喉全切除经鼻食管上段置管发声器

我们在做食管充气试验（esophageal insufflation test）时观察到在食管入口下方存在最佳发音位置，自制了经鼻食管上段置管发音器，简称食管音发声器，获得了发音功能，现报告如下。     

问与答

问：食管音助发声器是如何发声 答：我们研究的一种发音装置称为食管音助发声器,发食管音与安装发音管不成功的患者可以使用这种方法发音。长期以来,许多喉科学家分析分流发声重建术不能发声的原因及解决的方法,Taub认为不能发声是环咽肌紧张或有狭窄;Blom等解释为咽缩肌痉挛,导致气流向下进入胃内所致。因此围绕解决环咽肌、咽缩肌痉挛创建了一系列手术方式,如环咽肌切断术、探条扩张术、     

喉全切除术后气管食管穿刺发声重建的远期效果

目的：探讨气管食管穿刺(TEP)安放Blom-Singer发音管发声重建在喉全切除术后患者中的远期效果。方法：回顾性分析134例资料完整的喉全切除术后TEP安放Blom-Singer发音管发声患者的临床资料。应用多维语音分析系统(MDVP)对其中18例发音管发声患者的声学参数进行检测分析。结果：所有病例均随访2～15年。1986～1989年12例中7例获得满意结果,成功率58．3％。1990年以后的122例中,114例效果满意,成功率93．4％,总成功率90．3％。MDVP检测的发音管发声主要声学参数值都远远偏离正常。常见并发症有瘘口肉芽增生,早期感染,气、食管瘘口过大出现漏液等。结论：TEP安放发音管,操作简单,并发症少,成功率高,质量好,远期效果稳定,是一种目前让无喉患者开口讲话较好的手术方法。咽、食管括约肌切开术能提高BlomSinger发音管发声重建的成功率。     

Blom-Singer发音管在喉全切除术后的临床应用

目的观察喉全切除术后应用Blom-Singer发音管重建喉发声功能的效果。方法回顾性分析1994年9月～2003年8月15例喉全切除术后行Blom-Singer发音管重建喉发声功能患者的临床资料。结果15例患者中12例行Ⅰ期发音管重建术，10例手术成功(10／12，83．33％)；3例行Ⅱ期发音管重建术，其中2例手术成功，两种术式的总成功率为80％(12／15)。Ⅰ期手术失败2例，与气管食管壁分离过多有关；Ⅱ期手术失败1例，系环咽肌切断不完全所致。结论喉全切除术后应用Blom-Singer发音管重建喉发声功能是一种有效的发声重建方法，环咽肌切断及保留气管食管壁的完整是手术成功的美键。     

喉全切除后食管音助发声器发音的客观声学分析

目的通过客观声学分析了解喉全切除术后食管音助发声器发音的发音质量。方法应用上海泰亿格公司的Dr.speed嗓音声学分析软件对7例食管音助发声器发音的患者(食管音助发声器发音组)及5例气管食管音患者(气管食管音组)的基频、基频微扰、振幅微扰、谐噪比、声强及最大发声时间进行检测,并与12名正常男性(对照组)进行比较。结果食管音助发声器发音组、气管食管音组的基频、基频微扰、振幅微扰、谐噪比,最大发声时间与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01),三组间声强比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),食管音助发声器发音组最大发声时间比气管食管音组长(P<0.05),其余指标与气管食管音组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论食管音助发声器发音的声音的声强可达77.40 dB、最大发声时间可达10.77秒,基本能够满足日常交流的需要。     

无喉者言语交流能力的初步调查

目的　调查无喉食管发音者和无喉无假体气管食管分流发音者的言语交流水平。同时 ,比较这两种无喉者对其发声方法和术后生活质量的满意度。方法　设计一调查表 ,邮寄给年龄、性别相当的两组无喉言语者。包括食管音组 2 2名 ,无假体气管食管音组 3 3名 ,共 55名。要求这些无喉者对他们在多种情景下的言语交流能力做出评判。同时 ,也要求他们对自己使用的发声方法和术后生活质量的满意度做出评判。用两等级资料比较的秩和检验分析数据 (P单侧 <0 .0 5,有统计学差异 )。结果　食管音组的调查表回复率 90 .9% (2 0 /2 2 ) ,气管食管分流音组回复率 81.8% (2 7/3 3 ) ,总回复率 85.5% (47/55)。两组在听距、背景噪声和公共场所等调查场景上的言语交流水平有显著性差异 ,无假体气管食管分流发音者强于食管发音者。其他调查场景均无显著性差异。另外 ,无假体气管食管分流音组对其使用的发声方法较食管音组满意。但两组无喉者对术后生活质量的满意度无显著性差异 ,均趋向于比较满意的等级。结论　尽管无假体气管食管分流音在无喉言语交流方面有许多优点 ,但从无喉者自身的感受讲 ,不同发声方法对无喉者生活质量并无明显的影响。所以 ,在选择无喉发声方法时 ,应从患者的具体情况考虑     

喉全切除术后Blom-Singer发音管的临床应用

目的：分析Blom-Singer发音管在喉全切除术患者中的应用效果。方法：1995－1999年期间为18例因喉癌行喉全切除的患者安装了气管食管发音管，12例行一期发声重建术，6例行二期发声重建术，全部采用Blom-Singer发音管，结果：本组病例均随访3－5年，无死亡，本组成功者14例，成功率为77．8％，带管时间8－19月不等，平均为12月，换管次数最多的为6次。无严重并发症，失败者均为二期手术者，结论：凡喉全切除术者均可行一期发声重建术，二期手术的适应症必须严格控制，应重视术后发声训练，对于食管发声无效的喉全切除患者，气管食管发声重建术是一种有效的补充方法，能提高生活质量。     

喉全切除气管食管分路发音重建的防误咽术

目的 观察喉全切除气、食管分路发音重建防误咽术的效果。方法 1991年10月～2001年5月对79例B、T4喉癌患者喉全切除术中行气、食管分路发音重建防误咽术，在食管前壁和气管后壁做一个长约0．8～1．2cm发声口，同时保留环状软骨宽度1．2cm，长度2．0cm做成软骨黏膜瓣防误咽檐，气管膜部向前外与皮肤缝合，做成防误咽斜度。结果 79例患者中有71例患者获得良好发声，71例患者中有65例防误咽成功，6例失败。65例患者随访1年以上，均无误呛。79例患者术后仍、T4期3年生存率分别是66．7％(14／21)和64．9％(24／37)。T3、T4期5年生存率分别是6／10和50．0％(10／20)。结论 气、食管分路发音重建防误咽术能有效地防止误咽。     

食管音助发声器是如何发声

答:我们研究的一种发音装置称为食管音助发声器,发食管音与安装发音管不成功的患者可以使用这种方法发音。长期以来,许多喉科学家分析分流发声重建术不能发声的原因及解决的方法,Taub认为不能发声是环咽肌紧张或有狭窄;Blom等解释为咽缩肌痉挛,导致气流向下进入胃内所致。因此围绕解决环咽肌、咽缩肌痉挛创建了一系列手术方式,如环咽肌切断术、探条扩张术、     

两种无喉言语的比较研究

目的：比较无假体气管食管分流音与食道音在最大发声时间，可懂度和阅读时间等方面的差异，方法，研究对象包括年龄，性别和术后发声时间相当的两组无喉言语者，其中，食管音组21名，无假体气管食管音组30名，采集了两组的最大发声时间，可懂度和阅读时间的数据，用t检验分析最大发音时间和阅读时间（P＜0．05），H检验分析言语可懂度（P＜0．05），结果：食管音在这三个项目上均较气管食管分流音差；言语可懂度略差于气管食管分流音；言语流利度和最大发声时间均明显差于气管食管分流音。结论：无假体管食管音的言语效果优于食管音，而且其手术方法简单，容易训练，利于推广。     

Mechanical ileus caused by a Provox voice prosthesis -- an "iatrogenic" enteral complication in voice prosthesis rehabilitation of laryngectomees

BACKGROUND: During the exchange of a defect Provox-I voice prosthesis followed by an insertion of a Provox-II voice prosthesis the esophageal part of the prosthesis often is pushed into the esophagus, as the enteral passage of the prosthesis was thought to be less traumatic for the voice shunt in comparison to a complete extraction of the stiff esophageal flange through the tracheostoma. This procedure is also recommended in the users video of the ATOS company. CASE: A laryngectomized patient, in whom the change of the voice prosthesis was carried out pushing the esophageal flange of the prosthesis into the esophagus, developed a mechanical ileus, as the voice prosthesis got stuck in Bauhin's valve. This resulted in the necessity of a laparatomy for removal of the voice prosthesis. CONCLUSION: During the replacement of the Provox voice prosthesis it is necessary in all cases that the esophageal remnant of the voice prosthesis either is pulled out of the tracheoesophageal shunt via the tracheostoma or removed with a guide-wire transorally.     

咽食管括约肌切开术在喉全切除术后发音重建中的作用

目的　探讨咽食管括约肌切开术对减少咽食管括约肌失弛缓对喉全切除术后安装Blom Singer发音管发音重建的影响。方法　喉全切除术后 ,咽食管括约肌收缩或是痉挛都会不同程度地影响食管的气流并阻碍发音。咽食管括约肌的解剖位置是环咽肌以及其上的下咽缩肌的一部分和颈段食管上段的一部分。手术操作是在喉全切除术中、术后于气管造瘘口外上方切除长 5cm ,宽 1cm的咽食管括约肌。结果　 3 3例喉全切除术的患者进行咽食管括约肌切开术后有 3 2例发音成功 ,发音重建的成功率是 97%。其中包括 12例喉全切除术中I期进行环咽肌切开术 ,2 1例是Ⅱ期进行咽食管括约肌切开术的 ,后者又有 9例是安装Blom Singer发音管后发音不能再行咽食管括约肌切开术的。患者 3年存活 2 5例 ,5年存活 18例。同期行喉全切除术和咽食管括约肌切开术的 12例患者 ,Kaplan Meier法统计 3年生存率 81 82 % ,5年生存率 42 86%。结论　咽食管括约肌切开术能提高Blom Singer发音管发音重建的成功率。     

咽食管括约肌切开术在喉全切除术后发音重建中的作用

目的：探讨咽食管括约肌切开术对减少咽食管括约肌失弛缓对喉全切除术后安装Blom-Singer发音管发音重建的影响。方法：喉全切除术后，咽食管括约肌收缩或是痉挛都会不同程度地影响食管的气流并阻碍发音。咽食管括约肌的解剖位置是环咽肌以及其上的下咽缩肌的一部分和颈段食管上段的一部分。手术操作是在喉全切除术中、术后于气管造瘘口外上方切除长5cm，宽1cm的咽食管括约肌。结果：33例喉全切除术的患者进行咽食管括约肌切开术后有32例发音成功，发音重建的成功率是97％。其中包括12例喉全切除术中I期进行环咽肌切开术，21例是Ⅱ期进行咽食管括约肌切开术的，后者又有9例是安装Blom-Singer发音管后发音不能再行咽食管括约肌切开术的。患者3年存活25例，5年存活18例。同期行喉全切除术和咽食管括约肌切开术的12例患者，Kaplan-Meier法统计3年生存率81．82％，5年生存率42．86％。结论：咽食管括约肌切开术能提高Blom-Singer发音管发音重建的成功率。     

The use of the vocal prosthesis Provox 2 for speech rehabilitation after total laryngectomy

The authors have presented the application and usage the alloplastic vocal prosthesis Provox 2 to serve for rehabilitation speech after total laryngectomy. Surgical technique of implantation of vocal prosthesis was discussed. The authors estimated in 6 patients following parameters of speech; fundamental frequency, maximum phonation time of vowel "a", maximum intensity and degree of dysphonia. In all 6 cases post-operative course was uncomplicated. Above mentioned parameters of voice were measured in order to comparison quality of oesophageal speech to tracheo - oesophageal speech. The authors assessed speech at 6 patients with voice prosthesis and 6 with good oesophageal speakers as a control group. The results of our investigations showed, that quality of tracheo - esophageal speech obtained with usage vocal prosthesis Provox 2 is more like normal speech than oesophageal speech. Social efficiency and quality of tracheo - oesophageal voice is better than oesophageal voice.     

Voice rehabilitation following total laryngectomy: microvascular laryngeal replacement-plasty (laryngoplasty) instead of voice prosthesis

Since the introduction of the so-called voice prostheses tracheoesophageal puncture is currently the most widely used surgical procedure for vocal rehabilitation after total laryngectomy. The voice prosthesis renders possible a reliably reproducible voice, which is superior (period of uninterrupted sound production, basal frequency, voice intensity) to the other techniques (esophageal speech, external vibrators, other surgical reconstructive measures), but has the following disadvantages: high initial phonation pressure, formation of granulation tissue around the voice shunt, blockage or leakage of the prosthesis or the voice shunt, displacement of the prosthesis, spontaneous occlusion when the prosthesis is accidentally removed, overtaxing the patients who have difficulties in replacing and cleaning the prosthesis. As an alternative new surgical technique a substitute larynx tube (laryngoplasty) was formed by a microvascular anastomotic forearm flap and connected to the trachea and pharynx in ten patients with extensive (T3-T4) laryngohypopharyngeal carcinoma. All ten patients developed a voice comparable with those of patients who have a voice prosthesis (frequency, voice intensity, period of uninterrupted sound production). An advantage of this graft over the voice prosthesis is that the phonation pressure required is low. While they were still in hospital eight patients learned to speak without using their hands by means of a tracheostomal valve. So far (six months postoperative) this surgical procedure has proved to be a practicable surgical alternative to a voice prosthesis.     

Downsizing of voice prosthesis diameter in patients with laryngectomy: an in vitro study

In patients with laryngectomy, voice prostheses inserted into a tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) are widely used for vocal rehabilitation. Gradual dilation of the TEF may cause bothersome leakage around voice prostheses. Prosthesis-related weight and mechanical trauma possibly exacerbate TEF dilation. If prosthesis size were to be decreased, with a concomitant decrease in prosthesis weight and diameter, dilation of the TEF would probably lessen. We performed in vitro tests to study the effects on aerodynamic prosthesis function when the prosthesis size-in particular, the inner diameter-was decreased. The effects on airflow and pressure were specifically studied in the airflow range of patients with laryngectomy. A 1-mm decrease of the regular inner prosthesis diameter from 5 mm to 4 mm showed no significant aerodynamic consequences at the average laryngectomized airflow point. Also, such a 1-mm decrease in diameter involved a prosthesis weight reduction of 18%. In view of these findings, downsizing the standard prosthetic diameter should be considered in future voice prosthesis development.     

Comparative studies of the quality of the esophageal voice following laryngectomy: the insufflation test and reverse speech audiometry

We carried out a transnasal insufflation test according to Blom and Singer on 27 laryngectomy patients as well as a speech communications test with the help of reverse speech audiometry, i.e. the post laryngectomy telephone test according to Zenner and Pfrang. The combined evaluation of both tests provided basic information on the quality of the esophagus voice and functionability of the speech organs. Both tests can be carried out quickly and easily and allow a differentiated statement to be made on the application possibilities of a esophagus voice, electronic speech aids and voice prothesis. Three groups could be identified from our results: 1. Insufflation test and reverse speech test provided conformable good or very good results. The esophagus voice was well understood. 2. Complete failure in the insufflation and telephone tests calls for further examinations to exclude any spasm, stricture, divertical and scarred membrane stenosis as well as tumor relapse in the region of the pharyngo-esophageal segments. 3. Organic causes must be looked for in the area of the nozzle as well as cranial nerve failure and social-determined causes in the case of normal insufflation and considerably reduced speech communication in the telephone test.     

全喉切除Ⅰ期气管食管端-侧吻合发音重建术远期疗效分析

目的 :探讨一种有别于其他全喉切除术后发音重建术的手术方法。方法 :施行全喉切除术后行Ⅰ期气管膜样部食管前壁造孔端 侧吻合气管食管分流发音重建术 36例。结果 :随访 5～ 10年 ,1例失访 (按死亡计算 )。36例中 ,近期发音成功率为 6 9.4 % ,远期为 83.3% ;3年存活率为 72 % ,5、10年存活率为 6 9%。结论 :该发音重建术不影响全喉切除的彻底性 ,Ⅰ期完成 ,操作简单、误吸率较低、发音成功率高、远期效果稳定 ,是一种让全喉切除术后患者开口讲话的较好的手术方法     

Voice rehabilitation with Provox2 voice prosthesis following total laryngectomy for laryngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinoma

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effectiveness of the Provox2 voice prosthesis for voice rehabilitation following total laryngectomy. METHODS: From September 2000 to December 2004, the Provox2 voice prosthesis was used for voice rehabilitation in 32 patients following total laryngectomy. The quality of speech with the Provox2 voice prosthesis was analyzed using the HRS rating scale, the maximum phonation time (MPT), incidence of complications and the in situ lifetime. The rate of speech restoration was further analyzed in 129 patients with total laryngectomy from 1996 to 2004. RESULT: Twenty-nine of 32 patients were able to restore speech using the Provox2 voice prosthesis, a speech restoration rate of 90.6%. The maximum phonation time (MPT) was measured in 18 patients using the Provox2 voice prosthesis. The mean MPT was 15.1 s, with a range of 8-28 s. MPT was not influenced by age, concurrent radiotherapy treatment, the location of the primary tumor or use of reconstructive surgery. The average lifetime of the Provox2 in patients with laryngeal carcinoma (12 patients) and hypopharyngeal carcinoma (17 patients) was 27.2 and 16.6 weeks, respectively, which was significantly different (P=0.024, non-parametric Mann-Whitney's U-test). The rate of speech restoration by the use of esophageal speech, and insertion of an artificial larynx was 62.7% for laryngeal carcinoma (59 cases) and 38.6% for hypopharyngeal carcinoma (70 cases), which was also significantly different (P<0.01, chi-square test). CONCLUSION: Provox2 voice prosthesis speech was very useful due to the higher rate of speech restoration, longer phonatory time, and better intelligibility. It was also thought that voice prosthesis speech was useful in conjunction with esophageal speech and an artificial larynx depending on the patient's condition or wishes.     

Laryngoplasty with a radialis pedicle flap from the forearm: a surgical procedure for voice rehabilitation after total laryngectomy

Tracheoesophageal puncture and insertion of a prosthetic voice device is currently the most widely surgical procedure for vocal rehabilitation after total laryngectomy. The disadvantages of voice prostheses are high initial phonation pressure, formation of granulation tissue around the voice shunt, blockage, displacement of the prosthesis, leakage of the prosthesis or the voice shunt, spontaneous occlusion when the prosthesis is accidentally removed and difficulties in replacing and cleaning the prosthesis. In an effort to avoid these problems, a substitute laryngeal tube (laryngoplasty) was fashioned from a revascularized forearm flap and connected to the trachea and pharynx in seven patients with extensive laryngohypopharyngeal carcinoma. All seven developed a voice comparable with patients fitted with a voice prosthesis. An advantage of this graft is the low phonation pressure required for voice production. Problems with aspiration have not occurred even after radiotherapy. While still in the hospital, five patients learned to speak without using their hands through the use of a tracheostomal valve. Judging by these results, this surgical procedure is a practical alternative to a voice prosthesis.