20例脾亢患者脾动脉栓塞术的护理体会

部分脾动脉栓塞术是通过部分阻塞脾动脉减少脾动脉血流，降低门脉压力，抑制亢进的脾功能，同时保留了脾脏免疫功能，因此更适用于肝硬化脾功能亢进患者。我院感染科于2012年8月~2013年8月采用脾动脉栓塞术治疗脾亢20例患者，全部患者住院期间均未出现消化道出血等严重并发症，均康复出院。手术前后正确的护理有利于防止并发症的发生，保证手术疗效。     

部分脾栓塞对门脉高压血流动力学及脾亢的影响

目的探讨部分脾动脉栓塞对门脉高压血流动力学及脾动脉亢进的影响。方法20例肝硬化门脉高压并脾亢患者,采用Seldinger技术,插管至脾动脉,注入明胶海绵颗粒 欧乃派克6-7ml。分别于术前、术后1月、6月用彩色多谱勒超声检查门脉血管参数,并查血常规变化。结果行2次栓塞8例,其余均一次栓塞,栓塞面积占脾脏40-70%,门静脉(PV)、脾静脉(SV)横径明显缩小,其中SV最大流速与流量均显著下降(P<0.001),外周血白细胞、血小板在术后1月、6月、12月均明显高于术前。结论部分性脾栓塞术后可明显降低门脉压力及改善脾功能亢进。     

部分脾栓塞术对肝硬化脾功能亢进的介入治疗

目的:探讨和评价部分脾栓塞术(PSE)治疗肝硬化脾功能亢进的临床应用价值.方法:采用Seldinger技术对28例乙肝后肝硬化伴脾功能亢进患者用高压消毒明胶海绵颗粒共进行31次PSE.结果:28例手术中27例获得成功,栓塞范围为30%～60%,25位患者术后1周以内、1～2周及2周以上WBC和PLT均有不同程度的上升(P＜0.01),临床有效率为 92.6%.手术前后肝功能变化不大.全部病例均未发生严重并发症.结论:部分脾栓塞术对治疗肝硬化脾亢有明显疗效,可替代脾切除术.对肝功能的改善,近期疗效不明显.     

部分脾栓塞在肝癌伴脾亢介入治疗中的应用

目的:对原发性肝癌(肝癌)伴脾功能亢进(脾亢)患者行部分脾栓塞,使其血细胞恢复正常,以便能进一步行肝动脉化疗。方法:对46例不能行手术切除、且血细胞明显低于正常的肝癌伴脾亢的患者行部分脾栓塞术,栓塞面积控制在50%-70%,栓塞前后测定血细胞数量,并作方差分析和t检验。结果:脾栓术后24小时、48小时、72小时、1周、2周、4周的血WBC和PLT均较栓塞前明显升高(P<0.05和P<0.01)。结论:部分脾栓塞能治疗脾功能亢进,提高血细胞数量,使肝癌伴脾亢患者的肝动脉化疗能正常进行。     

肝动脉化疗栓塞术联合脾栓塞术治疗肝癌脾亢的临床应用价值

目的 探讨肝动脉化疗栓塞术联合脾部分栓塞术治疗原发性肝癌伴脾功能亢进的临床应用价值.方法 确诊为原发性肝癌伴脾功能亢进患者60例,2013年10月至2014年6月就诊于解放军总医院第一附属医院介入科.60例患者被随机分配到A、B两组.A组为对照组,30例患者接受肝动脉化疗栓塞术;B组为实验组,30例患者接受肝动脉化疗栓塞术及脾部分栓塞术.治疗前后检测血常规、血凝四项、肝功能、T细胞亚群,免疫球蛋白及CT扫描.观察两组患者并发症的情况.结果 实验组患者术后外周血象、肝功能、凝血功能及免疫功能较术前有所改善,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两组患者术后并发症间比较无显著地差异性(P＜0.05),并未发生严重并发症.结论 肝动脉化疗栓塞术联合脾部分栓塞术是一种安全且有效的治疗方法,它能有效改善患者血细胞减少状况,改善肝功能,提高免疫力,且术后患者发生严重并发症的概率较低.     

不同方法行部分脾栓塞术治疗肝硬化脾功亢进疗效及并发症的对比观察

目的 对比观察部分脾栓塞术,一次性栓塞或分两步法进行栓塞治疗肝硬化、脾功亢进,在疗效及并发症上的优缺点.方法 随机抽取只行一次脾栓塞的肝硬化、脾亢患者38例和行两步法脾栓塞的肝硬化、脾亢患者38例,对疗效及并发症进行对比观察.结果 两步法脾栓塞术相对要比一次性脾栓塞术中远期疗效好,并发症尤其是严重并发症明显减少. 结论部分性脾检塞术治疗肝硬化、脾亢时,从疗效、并发症、术后护理、死亡率等方面考虑,应采取或尽可能采取两步法行部分脾栓塞术.这一点在临床工作中具有普遍性意义.     

部分脾动脉栓塞术治疗肝硬化脾功能亢进患者的112例临床观察

目的分析与评价部分脾动脉栓塞术对肝硬化患者的各种临床影响。方法112例肝硬化合并脾功能亢进患者,其中男性71例,女性41例;年龄38～72岁,平均年龄52-3岁。采用Seldinger技术进行部分脾动脉栓塞术．观察其外周血细胞、肝功能、凝血酶原时间、白蛋白、肾功能、门静脉内径等。结果所有患者经过部分脾动脉栓塞术治疗5d后,外周血白细胞由（3．63±1．82）×10^9／L明显增高至（7．67±4．20）×10^9／L（P〈0．05）,血小板由（62．03±36．55）×109／L明显升高至（125．71±98．18）×10^9／L（P〈0．05）,凝血酶原时间由（17．68±3．44）s明显缩短至（16．68±2．92）s（P〈0．05）。肾功能中血尿素氮明显变化。血肌酐由（83．82±20．66）μmol／L明显升高至（90．54±19．15）μmol／L（P〈0．05）,4周后门静脉管径由（1．33±0．16）cm缩小至（1．16±0．16）cm（P〈0．05）,门静脉血液流速由（721．97±230．09）mL／min缩小至（492．30±174．67）mL／min（P〈0．05）。肝功能中观察了总胆红素、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天冬氨酸氨基转氨酶、谷酰转肽酶等指标均无明显变化。结论部分脾动脉栓塞术对肝硬化患者不仅有缓解脾功能亢进,且能降低门静脉压,预防出血,对肝功能无明显影响。     

脾动脉栓塞治疗外伤性脾破裂的临床应用

目的探讨脾动脉栓塞治疗外伤性脾破裂的临床疗效及应用价值。 方法穿刺股动脉,行脾动脉造影后行脾动脉栓塞,治疗外伤性脾破裂6例。 结果6例患者术后均出现左上腹不同程度胀痛,术后均出现发热,最高体温38.5 ℃,5例患者出现少量胸腔积液。6例患者术后均未再出现出血,保脾成功,顺利出院。 结论在病情允许情况下,脾动脉栓塞治疗外伤性脾破裂止血效果确切,有效保留脾脏免疫功能,且患者创伤小,恢复快。     

门静脉高压症全脾或大部脾切除术后再出血的问题

目前外科治疗门静脉高压症的术式繁多,诸如各种分流术,断流术,联合性手术(分流加断流术)以及单纯性睥切除术等。其主要目的是处理食管胃底曲张静脉破裂出血和脾肿大、脾功能亢进等,而对引起门静脉高压症的基础病变肝硬化无直接治疗作用。因而,各种手术虽然在控制、预防门静脉高压食管静脉曲张出血中取得了一定的疗效,但并不令人满意,其术     

食管胃底曲张静脉栓塞加脾动脉栓塞法治疗急诊肝硬化上消化道大出血

目的探讨应用经皮经肝食管胃底曲张静脉栓塞(PTVE)联合经皮部分性脾动脉栓塞(PSE)治疗肝硬化门脉高压所致的急诊上消化道大出血的有效性和安全性。方法回顾性分析36例肝硬化门脉高压(不合并肿瘤者)所致的急诊上消化道大出血患者,均急诊行NBCA胶加弹簧圈栓塞食管胃底曲张静脉治疗,再于一周后行部分性脾动脉栓塞术,分析36例病例的近期疗效(6~18月)、并发症,评价该方法的有效性和安全性。结果36例病例均应用NBCA胶和弹簧圈栓塞食管胃底曲张静脉,术中术后未出现重大手术并发症,术后跟踪随访6~24月,有4例患者出现上消化道出血复发,其中1例患者复发出现在介入栓塞后的第二天,再次行栓塞治疗后好转,余3例患者复发的上消化道出血均不严重,经内科保守治疗后恢复。结论NBCA胶配合弹簧圈栓塞食管胃底曲张静脉治疗肝硬化门脉高压所致的上消化道出血是有效的安全性,加用部分性脾动脉栓塞术可降低门静脉压力,提高单纯性食管胃底曲张静脉栓塞的疗效。     

Portal and splanchnic hemodynamics after partial splenic embolization in cirrhotic patients with hypersplenism

To assess the acute effects of partial splenic embolization (PSE) on portal and splanchnic hemodynamics in patients with cirrhosis. Ninety‐five patients with hypersplenism were included in the study. Duplex examinations were performed before and 3 and 7 days after PSE. Portal and splanchnic hemodynamics including vessel cross‐sectional area (CSA), mean flow velocities (cm/s), blood flows (mL/min), Doppler indices as portal congestion index (CI), liver vascular index, hepatic artery and superior mesenteric artery (SMA) pulsatility and resistive indices (PI and RI), were performed before and after PSE. In our study, 69 of 95 patients were males (72.6%) and 26 females (27.3%). Chronic hepatitis C virus infection was the main cause of cirrhosis (81.1%). PSE failed technically in six patients (6.3%). After PSE, both CSA and CI significantly decreased (p < 0.05 and <0.01). The portal vein velocity significantly increased (p < 0.01). The portal flow volume (892.4 ± 151 mL/min) did not show significant changes. The hepatic artery RI and PI showed a steady increase that became significant 7 days post‐PSE (p < 0.05). The RI and PI of SMA increased significantly after 7 days of PSE (p < 0.05). PSE has an immediate portal decompression effect in patients with portal hypertension without reduction in portal flow. This effect on portal pressure should be investigated in future studies as a potential tool for management of acute variceal bleeding when other medical procedures fail.     

Clinical application value of preoperative selective partial splenic embolization before splenectomy plus portal-azygous disconnection

The aim of this study is to explore the clinical application value of preoperative selective partial splenic embolization before splenectomy plus portal-azygous disconnection. 158 cases of liver cirrhosis combined with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage patients were selected, which were randomly divided into splenic embolization group (S, n=77) and the non-splenic embolization group (U, n=81). Group S patients were firstly performed partial splenic embolization (PSE), and then underwent splenectomy plus portal-azygous disconnection, and the group U patients were directly performed splenectomy plus portal-azygous disconnection. Statistical analysis was used SAS8.0 statistical analysis software. One week after partial splenic embolization, the platelet of group S returned to normal, and the rise of white blood cells and hemoglobin, and shorten of prothrombin time in group S were much better than that in group U (P<0.01, P<0.05); the indexes, such as the intraoperative blood loss, the blood transfusion amount, the amount of platelet infusion, and the incidence of complications in group S were more superior than that in group U (P<0.05). Preoperative selective splenic artery embolization before splenectomy plus portal-azygous disconnection can restore the spleen function, and reduce the risk of surgery and incidence of complications.     

105例脑动静脉畸形并出血的外科治疗

目的探讨脑动静脉畸形及合并出血后外科治疗方法的选择。方法105例病人根据脑动静脉畸形的分级、出血的部位、出血量的大小及病人的状况等选择手术、栓塞或栓塞后手术等方法治疗。结果手术组60例,全切除55例,占92%;部分切除5例,占8%。血管内治疗40例,一次全部栓塞的15例,占37%;分次全部栓塞的18例,占45%;部分栓塞的7例,占18%。血管内治疗后手术5例,全切除3例,占60%;部分切除2例,占40%。治愈91例,治愈率为86%;好转6例,占6%;死亡8例,占8%。结论手术治疗和血管内治疗是目前治疗脑动静脉畸形并出血的有效方法。     

Penicillar arterioles of red pulp in residual spleen after subtotal splenectomy due to splenomegaly in cirrhotic patients: a comparative study

Background: Following splenomegaly due to portal hypertension, pathologic characteristics include passive congestion and lymphoplasia. High venous pressure and hemodynamics can result in vascular proliferation and lymphoplasia, and promote splenic microcirculation and functional changes. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in penicillar arterioles (PAs) of red pulp in residual splenic tissue after subtotal splenectomy due to splenomegaly in cirrhotic patients to provide anatomic and physiologic evidence for reserved splenic surgery. Methods: Thirteen patients with splenomegaly due to portal hypertension, who were treated surgically, comprised the splenomegaly group. After 8 years, we obtained another specimen by puncture biopsy from the residual spleen group. We designated patients with splenic trauma as the control group. The morphology of PAs under light microscopy was facilitated by EVG staining and immunohistochemistry for CD34. Semi-thin sections were HE-stained. The ultrastructure of PA endothelial cells was observed under electron microscopy. Results: In the residual spleen group, diffuse distribution, tenuous elastic intima in the arterial wall, and continuity in PA of red pulp were seen under light microscopy. A significantly lower density and average cross-sectional area of PAs were observed in the residual spleen group compared with the splenomegaly and control groups (P < 0.01). A uniform mitochondrial matrix and a decreased number of ruptured cristae in PA endothelial cells were observed under electron microscopy. While there were some beneficial changes (splenic artery flow volume, portal venous diameter, and portal venous flow volume), the platelet and leucocyte counts were markedly increased in residual spleen. Conclusion: Subtotal splenectomy can eliminate the factors which precipitate splenomegaly (portal hypertension), improve the reconstruction of splenic capillaries, correct hypersplenism, and restore normal splenic function.     

Onyx胶栓塞脑动静脉畸形31例

背景：在脑动静脉畸形的血管内栓塞治疗中,栓塞材料的选用在很大程度上决定血管内栓塞治疗的效果。Onyx胶是近年研制的一种新型液体栓塞剂,具有不粘管、弥散均匀及可控性好等优点。 目的：总结新型液态栓塞剂Onyx胶栓塞脑动静脉畸形31例的技术要点和临床疗效。 方法：应用Onyx胶栓塞脑动静脉畸形31例,均采用Seldinger技术在股动脉内置入6F动脉鞘,6F导引导管插入颈内动脉或椎动脉,Marathon微导管超选择进入畸形血管团内,采用“注胶-返流-停止-再注胶”技术长时间缓慢注射Onyx胶栓塞脑动静脉畸形。 结果与结论：栓塞后脑动静脉畸形闭塞40%~60% 8例,60%~90% 7例,90%以上(完全栓塞)16例。未能完全栓塞的15例中,4例接受手术治疗,其中3例痊愈,1例单侧肢体乏力,肌力Ⅳ级;6例患者术后辅以伽玛刀治疗,其中2例1年以后复查DSA显示脑动静脉畸形完全闭塞。提示Onyx可提高脑动静脉畸形的栓塞效果,但应正确采用栓塞技术和注意预防并发症。     

Hepatic infarction following abdominal interventional procedures

To clarify the incidence, background, and progress of hepatic infarction following interventional procedures, cases of hepatic infarction following interventional procedures at our department during the last decade were identified by reviewing the clinical records of 1982 abdominal angiography and interventional procedures and records of abdominal CT. Nine episodes (0.5%) in 8 patients were identified as hepatic infarction following an interventional procedure. Five episodes were preceded by embolization of the hepatic or celiac artery at emergency angiography for postoperative bleeding with hemorrhagic shock. Three episodes followed the elected interventional procedure for hepatocellular carcinoma, and the remaining episode occurred after 12 months of chemoinfusion through an indwelling catheter in the hepatic artery and portal vein. Hepatic arterial occlusion in all episodes and portal venous flow abnormality in 5 episodes were observed on angiography. Four patients whose liver function was initially impaired died of hepatic infarction, although the extent of the disease on CT did not appear to be related to the mortality. Multiple risk factors, including arterial insufficiency, were observed in each patient. The incidence of hepatic infarction following interventional procedures in this series was low but sometimes fatal, and occurred most frequently in emergency embolization in hemorrhagic shock.