葛根素注射液拮抗庆大霉素耳蜗毒性的实验研究

目的 探讨葛根素注射液对庆大霉素（GM）所致耳蜗毒性的防护作用. 方法 选择Wistar大鼠50只,随机分成5组（n＝10）. 正常对照组：每日腹腔注射与模型组等量0.9%氯化钠溶液. 模型组：每日腹腔注射硫酸庆大霉素100 mg•kg^-1. 实验Ⅰ组：每日同时腹腔注射硫酸庆大霉素和葛根素注射液各100 mg•kg^-1,连续10 d. 实验Ⅱ组：每日腹腔注射硫酸庆大霉素100 mg•kg^-1,连续10 d后,每日腹腔注射葛根素注射液50 mg•kg^-1,连续10 d后停药. 实验Ⅲ组：每日腹腔注射硫酸庆大霉素100 mg•kg-1,连续10 d后,每日腹腔注射葛根素注射液100 mg•kg^-1,连续10 d后停药. 观察各组耳廓毛细胞的功能. 结果 实验Ⅰ组和实验Ⅲ组大鼠听功能受损明显轻于模型组,DPOAE幅度值降低程度与模型组比较差异有极显著性（P＜ 0.01）. 实验Ⅱ组较模型组DPOAE幅值轻度升高（P＞0.05）. 结论 庆大霉素对耳蜗毛细胞功能有损害作用,葛根素注射液对庆大霉素所致耳蜗毒性有防护作用.     

槲皮素对去卵巢大鼠股骨OPG与RANKL表达的影响

目的观察槲皮素对去卵巢大鼠股骨骨保护素（osteoprotegerin, OPG）及核因子κB受体活化子配体（ligand of receptor activator of NF κB,RANKL）表达的影响。方法健康雌性SD大鼠48只,按体质量随机分为6组：假手术组（SHAM组）、单纯去卵巢组（OVX组）、17β-雌二醇组（ERT组,0.1 mg•kg^-1•d^-1）、高剂量槲皮素组（QH组,300 mg•kg^-1•d^-1）、中剂量槲皮素组（QM组,150 mg•kg^-1•d^-1）、低剂量槲皮素组（QL组,75 mg•kg^-1•d^-1）。除假手术组外其余各组均切除双侧卵巢,术后1周开始给药,给药 16周后处死所有大鼠,测定腰椎及股骨骨生物力学性能：弹性模量（ELASTIC） 、刚度（STIFFNESS）、最大应力（M STRESS）及最大承载力（M LORD）,用免疫组织化学染色方法观察股骨OPG、RANKL表达情况。结果 槲皮素高、中剂量均能上调股骨OPG、下调RANKL表达,部分改善股骨、腰椎生物力学性能。结论 槲皮素可通过调节骨组织中OPG、RANKL的相对含量而抑制骨吸收,防止骨质疏松。     

大鼠烯丙基半胱氨酸浓度的测定及组织分布

目的 建立高效液相色谱法测定血清和组织烯丙基半胱氨酸（SAC）浓度的 方法 , 并进行组织分布研究. 方法 采用Hypersil ODS2 色谱柱, 以50 mmol•L^-1 醋酸盐缓冲液 （pH 5.8 ）：甲醇：乙腈（50：22：28）为流动相; 柱温为35 ℃ , 荧光检测激发波长为350 nm , 发射波长为455 nm.样品的预处理后邻苯二甲醛（OPA）-2-巯基乙醇柱前衍生; 进样10 μL. 结果 血清样品在2～120 mg•L^-1浓度范围内, 线性关系良好; 组织样品在2～120 mg•g^-1浓度范围内, 线性关系良好.低、中、高3种浓度的萃取回收率为70.9%～83.5%; 相对回收率为90.2%～110.0%; 日内、日间RSD为4.1%～7.7%.肾脏达峰浓度Cmax为65.7 mg•kg^-1, 肝脏为58.1 mg•kg^-1, 脾脏为51.3 mg•kg^-1, 心脏为43.3 mg•kg^-1, 肺为35.1 mg•kg^-1, 脑组织为26.7 mg•kg^-1 ; 各组织AUC _0~8肾脏为171.9 mg•h•kg^-1, 心脏为113.9 mg•h•kg^-1, 肝脏为107.2 mg•h•kg^-1, 脾脏为90.4 mg•h•kg^-1, 肺为93.6 mg•h•kg^-1,脑组织为79.8 mg•h•kg^-1. 结论 该法简便、快速、准确、灵敏、选择性强, SAC在大鼠体内分布广泛, 其中肾脏分布较多, 而在脑组织中分布较少.     

奥卡西平单药和添加治疗儿童癫痫的疗效与安全性

目的 观察奥卡西平治疗儿童部分性发作（PS）和全面性强直-阵挛发作（ GTCS）癫痫患者的疗效、耐受性和副作用. 方法 73例癫痫患儿, 其中56例新诊断者进入单治组, 17例应用过其他抗癫痫药物治疗者进入加治组. 奥卡西平起始剂量5～10 mg•kg^-1•d^-1, 最大剂量30～40 mg•kg^-1•d^-1, 维持剂量中位值20 mg•kg^-1•d^-1, bid. 加治组其他抗癫痫药物的使用不变. 通过自身对比开放性观察, 分析单治组与加治组52周的疗效、不良反应、耐受性和安全性. 结果 全部患者总有效率84.9%、控制率54.8%、累积退出率11.0%, 其中3例（4.1%）失访, 不良反应或其他原因退出者5例（6.8%）, 其中因皮疹退出2例（2.7% ）. 常见不良反应：乏力8例、烦躁7例, 困倦和皮疹各2例. 单治组临床控制率（62.5%）显著高于加治组（29.4%）. 结论 奥卡西平是治疗儿童部分性发作和全面性强直-阵挛发作癫痫相对理想的药物选择.     

甲磺酸伊马替尼缓解小鼠肾组织纤维化作用研究

目的 研究甲磺酸伊马替尼（STI571）对单侧输尿管梗阻（UUO）小鼠肾间质纤维化的防治作用.方法 40只雄性清洁级昆明种小鼠随机分为4组：假手术组、模型组、小剂量治疗组（80 mg•kg^-1•d^-1）、大剂量治疗组（160 mg•kg^-1•d^-1）.治疗组在手术后分别以STI571 80,160 mg•kg^-1•d^-1灌胃.各组小鼠均于术后第8天处死.观察肾间质病理学改变;用酸水解-比色法测定肾组织胶原的含量,免疫组化技术检测α-SMA、PCNA、FN的表达.结果 与模型组相比, 治疗组肾间质纤维化程度明显减轻,肾间质α-SMA、PCNA、FN的表达也明显减少.结论 STI571能够下调肾组织α-SMA表达水平,抑制肾间质细胞增殖活化,减少肾间质细胞外基质的沉积,对UUO小鼠早期肾间质纤维化有一定防治作用.     

西地那非对大鼠输精管的舒张作用及其机制

目的 观察西地那非（Sil）对体外大鼠输精管平滑肌的舒张效应及其机制.方法 ①取Wistar成年雄性大鼠16只,随机分为电刺激收缩组和高浓度氯化钾收缩组各8只,将大鼠颈椎脱臼处死,剖取输精管分成两段,其中一组分别以0.1～100.0 μmol•L^-1Sil直接作用于输精管;另一组给予L-NAME后再以0.1～100.0 μmol•L^-1Sil直接作用于输精管,采用台式平衡记录仪检测Sil对输精管平滑肌张力的影响;②将成熟雄性大鼠颈椎脱臼处死,剖取输精管分成两段,取附睾端输精管称重,用作cGMP测定;其他部分分为空白对照组、基础释放组、cGMP激发组（给予0.1 mmol•L^-1SNP激发）和L-NAME（0.1 mmol•L^-1）预孵育组,各组均给予3,10,100 μmol•L^-1Sil孵育.提取各组cGMP采用125I放射免疫法测定.结果 ①Sil使电刺激和高浓度氯化钾（80 mmol•L^-1）刺激体外大鼠输精管平滑肌收缩标本呈浓度依赖性舒张（均P＜0.05）,EC50分别为9.82和46.9 μmol•L^-1;②当L-NAME存在时,Sil对电刺激引起的收缩和高浓度氯化钾刺激引起的收缩的舒张量-效曲线右移,最大效应分别由（87.27±1.91）%降到（68.02±2.29）%（P＜0.05）,和（87.46±3.87）%降到（72.99±4.23）%（P＜0.05）, EC50分别增加到45.7和63.2 μmol•L-1（均P＜0.05）;③Sil可浓度依赖性升高cGMP含量（P＜0.05）,而且该作用能被L-NAME完全抑制;在硝普钠存在时,Sil能更进一步提高大鼠附睾端输精管平滑肌组织中的cGMP浓度（P＜0.05）.结论 Sil呈浓度依赖性舒张输精管,该作用可能与NO-cGMP途径和NO-cGMP非依赖性途径有关.     

当归提取物对急性心肌梗死大鼠的保护作用

目的 观察当归提取物对大鼠急性心肌梗死的保护作用. 方法 通过结扎大鼠冠状动脉左前降支建立大鼠急性心肌梗死模型,观察当归提取物对急性心肌梗死的保护作用. 60只大鼠随机分成6组：假手术组、模型组、阳性对照组、低剂量药物组、中剂量药物组、高剂量药物组,每组10只. 低、中、高剂量药物组分别腹腔注射当归提取物0.07,0.14,0.28 g•kg^-1,qd,连续7 d;阳性对照组腹腔注射1,6二磷酸果糖注射液1.4 g•kg^-1,给药容积为10 mL•kg^-1,qd,连续7 d;模型组和假手术组分别腹腔注射等量0.9%氯化钠溶液,qd,连续7 d. 结果 当归提取物可缩小大鼠心肌梗死范围,减少心肌细胞内肌酸激酶（CK）和乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）的释放,增强心肌凋亡相关蛋白Bc1 2的表达,减少Bax表达. 结论 当归提取物对大鼠急性心肌梗死有明显的保护作用.     

头孢噻肟钠致低钾周期性麻痹1例

患者, 男, 35岁. 因发热、咳嗽、咳黄色黏痰7 d入院, 体检：右下肺可闻及少许湿啰音, 呼吸音稍低 ;神经系统未见异常. 诊断为“肺炎”. 查血常规提示：白细胞（WBC） 15.6×109•L^-1, 中性白细胞 0.84, 淋巴细胞 0.16;电解质：钾离子（K+ ）4.1 mmol•L 1, 钠离子（Na+）141.1 mmol•L^-1, 氯离子（Cl^-）121.9 mmol•L^-1, 钙离子（Ca²⁺）2.77 mmol•L^-1. 给予0.9%氯化钠注射液100 mL+头孢噻肟钠2.0 g静脉滴注, 在输注头孢噻肟钠约30 min后, 出现双侧下肢麻木、无力, 双下肢肌力约为3级, 病理症阴性. 辅助检查：K⁺ 2.9 mmol•L^-1, Na⁺ 141.1 mmol•L^-1, Cl^-121.9 mmol•L^-1, Ca²⁺ 2.77 mmol•L^-1. 予以补钾等治疗后, 患者症状明显减轻, 复查血K⁺ 3.8 mmol•L^-1. 但再次静脉滴注头孢噻肟钠时, 患者又出现双侧下肢麻木、无力, 复查血K⁺ 3.0 mmol•L^-1. 考虑由于头孢噻肟钠导致低钾性周期性麻痹, 立即停用头孢噻肟钠, 并予以补钾等对症治疗, 患者症状消失, 复查电解质恢复到入院时的水平. 追问病史, 该患者既往静脉滴注头孢类抗生素均有似现象发生.     

喹硫平治疗精神分裂症30例

目的 考察喹硫平治疗精神分裂症的有效性及安全性. 方法 将60例精神分裂症患者分为治疗组和对照组, 每组30例.治疗组给予喹硫平, 初始剂量100 mg&#8226;d^-1, 2周内加至400~800 mg&#8226;d^-1, 以后3周内视病情及不良反应调整剂量, 最大剂量1 200 mg&#8226;d^-1, 平均（728.3±199.9） mg&#8226;d^-1.对照组给予利培酮, 起始剂量1 mg&#8226;d^-1, 2周后加至治疗量3~6 mg&#8226;d^-1, 平均（4.9±0.9） mg&#8226;d^-1.疗程均为8周.两组根据情况给予苯海索、氮类药或普萘洛尔等对症处理, 以阴性和阳性症状量表（PANSS）、不良反应量表（TESS）分别评定疗效、病情严重程度和不良反应. 结果 治疗组与对照组的显效率均为70.0%, 有效率分别为90.0%和86.7%.两组在治疗前PANSS评分差异无显著性, 在治疗8周末, 两组PANSS评分较治疗前显著下降, 均差异有极显著性（均P< 0.01）.两组比较差异无显著性（P＞0.05）.治疗组的不良反应较对照组少而轻.结论 喹硫平可显著改善精神分裂症症状, 且不良反应发生率低, 是一种安全有效的抗精神病药物.     

丙种球蛋白佐治支原体肺炎60例

目的 观察丙种球蛋白佐治支原体肺炎的疗效. 方法 将116例患儿随机分为治疗组（60例）和对照组（56例）. 两组均给予止咳、退热处理,对照组应用阿奇霉素10 mg&#8226;kg^-1&#8226;d^-1,静脉滴注,qd,3～5 d. 治疗组在对照组基础上静脉滴注人血丙种球蛋白400 mg&#8226;kg^-1&#8226;d^-1,连用3 d. 1周后观察疗效. 结果 治疗组退热、止咳、平喘、肺部音吸收时间及住院天数比对照组均明显缩短. 结论 丙种球蛋白佐治支原体肺炎疗效明显,值得临床推广.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides as cyclooxygenase inhibitors

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides are described as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, useful for treating inflammation and COX-2-mediated disorders including neoplasia. 2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfide is claimed to be the most potent COX inhibitor in the series with a COX-2 selectivity ratio of 33. This compound is also claimed to be superior to celecoxib (Celebrex^®, Pfizer) in inhibiting cell growth of colorectal carcinoma cells. In this evaluation, the COX inhibitory activity of this compound is compared to that previously disclosed for diarylheterocycles and 2-(acetoxyphenyl)alkyl sulfides. The validity of the DLD-1 cell line in the growth inhibition studies is questioned based on recent literature reports indicating the lack of COX-2 expression in this cell line.     

Sleep-disordered breathing with chronic opioid use

Chronic opioid use for pain relief or as substitution therapy for illicit drug abuse is prevalent in our societies. In the US, retail distribution of methadone and oxycodone has increased by 824 and 660%, respectively, between 1997 and 2003. μ-Opioids depress respiration and deaths related to illicit and non illicit chronic opioid use are not uncommon. Since 2001 there has been an emerging literature that suggests that chronic opioid use is related to central sleep apnoea of both periodic and non-periodic breathing types, and occurs in ～ 30% of these subjects. The clinical significance of these sleep-related abnormalities are unknown. This review addresses the present knowledge of control of ventilation mechanisms during wakefulness and sleep, the effects of opioids on ventilatory control mechanisms, the sleep-disordered breathing found with chronic opioid use and a discussion regarding the future research directions in this area.     

Drug targets for cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric disorders

The investigation of novel drug targets for treating cognitive impairments associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders remains a primary focus of study in central nervous system (CNS) research. Many promising new therapies are progressing through preclinical and clinical development, and offer the potential of improved treatment options for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as other disorders that have not been particularly well treated to date like the cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS). Among targets under investigation, cholinergic receptors have received much attention with several nicotinic agonists (α7 and α4β2) actively in clinical trials for the treatment of AD, CIAS and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both glutamatergic and serotonergic (5-HT) agonists and antagonists have profound effects on neurotransmission and improve cognitive function in preclinical experiments with animals; some of these compounds are now in proof-of-concept studies in humans. Several histamine H3 receptor antagonists are in clinical development not only for cognitive enhancement, but also for the treatment of narcolepsy and cognitive deficits due to sleep deprivation because of their expression in brain sleep centers. Compounds that dampen inhibitory tone (e.g., GABA_A α5 inverse agonists) or elevate excitatory tone (e.g., glycine transporter inhibitors) offer novel approaches for treating diseases such as schizophrenia, AD and Down syndrome. In addition to cell surface receptors, intracellular drug targets such as the phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are known to impact signaling pathways that affect long-term memory formation and working memory. Overall, there is a genuine need to treat cognitive deficits associated with many neuropsychiatric conditions as well as an increasingly aging population.