目标基因捕获测序技术检测1例肥厚型心肌病致病基因突变

目的通过靶向捕获高通量测序技术初步筛查肥厚型心肌病(HCM)致病基因突变。方法收集1例HCM患者临床信息和外周血,并提取基因组DNA,制备DNA全基因组文库。挑选导致HCM的8个候选基因,用GenCap基因序列捕获技术靶向富集该患者外周血DNA候选基因并行高通量测序。通过生物信息学分析筛选致病突变。用Sanger测序来验证相应致病基因突变位点。结果目标基因靶向捕获测序结果经与公共数据库和内部健康人测序数据库对比,发现致病基因突变位点MYBPC3 D770N,该致病基因突变与Sanger测序结果一致。结论用目标基因靶向捕获测序技术可实现对HCM致病基因突变的初步筛查,对HCM的临床基因诊断具有潜在的应用价值。     

PK-LR基因新突变丙酮酸激酶缺乏症患儿经异基因造血干细胞移植治愈

目的 通过对2例丙酮酸激酶缺乏症(PKD)患儿临床症状及PK-LR基因新突变类型的报道,探讨PKD的PK-LR基因诊断方法及行异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)的疗效.方法 选择2009年2月及2013年8月,上海交通大学医学院附属上海儿童医学中心收治的2例PKD患儿作为研究对象.本研究遵循的程序符合上海交通大学医学院附属上海儿童医学中心人体试验委员会所制定的伦理学标准,得到该委员会批准,征得受试对象监护人的知情同意,并与之签署临床研究知情同意书.通过上海儿童医学中心检验科采集2例患儿的血液标本,采用Sanger基因测序及全外显子捕获测序对2例患儿PK-LR基因进行检测分析.采用allo-HSCT对2例患儿进行治疗,并分别对2例患儿进行随访.回顾性分析该2例患儿的临床症状、诊断方法及治疗方案.结果 ①2例PKD患儿丙酮酸激酶(PK)活性均降低,分别为8.00 IU/gHb与7.61 IU/gHb.②2例PKD患儿PK-LR基因检测分析共发现4种PK LR基因错义突变.其中,PK-LR基因c.941T＞C(p.Ile314Thr)突变已有文献报道,c.119G＞A(p.Arg40Gln),c.1015G＞A(p.Asp339Asn)及c.848T＞C(p.Va1283Ala)突变为PK-LR基因新的突变类型.4种突变的SIFT功能预测结果分别为0.20,0.37,0及0.23.③2例PKD患儿均接受allo-HSCT.患儿1于移植后第14天粒系及红系造血功能获得恢复,移植后第19天血小板(PLT)计数＞5×101 0/L,移植后第22天造血干细胞(HSC) 100％嵌合,患儿血型亦转换为供者血型.患儿2于移植后第12天粒系及红系造血功能获得恢复,移植后第19天PLT计数＞3×1010/L,移植后第18天HSC 100％嵌合,患儿血型亦转换为供者血型.④对2例PKD患儿分别随访5年和1年,患儿生存状况良好,造血系统及其他系统指标均为正常,获得成功治愈.结论 全外显子捕获基因测序方法可用于临床PKD基因诊断及PK-LR基因新型突变类型的发现;PK-LR基因新突变类型c.G119G＞A(p.Arg40Gln),c.1015G＞A(p.Asp339Asn)及c.848T＞C(p.Va1283Ala)亦可导致PKD的发生;allo-HSCT治疗本研究中2例PKD患儿是有效、可行的.     

高分辨率熔解曲线分析在血友病B F9基因突变检测中的应用

目的 利用高分辨率熔解曲线(HRM)技术建立简便有效的血友病B(HB)基因诊断的方法.方法 收集2005年1月至2010年6月就诊于上海瑞金医院的55例HB患者的外周血标本,抽提外周血基因组DNA.采用PCR扩增结合测序的方法对40例HB患者进行F9基因突变检测,利用其中21例带有F9基因1～7号外显子突变的HB患者标本建立相应的HRM突变筛查方法.采用F9基因1～7号外显子的PCR-HRM突变筛查方法及8号外显子的DNA直接测序方法,对15例未知F9基因突变的HB患者进行基因诊断.结果 通过PCR扩增结合测序,40例HB患者均检测到F9基因突变.21例带有F9基因1～7号外显子突变的HB患者标本中,19例(90％)患者的突变可通过PCR-HRM技术进行检测.通过F9基因1～7号外显子PCR-HRM突变筛查及8号外显子的DNA直接测序,15例未知F9基因突变的HB患者均检测到F9基因突变.55例HB患者中共检测到34种F9基因突变.结论 HB基因诊断的新方法,即PCR-HRM筛查F9基因1～7号外显子突变结合8号外显子的DNA测序法操作简便、结果可靠.     

马方综合征临床实验室基因诊断

目的建立马方综合征(MFS)临床实验室基因诊断流程, 对MFS家系进行临床实验室基因诊断。方法利用二代高通量测序对2020年1月至12月到阜外华中心血管病医院(河南省人民医院心脏中心)就诊的2个MFS家系患者FBN1基因进行测序分析, 然后利用Sanger测序验证二代高通量测序结果, 同时对家系正常人及100名健康人进行突变位点Sanger测序以明确家系中FBN1基因致病性突变, 并于2个家系孕妇孕中期指导其进行产前诊断。结果 MFS临床实验室诊断显示2例MFS患者FBN1基因分别存在c.2560T>C 杂合突变、c.6772T>C杂合突变的致病性突变, 2个家系中正常人及100名健康人均未见此突变;产前诊断显示家系一胎儿存在FBN1基因c.2560T>C杂合突变, 为MFS患儿, 家系二胎儿FBN1基因未见突变, 建议继续妊娠, 产后随访结果与临床实验室诊断结果一致。结论成功建立了MFS临床实验室基因诊断流程, 对明确MFS临床诊断提供重要的参考依据。     

葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶缺乏症基因诊断方法的建立

目的建立有效可行的高通量葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase,G6PD)基因诊断新技术。方法建立单管三重PCR扩增G6PD基因外显子2~13目的片段,构建双管25重SNaPshot反应体系检测25个已报道的中国人群的G6PD基因突变位点。用20份已知基因型的样品进行重复性试验。对60例未知样品同时用多重SNaPshot基因分型技术和DNA测序法进行双盲试验。结果建立的多重SNaPshot技术可同时检测25个G6PD基因突变位点,且可区分正常、女性杂合子与男性半合子/女性纯合子,有效检出复合突变。批内及批间的重复性均达到100%。60例未知样本检出23例突变,SNaPshot基因分型结果与测序结果完全一致,特异性和准确性均为100%。结论建立的单管三重PCR结合双管25重SNaPshot技术是一种有效可行的G6PD缺乏症基因诊断的新方法。     

先天性肾上腺皮质增生症基因突变位点诊断方法的建立

目的 利用PCR产物直接测序、SNP位点分析和T-A克隆技术,建立先天性肾上腺皮质增生症的基因突变位点诊断方法.方法 收集临床诊断为21-羟化酶缺乏症(21-OHD)患者33例和17α-羟化酶缺乏症(17-OHD)患者2例及所有患者父母的外周血标本,以及105名健康对照者外周血标本.抽提外周血基因组DNA.根据CYP21A2基因与其假基因间的基因序列差异设计高特异性的PCR引物,扩增CYP21A2基因全长,通过PCR产物直接测序、SNP位点分析以及PCR产物T-A克隆分析检测CYP21A2基因突变.采用PCR扩增结合直接测序的方法进行CYP17A1基因突变的检测.结果 应用本研究建立的方法,可以对所有患者的基因突变进行诊断.33例21-OHD患者中,共发现13种不同形式的CYP21A2基因突变,其中IVS2-13A/C>G、p. I172N和融合基因分别占32%(21/66)、27%(18/66)和15%(10/66).91% CYP21A2基因突变源自于相应的假基因.2例17-OHD患者分别为CYP17A1基因IVS4-6A>G纯合突变及CYP17A1基因p.487_489del纯合突变.所有患者基因突变均来自父母.健康对照者均未检测出基因突变.结论 本研究建立了先天性肾上腺皮质增生症基因突变位点的诊断方法,为临床提供了可靠的确诊依据.     

高通量测序技术在遗传性白内障诊断中的应用研究

目的探讨高通量测序技术在遗传性白内障诊断中的应用价值。方法提取先证者(34岁先天性白内障孕妇)及其家系18例家庭成员外周血全基因组DNA,采用高通量测序法筛查先证者可疑致病突变位点,采用Sanger测序方法验证先证者及其他家庭成员的可疑致病位点,在先证者孕16周时进行羊水穿刺,提取胎儿DNA并采用Sanger测序法进行验证。结果先证者和家系另10例患者均存在GJA3基因(NM_021954.3)c.176 CT位点错义杂合突变,8例表型正常的家系成员和胎儿均未检测到该位点突变。结论 GJA3基因c.176 CT位点错义杂合突变为该家系致病基因突变,该突变位点具有致病性;高通量测序结合Sanger测序技术是一种成本相对较低、速度较快、结果可靠的分子诊断方法,可应用到先天性白内障的诊断及家庭成员的生育指导。     

全外显子及靶向文库捕获测序在多囊肾病基因诊断中的应用比较

目的 比较全外显子和靶向文库捕获高通量测序对多囊肾病相关基因的检测效率.方法 对6份多囊肾病标本(包括一份低比例嵌合变异标本)分别进行全外显子捕获或靶目标捕获2种方法建立文库,Illumina HiSeq 2000仪器连续双向测序.结果 以PKD1、PKD2和PKHD1 3个基因作为目标序列,靶向捕获法平均测序深度为190倍,5倍以上测序深度占全部有效序列的85.59％,靶区域覆盖度95％以上,但PKD1第一外显子仍有200～300 bp区域不能覆盖;全外显子捕获法平均测序深度为28.34倍,5倍以上测序深度占全部有效序列的55.35％,目标区域覆盖度较低,PKD1外显子覆盖度小于40％. 结论 靶向文库捕获测序法具有较高的敏感性、准确性,更适合PKD基因变异的检测,但高通量测序技术对PKD1基因检测仍有不足之处.     

Noonan综合征合并先天性心脏病及房性心律失常一例报告及文献复习

目的 报告1例RAF1基因突变致Noonan综合征(NS)的临床特征,增加对RAF1基因突变表型谱的认识.方法 收集患儿的临床资料,包括病史特点、相关实验室检查和家族史等.采用外显子捕获的方法对患儿及其父母进行全外显子高通量测序,并进行生物信息学分析,通过Sanger测序对高通量测序结果进行验证.结果 患儿女,9岁,发...     

阶梯式耳聋基因诊断策略及其临床实践

目的建立阶梯式耳聋基因诊断策略,应用于临床诊疗实践,以提高诊断效率、降低检测成本改善病人管理。方法选取2017年1月至2020年12月广东省妇幼保健院医学遗传中心226例耳聋患者进行基因诊断。阶梯式诊断策略第一阶梯采用微阵列芯片法对受检者进行GJB2、GJB3、SLC26A4及线粒体DNA 12S NrRA基因上中国人群耳聋基因变异热点检测。第二阶梯基因诊断采用Sanger测序法对受检者进行GJB2、SLC26A4等中国人群中较常见的耳聋基因测序。第三阶梯基因诊断采用全外显子测序法,主要用于第一、二阶梯未检出或检出结果不能解释表型的耳聋病患,但对于有急切产前诊断需求等检测时间窗较短的耳聋患者可直接接受高通量测序检测。结果第一阶梯基因检测为14例病患明确分子诊断(诊断率8.5%),第二阶梯基因检测为24例病患明确分子诊断(诊断率15.9%),第三阶梯基因检测额外提高了32.4%的诊断率。而在选择直接接受全外显子组测序检测的人群中诊断率为44.3%。结论本研究建立了一种阶梯式耳聋基因诊断策略,并将其应用于临床诊疗,实践效果显示分层递进式检测更为经济。但对于部分检测时间窗较短的耳聋患者,直接行高通量测序检测,效率更高。明确耳聋患者分子诊断有助于提高病人管理、改善患者预后、规范遗传咨询及再发风险评估。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.