不同工艺提取龙血竭的抗炎镇痛止血作用的比较

目的：对免加热工艺提取的龙血竭与传统工艺提取的龙血竭进行止血镇痛抗炎作用比较。方法：对不同工艺提取的龙血竭采用醋酸扭体法进行镇痛作用比较；测定不同工艺提取物小鼠凝血时间和止血时间的影响；并采用二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀试验进行抗炎试验研究。结果：不同工艺提取的龙血竭在不同的剂量下药效显著不同；小剂量(0．25mg／g)免加热工艺提取的龙血竭具显著镇痛、抗炎作用；缩短凝血和止血时间。结论：采用免加热工艺提取龙血竭将有利于节约植物资源，减少用药量，降低治疗成本。     

荔枝核中鞣质类型分析及其提取方法研究

目的 研究荔枝核鞣质提取工艺,分析提取物中鞣质的类型.方法 采用颜色-沉淀反应对荔枝核鞣质进行鉴别;以提取物中鞣质含量为指标,采用水浸泡,70％甲醇、乙醇、丙酮浸泡,70％丙酮加热回流及超声等提取方法提取得浸膏,用干酪素法测鞣质含量.结果 不同溶剂提取工艺中,鞣质提取率高低顺序为丙酮加热回流＞丙酮超声＞丙酮浸泡＞甲醇浸...     

黄荆叶不同溶剂提取物的抗炎镇痛作用研究

目的:观察黄荆叶不同溶剂(氯仿、乙酸乙酯、水)提取部分的抗炎、镇痛作用.方法:采用二甲苯诱导小鼠耳廓肿胀和角叉菜胶诱导大鼠足肿胀建立炎症模型观察黄荆叶不同溶剂提取物的抗炎作用;采用扭体法和热板法观察黄荆叶不同溶剂提取物的镇痛作用.结果:乙酸乙酯提取部分(16g·kg<'-1>、8g·kg<'-1>)对二甲苯诱导的小鼠耳肿胀抑制作用最为显著(P<0.01);氯仿提取部分(16g·kg<'-1>)能明显抑制角义菜胶诱导的大鼠足肿胀(P<0.01).对热刺激和醋酸刺激引起的小鼠疼痛,乙酸乙酯提取部分(16g.k<'-1>、8g.<'-1>)和水提物各剂量组具有显著的镇痛作用(P<0.01),氯仿提取部分各剂量组镇痛作用不明显(P>0.05).结论:黄荆叶不同溶剂提取部位的抗炎镇痛作用有差异,乙酸乙酯提取物具有明显的抗炎和镇痛作用.而氯仿提取物抗炎作用较强,水提取物的镇痛作用较强.     

黄荆子不同溶剂提取物的抗炎镇痛作用

目的:观察黄荆子不同溶剂(氯仿、醋酸乙酯、水)提取部分的抗炎、镇痛作用。方法:采用二甲苯诱导小鼠耳郭肿胀和角叉菜胶诱导大鼠足肿胀建立炎症模型观察黄荆子不同溶剂提取物的抗炎作用;采用扭体法和热板法观察黄荆子不同溶剂提取物的镇痛作用。结果:氯仿提取部分(16,8 g.kg-1)对二甲苯诱导的小鼠耳肿胀抑制作用最为显著(P<0.01);氯仿提取部分(16 g.kg-1)能明显抑制角叉菜胶诱导的大鼠足肿胀(P<0.01)。对热和醋酸刺激引起的小鼠疼痛,水提物具有显著的镇痛作用(P<0.01),氯仿提取部分各剂量组镇痛作用不明显(P>0.05)。结论:黄荆子不同溶剂提取部位的抗炎镇痛作用有差异,氯仿提取物抗炎作用较强,水提取物的镇痛作用较强。     

一种中药提取物的制备及对东莨菪碱模型小鼠学习记忆能力的影响

目的 优选自制中药的最佳提取工艺,并考察采用最佳提取工艺得到的提取物对东莨菪碱致记忆障碍模型小鼠学习记忆的影响.方法 以出膏率为评价指标,采用L9(34) 正交试验,对提取溶剂、溶剂倍数、浸泡时间及提取时间4个因素进行考察;将昆明种小鼠随机分为正常对照组、东莨菪碱模型组、脑复康组(阳性对照药,400 mg·kg-1)、中药提取物高剂量组(2.0 g·kg-1)、中剂量组(1.0 g·kg-1)、低剂量组(0.5 g·kg-1)共6组,灌胃给药4周后,除正常对照组腹腔注射生理盐水外,其他各组腹腔注射东莨菪碱3 mg·kg-1,20 min后进行Morris水迷宫测试.结果 自制中药最佳提取工艺为加入12倍量的50% 乙醇溶液,浸泡90 min后,加热回流提取3次,每次提取2 h;最佳提取工艺得到的提取物灌胃给药能够提高东莨菪碱模型小鼠学习记忆能力,缩短Morris水迷宫游泳时间(P<0.05).结论 优选出的提取工艺设计合理、结果可靠,该工艺得到的自制中药提取物可以改善东莨菪碱模型小鼠的记忆障碍.     

荔枝核中鞣质类型分析及其提取方法研究

目的研究荔枝核鞣质提取工艺,分析提取物中鞣质的类型。方法采用颜色-沉淀反应对荔枝核鞣质进行鉴别;以提取物中鞣质含量为指标,采用水浸泡,70%甲醇、乙醇、丙酮浸泡,70%丙酮加热回流及超声等提取方法提取得浸膏,用干酪素法测鞣质含量。结果不同溶剂提取工艺中,鞣质提取率高低顺序为丙酮加热回流>丙酮超声>丙酮浸泡>甲醇浸泡>乙醇浸泡>水浸泡。结论荔枝核鞣质为缩合鞣质,70%丙酮加热回流提取物中鞣质含量最高,该方法可为提取荔枝核中鞣质的提取方法。     

云南石仙桃不同提取部位镇痛作用研究

目的研究云南石仙桃不同提取部位的镇痛作用。方法采用小鼠热板法、小鼠电刺激法观察云南石仙桃不同提取物对小鼠的镇痛作用。结果云南石仙桃3个提取物均可明显抑制热刺激所致的疼痛反应,小鼠电刺激法结果表明云南石仙桃水提液能明显延长小鼠痛阈值。结论云南石仙桃具有镇痛作用。     

云南狗牙花总碱的镇痛作用

目的：研究云南狗牙花总碱（total Ervamia yunnansis alkaloid，TEYA）对小鼠的镇痛作用。方法：采用小鼠热板法，观察TEYA的镇痛作用及对吗啡的镇痛作用的影响：结果：与同期对照组相比，TEYA的3个剂量组均可显著提高小鼠的痛阈值，镇痛效果随剂量的增加呈剂量依赖关系；同时给予TEYA（10、20mg／kg）和吗啡4mg／kg，有协同镇痛的作用；纳洛酮4mg／kg可以部分拮抗TEYA的镇痛作用。结论：TEYA有明显的镇痛作用，其作用可能部分通过阿片受体来实现。     

天元克痛方的提取工艺及镇痛作用研究

目的优选天元克痛方的提取工艺,考察其对小鼠的镇痛作用。方法采用L9（34）正交试验设计,以出膏量为指标,以加水量、煎煮时间和提取次数为考察因素,筛选天元克痛方的最佳提取工艺条件。应用小鼠热板疼痛模型,测量给药小鼠的痛阈值,并对其进行组间单因素方差分析。结果最佳提取工艺条件为加10倍药材量的水,提取3次,每次1h。不同剂量的天元克痛方均能使小鼠痛阈值增加,与空白对照组相比有显著性差异（P〈0.05或0.01）,但高剂量镇痛效果不如中、低剂量。结论该提取工艺简便可行。天元克痛方对小鼠有镇痛作用。     

阿那其根醇提取物对小鼠抗炎镇痛作用的实验研究

目的：研究不同浓度阿那其根醇提取物对醋酸和角叉菜胶所致小鼠炎症反应的影响。方法：采用醋酸致炎小鼠模型和角叉菜胶致小鼠足肿胀模型,观察阿那其根醇提取物不同浓度对小鼠扭体次数和足肿胀厚度的影响。结果：阿那其根醇提取物640mg/kg、320mg/kg组以及阿司匹林组均能明显减少小鼠扭体次数,与空白对照组比较均有显著性差异（P<0.05）;其中阳性对照组的镇痛效果最好,镇痛抑制率为92.79%,阿那其根醇提取物低中高组镇痛抑制率分别为39.30%、49.85%和68.57%,表明其镇痛抑制率具有浓度依赖性。角叉菜胶致炎1h后,阿那其根醇提取物高剂量640mg/kg组以及阿司匹林组能明显抑制小鼠足肿胀厚度（P<0.05）,其镇痛抑制率分别为21.24%、26.55%;致炎3h后,阿那其根醇提取物高中低剂量组和阿司匹林组均能明显抑制角叉菜胶致小鼠足肿胀（P<0.05）,其镇痛抑制率分别为31.66%、29.92%、18.98%、38.69%,具有药物浓度剂量依赖性。结论：阿那其根醇提取物可以显著抑制醋酸诱导的小鼠扭体反应,抑制角叉菜胶致小鼠的足肿胀,具有一定的抗炎作用。     

The effect of adenosine receptor agonists on analgesic effects of morphine

The effect of adenosine, S-phenylisopropyladenosine (S-PIA) and dipyridamole (an adenosine reuptake inhibitor) on the analgesic action of morphine in mice and rats was investigated in the hot-plate (56 degrees C) and tail immersion (52 degrees C) tests. Adenosine, 50 and 100 mg/kg, induced analgesia in mice and rats in the hot-plate test and potentiated the action of morphine (particularly in mice). The analgesic effects of adenosine were completely abolished by caffeine (10 mg/kg in mice and rats), and partially inhibited by naloxone (1 mg/kg, only in mice). S-PIA given alone (0.6 mg/kg) produced in mice some analgesic effect in the hot-plate test: the effect was abolished by caffeine and partially by naloxone. The effect of S-PIA on the action of morphine depends on the dose and the animal species. Dipyridamole alone did not affect the reactivity of animals in tests for analgesia, but potentiated the action of morphine.     

The antinociceptive effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in the rat

The antinociceptive effects of MDMA and morphine were examined in rats using the tail-flick and hot-plate analgesiometric tests. MDMA, in the dose range of 1.5-6.0 mg/kg IP, produced a dose-dependent elevation in hot-plate latency, but did not elevate tail-flick latency. In contrast, morphine (2-8 mg/kg, IP) produced analgesia on both the tail-flick and hot-plate tests in a dose-dependent manner. Neither the opiate antagonist naltrexone nor the adrenoceptor antagonist phentolamine effectively attenuated MDMA-induced analgesia. Conversely, the serotonin antagonist methysergide significantly reversed the analgesic effects of MDMA on the hot-plate test. These findings suggest that the antinociceptive effects of MDMA are serotonergically mediated. Furthermore, the results verify earlier findings describing the test-specific effects of serotonin-induced pain modulation.     

The antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Salvia officinalis leaf aqueous and butanol extracts

Context: The leaf of sage Salvia officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) is reputed in the folk medicine of Arabia, and Jordan in particular, to relieve pain associated with gastrointestinal disturbance.

Objectives: Evaluation of the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous and butanol extracts of S. officinalis leaf.

Materials and methods: The analgesic effects of the aqueous extract (10, 31.6, 100, 316, 1000?mg/kg) and butanol extract (10, 31.6, 100, 316?mg/kg) were studied using the hot-plate test for mice and the formalin-induced paw licking in rats. The effects were compared to those of morphine and the influence of naloxone on these effects was also evaluated. The same concentrations of both extracts were used to evaluate their anti-inflammatory effects using the cotton pellet granuloma and carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats.

Results: The aqueous extract (10, 31.6, 100, 316, 1000?mg/kg) and butanol extract (10, 31.6, 100, 316?mg/kg) caused analgesic effect in the hot-plate latency assay as well as in early and late phases of formalin-induced paw licking in rats. These effects were reduced by the opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone (5?mg/kg). The same range of doses of both extracts caused dose-dependent inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats as well as inhibition of cotton pellet granuloma.

Discussion and conclusion: These observations suggest that the sage leaf aqueous and butanol extracts have analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, confirming the traditional use of this plant for pain alleviation.     

利血平与优降宁对动物痛阈和吗啡镇痛作用影响因素探讨

采用三种测痛方法,观察了利血平、优降宁对小鼠、大鼠正常痛阈和吗啡镇痛作用的影响,结果表明:ip利血平2 mg/kg,优降宁100 mg/kg均能明显抑制小鼠扭体反应;ip利血平1 mg/kg能明显提高小鼠热板反应时间,但ip优降宁75 mg/kg无明显影响;ip利血平6 mg/kg,优降宁75 mg/kg对大鼠甩尾反应时间均无明显影响;利血平(小鼠0.5～1.0 mg/kg,大鼠2 mg/kg ip)能明显对抗吗啡镇痛作用;优降宁(小鼠35 mg/kg,大鼠50 mg/kg ip)能明显增强吗啡镇痛作用,并能“逆转”利血平对抗吗啡镇痛作用。其“逆转”作用的强弱取决于利血平、优降宁给药的先后次序。     

利血平与优降宁对动物痛阈和吗啡镇痛作用影响因素探讨

采用三种测痛方法,观察了利血平、优降宁对小鼠、大鼠正常痛阈和吗啡镇痛作用的影响,结果表明:ip利血平2 mg/kg,优降宁100 mg/kg均能明显抑制小鼠扭体反应;ip利血平1 mg/kg能明显提高小鼠热板反应时间,但ip优降宁75 mg/kg无明显影响;ip利血平6 mg/kg,优降宁75 mg/kg对大鼠甩尾反应时间均无明显影响;利血平(小鼠0.5～1.0 mg/kg,大鼠2 mg/kg ip)能明显对抗吗啡镇痛作用;优降宁(小鼠35 mg/kg,大鼠50 mg/kg ip)能明显增强吗啡镇痛作用,并能“逆转”利血平对抗吗啡镇痛作用。其“逆转”作用的强弱取决于利血平、优降宁给药的先后次序。     

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the aerial parts of Artemisia dracunculus in mice

Context: Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L., Asteraceae) is an ancient herb, which is widely used as a medicine, flavoring, or fragrance.

Objective: To determine the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of aerial parts of tarragon, we investigated the effects of ethanolic extract of the plant in adult male Balb/c mice.

Materials and methods: Antinociceptive activity was determined using formalin, hot-plate, and writhing tests. The effect of the ethanolic extract on acute inflammation was evaluated by xylene-induced ear edema in mice. The ethanolic extract was administered at doses of 5, 10, 50, and 100?mg/kg, i.p. The control group received saline as vehicle of ethanolic extract.

Results: Our results showed that the ethanolic extract (50 and 100?mg/kg) decreased both phases of pain in the formalin test (ED₅₀?=?109.66 and 87.13?mg/kg, respectively). In the hot-plate test, the extract (50 and 100?mg/kg) increased pain threshold during 60?min (ED₅₀?=?81.03?mg/kg). The extract (50 and 100?mg/kg) exhibited antinociceptive activity against acetic acid-induced writhing (ED₅₀?=?66.99?mg/kg). The extract (50 and 100?mg/kg) showed significant activity in the xylene ear edema test (ED₅₀?=?78.20?mg/kg). Pretreatment of the animals with naloxone decreased the analgesia induced by the extract in hot-plate and formalin tests; therefore, opioid receptors may be involved, at least partly, in the analgesic effect of tarragon extract.

Discussion and conclusion: The results suggested that tarragon have significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects in mice, and, therefore, further studies are required to evaluate these effects and additional potential of the plant.     

L-型钙通道阻断剂对曲马多镇痛作用的影响

目的　研究L 型钙通道阻断剂对曲马多镇痛作用的影响。方法　选用小鼠热板实验和醋酸扭体实验作为评价方法。腹腔注射曲马多观察该药在不同模型中的镇痛作用。维拉帕米 ,尼莫地平或硝苯地平分别与阈下剂量曲马多合用 ,观察这 3种L 型钙通道阻断剂对曲马多镇痛作用的影响。结果　热板实验中 ,曲马多 (10 ,2 0 ,4 0mg·kg-1)剂量依赖性地延长小鼠舔后足或跳跃的潜伏期 ;维拉帕米可增强曲马多的镇痛作用。醋酸扭体实验中 ,曲马多 (2 ,5 ,10mg·kg-1)显著减少小鼠扭体反应的次数 ;维拉帕米、尼莫地平和硝苯地平均可剂量依赖性地增强曲马多的镇痛作用。结论　L 型钙通道阻断剂维拉帕米、尼莫地平和硝苯地平对曲马多的镇痛作用有一定的增强作用。L 型钙通道介导的胞外钙内流可能参与了曲马多的镇痛机制     

A long-form α-neurotoxin from cobra venom produces potent opioidindependent analgesia

AIM: In light of the antinociceptive activity of the short-chain neurotoxin, cobrotoxin, and other acetylcholine antagonists, the antinociceptive activity and mechanisms of cobratoxin (CTX), a long-chain postsynaptic alpha-neurotoxin, was investigated in rodent pain models. METHODS: CTX was administered intraperitoneally (30, 45, 68 microg/kg), intra-cerebral ventricularly (4.5 microg/kg) or microinjected into periaqueductal gray (PAG; 4.5 microg/kg). The antinociceptive action was tested using the hot-plate and acetic acid writhing tests in mice and rats. The involvement of the cholinergic system and opioid system in CTX-induced analgesia was examined by pretreatment of animals with atropine (0.5 mg/kg, im; or 10 mg/kg, ip) or naloxone (1 and 5 mg/kg, ip). The effect of CTX on motor activity was tested using the Animex test. RESULTS: CTX exhibited a dose-dependent analgesic action in mice as determined by both the hot-plate and acetic acid writhing tests. The peak effect of analgesia was seen 3 h after administration. In the mouse acetic acid writhing test, the intra-cerebral ventricular administration of CTX at 4.5 microg/kg (1/12th of a systemic dose) produced marked analgesic effects. Microinjection of CTX (4.5 microg/kg) into the PAG region did not elicit an analgesic action in rats in the hot-plate test. Atropine at 0.5 mg/kg (im) and naloxone at 1 and 5 mg/kg (ip) both failed to block the analgesic effects of CTX, but atropine at 10 mg/kg (ip) did antagonize the analgesia mediated by CTX in the mouse acetic acid writhing test. Acetylsalicylic acid (300 mg/kg) did not enhance the analgesic effects of CTX. At the highest effective dose of 68 microg/kg the neurotoxin did not change the spontaneous mobility of mice. CONCLUSION: CTX has analgesic effects, which are mediated in the central nervous system though not through the PAG. The central cholinergic system but not opioid system appears to be involved in the antinociceptive action of CTX.     

Antinociceptive and antiinflammatory activities of Artemisia copa extracts.

The aqueous extract from aerial parts of Artemisia copa Phil. (Compositae), was evaluated for antinociceptive activity using writhing, formalin, and hot-plate tests in mice. A dose-related antinociceptive response was obtained in the writhing test at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg p.o. (percentage of inhibition 23.3 and 52.70, respectively). The extract also inhibited the second phase of formalin test (38.81%) and this effect was not antagonized by pretreatment with naloxone 5mg/kg i.p. Furthermore, no significant effect was obtained in the hot-plate test. Dichloromethane and ethanolic extracts, were analyzed for antiinflammatory activity with the carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and the ear edema induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13 acetate (TPA) and arachidonic acid (AA) in mice. Both extracts showed antiinflammatory activity in the TPA (88 and 54%), and the ethanolic extract showed a 37% inhibition in AA test. No effects were seen at doses of 300 mg/kg p.o. and 100 mg/kg i.p. in the carrageenan test. The results obtained indicate that A. copa has analgesic and topical antiinflammatory activities that supports the folk medicinal use of the plant.     

多枝雾水葛不同提取部位的抗炎镇痛作用研究

目的 研究多枝雾水葛不同提取物的抗炎镇痛作用.方法 采用二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀、醋酸致小鼠扭体反应和小鼠热板法观察多枝雾水葛灌胃、外搽使用以及不同提取部位的抗炎、镇痛作用.结果 多枝雾水葛外搽使用的抗炎镇痛效果不明显,灌胃给药具有较强的抗炎镇痛作用,能显著减少醋酸所致的小鼠扭体次数和抑制二甲苯所致的小鼠耳廓肿胀,且其水提物比醇提物的作用更强.对多枝雾水葛水提取物的活性部位研究表明,多枝雾水葛的氯仿部位和水部位都具有较好的镇痛效果,抗炎的有效部位则是氯仿部位和正丁醇部位.结论 多枝雾水葛水提取物灌胃给药具有抗炎镇痛作用,其有效部位是氯仿部位、正丁醇部位和水提取部位.