥漫型 ,病灶呈低回声 ,难以同前列腺癌鉴别 ,另有 1例未显示病灶 ,经直肠超声引导下穿刺活检诊断为NSGP。结论　经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检具有准确 ,安全等优点 ,是诊断NSGP的有效方法之一。     

超声引导穿刺活检确诊无症状性炎性前列腺炎

目的回顾性总结无症状性炎性前列腺炎（asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis，AIP）的临床和声像图特征。 方法1468例次患者因为怀疑前列腺癌而行经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检，其中84例确诊为AIP。 结果59例血清前列腺特异性抗原增高（〉4ng／ml），占70．2％（59／84），范围为4．3～45．3ng／ml，平均17．3ng／ml；32例声像图显示前列腺外腺有局限性低回声病灶，4例为外腺弥漫性低回声病变，另外48例声像图未发现前列腺外腺病灶。 结论AIP患者可以出现前列腺外腺低回声病变，但大部分患者前列腺外腺无声像图异常，AIP的最终确诊仍然需要前列腺液检查或穿刺活检。     

A rare case of granulomatous prostatitis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis

We report a rare case of infective granulomatous prostatitis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that may be mistaken for prostatic carcinoma, both on clinical examination and transrectal sonography (TRUS). A large hypoechoic mass was detected in the prostate of a 46-year-old man during TRUS and histopathologic examination after TRUS-guided biopsies reported the diagnosis of tuberculous prostatitis. We herein describe the clinical and TRUS findings of this case.     

超声造影鉴别前列腺结节良恶性的初步探讨

目的 探讨超声造影在鉴别前列腺结节良恶性中的价值.方法 应用造影剂声诺维(SonoVue)对20例经腹超声发现的前列腺结节患者进行前列腺超声造影,观察并分析结节的超声造影特征.结果 本组20例25个前列腺低回声结节中,结节位于内腺14个,外腺11个.内腺结节均为良性增生结节,外腺结节中3个为良性增生结节,8个为前列腺癌.不同部位不同性质的结节超声造影表现也不相同.内腺低回声增生结节表现为与周围内腺实质同步灌注的均匀增强模式;外腺低回声增生结节表现为与周围外腺实质增强强度相似的灌注模式;外腺低回声恶性结节表现为增强强度高于内腺前列腺组织,明显高于周围外腺前列腺组织.所有结节均经前列腺穿刺活检病理证实.结论 超声造影在鉴别前列腺结节良恶性中有一定的应用价值.     

非特异性肉芽肿性前列腺炎4例临床病理观察

目的观察非特异性肉芽肿性前列腺炎的临床病理特点。方法通过光镜、免疫组化和特染方法，对4例非特异性肉芽肿性前列腺炎穿刺组织进行病理组织学观察。结果4例非特异性肉芽肿性前列腺炎均表现尿路梗阻症状，肛门指诊前列腺质硬、结节感；3例临床印象前列腺癌，1例血PSA高于正常。镜下炎症以前列腺导管及腺泡为中心呈小叶状分布，导管及腺泡有不同程度的炎症和破坏，部分区域导管及腺泡结构消失，可见淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞和上皮样组织细胞弥漫性浸润，上皮样组织细胞LCA和CD68( )。结论组织形态、免疫组化、特染和病史相结合可以正确诊断该病。     

Acute and chronic bacterial prostatitis: a review of treatment approaches

Some authors describe acute bacterial prostatitis as a self-limiting disease, and as with any other acute septic condition, parenteral broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy is indicated. Chronic bacterial prostatitis, however, is associated with a causative organism persisting unaltered in prostatic fluid and leading to relapsing urinary tract infections. In the 1970s, several workers produced a classification system and bacteriologic localization cultures for establishing the diagnosis of prostatitis. Krieger and Crawford point to an important factor that is omitted in many clinical trials with episodes of chronic bacterial prostatitis in men. If localization studies of the prostate infection are attempted in the presence of bacteriuria, the urine must be sterilized with nitrofurantoin or penicillin G. Urine cultures obtained from first-voided urine, bladder urine, and urine voided after prostatic massage should show no growth, and the expressed prostatic secretion can then be examined for evidence of prostatic infection. This procedure reduces the contamination of the expressed prostatic secretion by the organism from the urinary tract infection. This is important, because antibiotic treatment is determined by the sensitivity of the organism isolated from the prostate as well as by the ability of the antibiotics to penetrate the prostate. Meares outlines the pharmacokinetic features needed for drug diffusion into prostatic fluid and provides detailed information on the physical characteristics of the prostate during acute and chronic bacterial prostatitis. Unfortunately, the choice of an ideal drug cannot be extrapolated from this information because pharmacodynamic principles cannot predict clinical efficacy. Some authors find that sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim has the best cure rate in the treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Should ultrasound criteria of the prostate be redefined to better evaluate when and where to biopsy

During the past 10 years, it has been suggested, and accepted by some, that transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) of the prostate should be used to identify a hypoechoic lesion or, if needed, guide biopsy into nonspecific areas. Retrospectively, the authors attempted to evaluate the need to identify areas that were on pathologic analysis, prostate cancer, but were not hypoechoic, but would require random/systematic biopsy to exclude prostate cancer. Six-hundred fifteen consecutive men were referred to the authors because of a concern found on digital rectal examination or because of increase in prostate-specific antigen. All patients underwent TRUS-guided biopsy of the prostate using either the four-quadrant or sextant biopsy technique. Each area undergoing biopsy was characterized as: 1) normal-appearing; 2) hypoechoic; 3) mixed echogenic (containing both hypoechoic and hyperechoic elements); 4) subtly hyperechoic (containing no calculi); or 5) isoechoic (lesion was seen because of distortion of the normal architecture). A diagnosis of carcinoma was made in 197 patients (32%). Of these, 99 (50.2%) patients had a hypoechoic lesion as the primary site, corresponding to their highest Gleason grade. Twenty-five (12.7%) had mixed echogenicity, nine (4.6%) had hyperechoic foci, and 23 (11.7%) had isoechoic biopsy-proven foci of prostate cancer. Forty-one (20.8%) patients with adenocarcinoma had normal ultrasound findings. The median Gleason grade for cancer in visible mixed echogenic and hyperechoic areas were generally higher than that for cancer in hypoechoic sites. Hypoechoic cancer sites had a Gleason grade range of 2 to 10 (median 5); mixed echogenic foci had a Gleason range of 2 to 10 (median 6); hyperechogenic cancers had a Gleason range of 2 to 8 (median 6); isoechoic cancers had a Gleason range of 2 to 7 (median 5); normal foci had a Gleason range of 2 to 8 (median 5). Results of this study suggest that 50% of clinically significant prostate cancers are not purely hypoechoic, and 37% of all diagnosed cancers contain no hypoechoic elements.     

肉芽肿性前列腺炎经直肠CEUS表现:5例报道并文献复习

目的 观察肉芽肿性前列腺炎（GP）的经直肠CEUS特征。方法 回顾性分析5例经病理证实的GP患者的超声资料,分析其常规超声和经直肠CEUS表现及病理结果。结果 5例均表现为前列腺外腺低回声结节,其中4例CEUS均表现为增强早、强度高,病理证实为非特异性肉芽肿性前列腺炎（NSGP）;1例无增强,病理证实为特异性肉芽肿性前列腺炎（SGP）。结论 SGP及NSGP的CEUS表现无明显特异性。     

经直肠超声造影在鉴别诊断前列腺良恶性病灶中的应用价值

目的探讨经直肠超声造影在鉴别诊断前列腺良恶性病灶中的应用价值。 方法回顾性分析2014年1月至2016年12月在第三军医大学西南医院行经直肠超声造影检查的72例前列腺疾病患者共88个病灶。所有患者均经超声引导下经直肠前列腺穿刺活检确诊。采用独立样本t检验比较前列腺癌与前列腺良性疾病患者前列腺体积、前列腺内腺体积。以超声引导下经直肠前列腺穿刺活检病理结果作为诊断"金标准",计算经直肠超声造影诊断前列腺病灶良恶性的敏感度、特异度、准确性。 结果本组72例前列腺疾病患者中,52例为前列腺良性疾病患者共67个病灶,20例为前列腺癌患者共21个病灶。前列腺癌患者与前列腺良性疾病患者前列腺体积、前列腺内腺体积差异均无统计学意义[（58.33±34.99）cm³ vs （57.14±24.42）cm³,t=0.185,P=0.854;（34.98±19.96）cm³ vs （33.89±17.65）cm³,t=0.213,P=0.832]。前列腺癌病灶多位于前列腺外腺区（15/21）,其超声造影特征多为动脉期呈高增强,且造影剂消退较周围正常组织迅速（16/21）;前列腺良性病灶多位于前列腺内腺区（47/67）,其超声造影特征多为动脉期等增强,且静脉期与周围正常组织同时消退（47/67）。以超声引导下经直肠前列腺穿刺活检病理结果作为诊断"金标准",经直肠超声造影诊断前列腺病灶良恶性的敏感度为85.71%,特异度为91.04%,准确性为89.77%。漏诊的3个前列腺癌病灶中,2个位于前列腺内外腺交界区,且Gleason评分均为中高分化。误诊的6个前列腺良性病灶,超声引导下经直肠前列腺穿刺活检病理证实5个为前列腺增生伴慢性炎症,1个为肉芽肿性炎伴凝固性坏死。 结论经直肠超声造影能有效鉴别前列腺良恶性病灶,可为前列腺癌的准确诊断提供可靠信息。     

经直肠超声引导下经会阴前列腺改良穿刺法的价值

目的评价经直肠超声（transrectal ultrasonography，TRUS）引导下经会阴前列腺改良穿刺法在前列腺穿刺活检中的作用，以期寻找有助于提高前列腺癌（Prostatic Cancer PCa）检出率的手段或方法。方法对151例前列腺特异性抗原（prostate specific antigenPSA）升高（〉4ug／L）和（或）TRUS发现有结节的患者在经直肠超声引导下经会阴行前列腺改良穿刺活检，穿刺标本送病理检查。结果151例患者中，共检出PCa49例（32％），上皮内瘤12例（8％），慢性炎症48例（32％），良性增生42例（28％）。与标准系统穿刺法相比，改良穿刺法可将PCa的检出率提高18％。本组资料有25例（17％）的患者术后出现血尿，无其它并发症发生。结论经直肠超声引导下经会阴前列腺改良穿刺法，有助于提高PCa的检出率。     

经直肠超声引导下前列腺系统10点穿刺活检术的临床应用

目的探讨经直肠超声引导下前列腺系统10点穿刺活检术的临床应用价值。方法对56例[血清前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）〈4μg.L-1、直肠指诊阳性3例,PSA 4～10μg.L-1 11例,PSA〉10μg.L-1 42例]可疑前列腺结节患者行经直肠超声引导下前列腺系统10点穿刺活检术。结果 56例患者中,活检确诊为前列腺癌30例,占53.6%;良性前列腺增生症18例,占32.1%;慢性前列腺炎7例,占12.5%;前列腺囊肿1例,占1.8%。术后血尿15例,占26.8%;血便2例,占3.6%。无一例出现前列腺脓肿、高热、败血症等严重并发症。结论经直肠超声引导下前列腺系统10点穿刺活检术有助于前列腺癌的诊断及鉴别诊断,并且无严重并发症。     

经直肠超声引导下穿刺活检诊断前列腺肉瘤

目的探讨经直肠超声(TRUS)引导下穿刺活检在前列腺肉瘤中的诊断价值.方法回顾分析996例疑患前列腺癌者经直肠超声引导下穿刺活检后病理证实的6例前列腺肉瘤的临床资料.结果 4例表现为前列腺内低回声病灶,2例为弥漫性病灶,经直肠超声引导下穿刺活检3例诊断为前列腺横纹肌肉瘤,1例为平滑肌肉瘤,1例为神经源性肉瘤,1例为梭形细胞肉瘤.结论经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检安全性好、准确性高,是诊断前列腺肉瘤的有效方法之一.     

Color and power Doppler sonography in the diagnosis of prostate cancer: comparison between vascular density and total vascularity.

OBJECTIVE: Advances in color flow Doppler (CFD) and power Doppler imaging (PDI) have potential for prostate cancer diagnosis. Previous reports based on qualitative assessment suggest that hypervascularity increases likelihood of prostate cancer. Our objective was to compare 2 methods of vascularity assessment using PDI: total vascularity (TV) and vascular density (VD). The goal was to determine whether quantitative Doppler vascularity correlates with the likelihood of prostate cancer. Quantitative measurements were compared with subjective visual analysis of images. METHODS: Ninety patients before biopsy had gray scale sonography, CFD, and PDI. Histologic analysis showed adenocarcinoma, prostate intraepithelial neoplasia, benign prostatic hypertrophy/prostatitis, and benign findings. The CFD and PDI images were analyzed for vascularity by (1) integrating the number of blood vessels over an imaged area (TV) and (2) integrating the number of vessels over a unit area of tissue (VD). Images were also assessed visually. VD, TV, and visual assessment were compared with one another and histologic findings. RESULTS: Mean volume was not different. In each pathologic group, vascularity extent measured by TV and VD ranged from low to high. Disease groups did not exhibit a substantial difference in vascularity by either quantitative or qualitative analyses. Regionally, central gland TV was not significantly more vascular than peripheral gland TV except in benign prostatic hypertrophy. However, peripheral gland VD was 2.5 times greater than central gland VD. Seventy-one percent of the 31 focal hypoechoic lesions were hypervascular. Only 23% were carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: Pathologic categories were not separable by apparent vascular measurement. All pathologic categories showed low, moderate, or high vascularity; thus vascular areas by themselves did not distinguish cancer types, nor did focal hypervascular hypoechoic areas increase the likelihood of cancer. These imaging techniques provided no further resolution of tumor discrimination over multiple biopsies of the prostate.     

扩散加权成像对前列腺外周带炎症和肿瘤T2低信号的鉴别作用

目的 通过磁共振DWI探讨前列腺炎和前列腺癌患者前列腺外周带T2低信号区ADC值的变化特点,定量评价DWI在鉴别前列腺外周带T2低信号区炎症和肿瘤中的价值。方法 收集103例MRI显示为前列腺外周带T2信号减低的初诊患者,根据超声引导下穿刺活检结果分为前列腺炎组(50例)和前列腺癌组(53例),测定T2低信号区的平均ADC值和最低ADC值;采用独立样本t检验对两组ADC值进行比较。结果 前列腺炎组平均ADC值为(1.33±0.20)×10^－3 mm²/s,前列腺癌组平均ADC值为(0.86±0.12)×10^－3 mm²/s,差异有统计学意义(t=14.70,P＜0.05)。前列腺炎组最低ADC值为(1.22±0.19)×10^－3 mm²/s,前列腺癌组最低ADC值为(0.68±0.15)×10^－3 mm²/s(t=16.45,P＜0.05)。结论 应用DWI定量评价和鉴别外周带T2低信号前列腺炎和前列腺癌是可行的。     

Immunohistochemical differential diagnosis between urothelial carcinoma and prostate adenocarcinoma among Egyptian patients

The aim of the present study was to differentiate between prostate adenocarcinoma and urothelial carcinoma among Egyptian patients by immunohistochemical methods. Two groups of patients were used: urothelial group, consisted of 9 cystitis, 21 transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) and 5 urinary bladder mucoid adenocarcinoma (MAC) and prostatic group, consisted of 9 nodular prostatic hyperplasia (NPH) and 21 prostatic adenocarcinoma (PAC). H–E stained sections were performed to confirm the diagnosis and evaluate the histopathological characteristics of the tumor. Immunohistochemical techniques were used for detection of P63, CK7, CK10 and PSA. The results showed that in urothelial group, positive p63and CK7 immunostaining was observed in all cases of cystitis, transitional cell carcinoma and urinary bladder mucoid adenocarcinoma. All cases of cystitis, transitional cell carcinoma and urinary bladder mucoid adenocarcinoma were CK10 and PSA negative. In prostate group, positive p63 immunostaining was observed in all cases of NPH and in prostatic adenocarcinoma. Positive CK7 immunostaining was observed in all cases of NPH while all cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma were CK7 negative. Positive CK10 immunostaining was observed in all cases of NPH. In prostatic adenocarcinoma, 11 cases were CK10 positive and 10 cases were CK10 negative. All cases of NPH and prostatic adenocarcinoma were PSA positive. In conclusion, the result of the present work proved that p63 and CK7 can be used along with other markers to differentiate between adenocarcinoma of prostate and urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Also, CK10 and PSA are useful for distinguishing prostate cancer from urothelial carcinoma.     

改良式经直肠前列腺8点穿刺术在前列腺癌诊断中的应用

目的回顾改良式经直肠前列腺8点穿刺术（常规底部＋中部＋外侧中部＋尖部＋超声可疑点）在临床前列腺癌诊断中的价值,探讨最优化的前列腺穿刺活检方案。方法对2007年12月至2010年1月在我院就医的高度怀疑前列腺癌的96例患者行改良式经直肠前列腺8点穿刺活检术,术后行病理检查。统计前列腺癌的阳性率及各穿刺点癌细胞的阳性率。结果 96例患者中,有37例病理诊断为前列腺癌,占38.54%,21例诊断为前列腺上皮内瘤变（prostatic intraepithelial neoplasm,PIN）,9例为前列腺增生（benign prostatic hyperplasia,BPH）伴慢性炎症,29例为BPH。超声可疑点对前列腺癌判断的敏感度为40.68%。穿刺阳性点多集中在中部、中外侧部或尖部。结论对于初次活检的患者选择改良式前列腺8点穿刺方案是较为合理的。     

体外线圈行前列腺磁共振波谱检查在高龄患者中的应用

目的 探讨适合于高龄患者的简便、高效、无创性前列腺磁共振波谱(MRS)检查方法.方法 40 例临床可疑前列腺癌的患者(平均年龄76 岁),在3 T 场强下采用体外线圈行前列腺MRI 和前列腺多体素质子磁共振波谱(1 HMRS)检查.以系统穿刺活检病理诊断为标准,计算并比较前列腺正常外周带、外周带病变、前列腺增生及内腺癌灶的(胆碱+肌酸)/枸橼酸盐[(Cho +Cre)/Cit]比值.结果 40 例疑似患者均顺利完成检查.其中前列腺增生15 例,前列腺癌18 例,不典型增生2 例,前列腺上皮内瘤2 例,前列腺炎2 例,前列腺结核1 例.前列腺外周带癌、不典型增生与前列腺炎及前列腺结核单凭MRI 很难鉴别;但MRS 表现有助于鉴别诊断,前列腺癌、不典型增生及前列腺上皮内瘤(Cho +Cre)/Cit 增高,与正常外周带差异有统计学意义(P ＜0.01),前列腺炎及(Cho +Cre) /Cit 与正常外周带差异无统计学意义.前列腺结核(Cho +Cre) /Cit 较正常外周带下降.以间质增生为主的前列腺增生需注意与发生在内腺的前列腺癌鉴别,但内腺癌MRI 病灶周围无低信号环围绕,且内腺癌(Cho +Cre)/Cit 比值高于前列腺增生,二者间差异有统计学意义(P ＜0.01).结论 用体外线圈行MRS检查简便、高效、无创,对前列腺疾病有鉴别诊断作用,尤其适合高龄前列腺疾病患者.     

Follow‐up of the Transrectal Ultrasonographic Features of the Prostate After Biopsy

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the transrectal ultrasonographic features of the prostate after biopsy and to find out whether any ultrasonographically detectable lesion forms secondary to biopsy. METHODS: Prebiopsy transrectal ultrasonographic findings in 60 consecutive patients who underwent repeated biopsies were evaluated. Detected lesions that were not defined before the first biopsy were considered postbiopsy-formed lesions and were sampled during the second biopsy. All transrectal ultrasonographically detected lesions were correlated with histopathologic results in the same locations. RESULTS: There were 7 (11.6%) patients with new hypoechoic lesions formed after the first biopsy. Histopathologic analysis of postbiopsy-detected lesions showed that 38.5% were cancer; 62.5% of the detected benign lesions were prostatitis foci. CONCLUSIONS: Prostate biopsy does not give rise to formation of fibrotic scar tissue in the peripheral zone. Most postbiopsy-detected lesions are prostatitis foci, but all hypoechoic lesions must be sampled during repeated prostate biopsies because of the 38.5% cancer detection rate.