幽门螺杆菌全菌抗原口服免疫BLAB／c小鼠的免疫应答机理研究

目的 分析幽门螺杆菌全菌抗原的口服免疫应答反应。方法 ELISA分析免疫小鼠血清、唾液、粪便提取物特异抗体水平,ELISPOT分析胃粘膜、派伊尔小结（PP）抗原行异性抗体分泌细胞（ASC）,RT－PCR分析PP T细胞因子mRNA表达水平。结果 ①口服免疫可诱导强烈的血清IgG反应和唾液、粪便提取物特sIgA反应;②胃粘膜、PP结产生大量抗原特异性抗体分泌细胞（ASC）,尤以sIgA-ASC型居多,PP结抗原特异性形成细胞（ASC）数量与特异抗体水平密切相关;③加佐剂免疫组小鼠PP T细胞,体外抗原刺激下,早期高表达IFN－γ晚期高表达IL－4。结论 全菌抗原和粘膜佐剂免疫可诱导H.pylori特异的系统、粘膜免疫应答,局部sIgA可能在抗H.pylori感染中具有重要作用,肠粘膜免疫主要诱导部位PP早期表现为TH1型优势应答,晚期则转为TH2型优势应答。     

口服幽门螺杆菌苗免疫小鼠后胃粘膜的免疫应答

目的 观测Hp全菌抗原和粘膜佐剂LT口服免疫Balb/c小鼠后的胃肠粘膜免疫反应。方法 采用ELISPOT法检测了胃粘膜、肠粘膜相关淋巴组织PP结抗原特异性形成细胞（AFC）。结果 抗原免疫组、抗原 佐剂组胃肠粘膜抗原特异性sIgA-AFC、IgG-AFC数量明显增加,尤以sIgA-AFC为甚。并且抗原 佐剂组明显高于单纯抗原组和对照组。结论 口服菌苗可有效诱导胃肠道粘膜免疫应答。局部sIgA可能在抗Hp感染中具有重要作用。     

幽门螺杆菌HpaA-CtxB融合蛋白的表达及其免疫原性研究

目的 :探讨幽门螺杆菌融合蛋白粘附素 霍乱毒素B亚单位 (HpaA CtxB ,HCTB)经口服免疫小鼠后 ,机体产生的免疫应答。方法 :用PCR方法扩增HpaA和CtxB两个目的基因片段 ,将它们分别克隆至pET 32a( )和pQE 30质粒上 ,然后同时插入pQE 30表达载体中 ,构建含双基因的的表达质粒pQE HCTB ,转化E .coliDH5α,经IPTG诱导表达融合蛋白HCTB ;West ernblot分析其免疫反应性。融合蛋白经镍离子柱纯化后 ,HCTB和HpaA分别给小鼠灌胃进行免疫 ,ELISPOT和ELISA分别检测小鼠胃粘膜、派伊尔小结 (Peyer′spatches ,PP)抗原特异性抗体分泌细胞 (ASC) ,和血清IgG、IgA、小肠粘液sIgA和粪便sIgA。结果 :经测序HCTB融合基因片段由 116 1bp组成 ,为编码 387个氨基酸残基的多肽。经SDS PAGE分析相对分子量 (Mr)约为4 0 0 0 0。可溶性表达占全菌的 2 5 %以上 ,经亲和层析后可获得纯度为 92 %以上的重组蛋白。Westernblot分析其能分别与HpaA抗血清和CT抗血清特异性反应。灌胃免疫小鼠后ELISPOT和ELISA检测结果 ,胃和PPsIgA ASC、IgG ASC数量明显增加 ,尤以sIgA ASC为甚 ,同时血清IgA、IgG ,粪sIgA ,肠粘液sIgA也明显高于HpaA组和对照组 (P <0 0 5和P <0 0 1)。结论 :融合蛋白HCTB经口服免疫可有效诱导粘膜免疫应答 ,产生高水平     

人源轮状病毒转基因马铃薯口服免疫小鼠的免疫应答研究

目的分析人源轮状病毒转基因植物抗原的口服免疫应答反应。方法在根癌脓杆菌介导获得系列转基因马铃薯植株的基础上，用ELISA分析转基因马铃薯中目的蛋白表达水平。马铃薯块茎直接口服免疫Balb／c小鼠，ELISA分析免疫小鼠血清、唾液、粪便提取物特异抗体水平。结果获得一株最高表达量的转化株；口服免疫可诱导较强的血清IgG反应和强烈的黏膜sIgA反应，粪便的sIgA最高，唾液次之，尿液中无sIgA；加霍乱毒素B亚单位（CTB）佐剂免疫组小鼠和霍乱毒素（CT）佐剂免疫组小鼠抗体水平无显著差异，无佐剂免疫组小鼠抗体水平略低。结论人源轮状病毒转基因植物疫苗联合黏膜佐剂免疫动物可诱导特异的系统与黏膜免疫应答，且黏膜免疫强度略高于系统免疫。     

PELA幽门螺杆菌口服疫苗微球黏膜免疫研究

目的：应用复乳挥发法制备PELA泛影葡胺显影微球与缨门螺杆菌超声上清口服疫苗微球，并进行靶向与黏膜免疫研究。方法：采用CT技术，研究显影微球的靶向，PELA幽门曙杆菌超声上清口服疫苗微球口服免疫小鼠后，运用ELISA法检测血清，唾液，肠粘液的抗体改变情况，ELISPOT法分析派伊尔氏结（PP结）抗原特异性抗体形成细胞（ASC）的数量增减，结果；口粒径在10um以下的微球，首先粘附在胃肠黏膜表面，后投递于PP结；H.pylori疫苗微球免疫后可诱导较高的唾液sIgA水平和肠道sIgA反应，PP结抗原特异性抗体形成细胞（ASC）数量与肠道 sIgA水平密切相关，结论：可生物降解的PELA微球可用于靶向口服疫苗的研究。     

以壳聚糖为佐剂的Hp疫苗诱导的体液免疫应答及其免疫保护效应

目的：探讨以壳聚糖为佐剂的Hp疫苗的免疫保护作用及其机制。方法:BALB/c小鼠随机分为9组：①空白对照组：PBS溶液；②壳聚糖酸溶液组；③壳聚糖颗粒组；④Hp抗原组；⑤Hp抗原+壳聚糖酸溶液组；⑥Hp抗原+壳聚糖颗粒组；⑦Hp抗原+CT组；⑧Hp抗原+壳聚糖酸溶液+CT组；⑨Hp抗原+壳聚糖颗粒+CT组，各组于第0、7、14、21 d 灌胃各免疫1次，免疫后4周给予1×1012CFU/L的SS1 Hp菌液每只 0.5 mL进行攻击，隔日1次，共2次。4周后，采用定量Hp培养和病理改良Giemsa染色法检测胃黏膜内Hp感染。用ELISA法检测血清抗Hp IgG、IgG1、IgG2a及唾液和胃黏膜内抗Hp IgA，用SP免疫组织化学法检测胃黏膜内分泌型IgA（sIgA）。结果:①以壳聚糖为佐剂的Hp疫苗的免疫保护率达60%，与以CT为佐剂的Hp疫苗的免疫保护率（58.33%）相似，显著高于单纯Hp抗原组及其它不含Hp抗原组（P<0.01或P<0.05），同时以CT＋壳聚糖为佐剂的Hp疫苗的保护率为84.62%、85.71%，其Hp的定植评分显著低于无佐剂组及以CT为佐剂组（P<0.01，P<0.05）。②含佐剂的Hp疫苗所诱导产生的Hp IgG水平显著高于对照组及无佐剂组（P<0.01，P<0.05），而以CT＋壳聚糖为佐剂组所产生的抗Hp IgG水平显著高于仅以 CT或壳聚糖为佐剂组（P<0.05）。③胃黏膜内sIgA及特异性抗Hp IgA水平在壳聚糖为佐剂组与以CT为佐剂组无差别（P>0.05），显著高于无佐剂组，而壳聚糖与CT联合应用组显著高于单以CT为佐剂组（P<0.01，P<0.05）。结论:以壳聚糖为佐剂的Hp疫苗对Hp感染具有免疫保护作用，并可成功诱导黏膜局部的特异性体液免疫应答，从而发挥免疫防御作用。     

粘膜佐剂LTB优化的抗淋病ltB-nspA融合基因疫苗鼻饲免疫效果研究

目的:用真核重组质粒pcDNA3.1(-)/ltB-nspA鼻饲免疫小鼠,探索粘膜佐剂LTB辅佐NspA所诱发的特异性体液免疫应答和细胞免疫应答水平。方法:对真核重组质粒行PCR及双酶切鉴定后大量制备,经鼻饲途径免疫雌性BALB/c小鼠,间接ELISA法检测血清中NspA特异性IgG抗体水平及小鼠生殖道灌洗液中NspA特异性sIgA抗体水平;MTT法检测脾淋巴细胞增殖水平,ELISA双抗体夹心法检测脾淋巴细胞培养上清IFN-γ含量。结果:融合基因pcDNA3.1(-)/ltB-nspA组小鼠生殖道灌洗液中sIgA(A450:0.316±0.045)明显高于pcDNA3.1(-)/nspA单基因组(P0.05)和其它对照组(P0.01);小鼠血清中IgG(A450:0.643±0.156)水平、脾淋巴细胞刺激指数(SI:1.65±0.32)和脾淋巴细胞诱生的IFN-γ(160.56±25.67pg/ml)水平均明显高于pcDNA3.1(-)/ltB、空质粒pcDNA3.1(-)和PBS对照组(P0.01)。结论:pcDNA3.1(-)/ltB-nspA融合基因疫苗经鼻饲免疫,能够诱导小鼠产生较强的特异性体液免疫应答和细胞免疫应答;粘膜佐剂LTB可辅佐NspA诱导小鼠产生更高水平的生殖道粘膜免疫。     

鼠疫F1-V重组蛋白疫苗滴鼻免疫应答效果的研究

目的 以重组霍乱毒素B亚单位（rCT-B）为鼠疫F1-V重组蛋白的佐剂制备黏膜疫苗,观察小鼠诱导的黏膜免疫和系统免疫应答效果。方法以制备的鼠疫黏膜疫苗滴鼻免疫小鼠4次免疫后,采用间接ELISA检测血清特异性抗F1-V的IgG和IgA抗体及抗体亚型分类,检测鼻咽喉、肺、小肠及阴道灌洗液中特异性抗F1-V的黏膜分泌型IgA;采用流式细胞术检测鼻相关淋巴组织淋巴细胞、脾淋巴细胞、肠系膜淋巴结及小肠PP结T淋巴细胞表型的变化。结果以rCT-B为佐剂的鼠疫F1-V重组蛋白黏膜疫苗滴鼻免疫后,能够诱导血清中IgG、IgA抗体比正常对照组显著升高（P〈0．01）,同时诱导鼻咽、肺、小肠和阴道内特异性黏膜抗体升高,尤其是肺和生殖道冲冼液内抗体升高极为显著（P〈0．01）。与单纯的F1-V组相比,不同剂量比例疫苗组都能诱导较高、较快的血清IgG、IgA和黏膜sIgA,其中1：2疫苗组能诱导更强的系统免疫和黏膜免疫,但是相比之下,5：1疫苗组是最合适的免疫剂量。结论rCT-B佐剂不仅能提高鼠疫F1-V黏膜疫苗的系统全身免疫应答,还能促进诱导呼吸道、消化道和生殖道等局部黏膜sIgA抗体,增强局部免疫应答,提示rCT-B佐剂能显著提高鼠疫感染的免疫应答作用,这为下一步疫苗的免疫保护评价奠定了基础。     

Th细胞在幽门螺杆菌疫苗诱导肠粘膜免疫中的调节作用

幽门螺杆菌 (helicobacter pylori,Hp)是慢性胃炎、消化性溃疡的主要病原菌 ,并且与胃粘膜相关淋巴组织淋巴瘤和胃癌的发生发展密切相关 [1 ] 。采用疫苗预防、治疗 Hp感染 ,已成为近年来的研究热点 [1 ] 。本研究采用 Hp全菌超声上清和佐剂大肠杆菌不耐热肠毒素口服免疫 BAL B/ c小鼠 ,从分子水平分析肠粘膜免疫主要诱导部位派伊尔小结 (PP)的 Th1、Th2细胞在粘膜免疫应答中的调节作用 ,为 Hp口服疫苗研制提供免疫学依据。1　材料与方法1.1　实验动物　雌性 BAL B/ c小鼠 (本校实验动物中心提供 ) ,6～ 8周龄 ,18～ 2 5 g,2 0只随机…     

幽门螺杆菌感染小鼠及其抗原免疫小鼠后体液免疫应答的比较

目的：比较BALB／c小鼠感染H.pylori后以及经H.pylori UreB抗原口服免疫后的体液免疫应答的差异。方法：80只BALB／c小鼠分为感染组和免疫组，感染组灌喂H.pylori小鼠适应株；免疫组灌喂重组H.pylori UreB抗原和佐剂LTB。在试验的0，2，6和10周时每组分别取10只小鼠收集唾液及血液标本，用ELISA法检测抗UreBIgG和IgA抗体，同时采集胃组织作H.pylori感染检测。结果：感染组小鼠在灌喂H.pylori后2，6，10周，感染率均为100％，其血清中抗UreB IgG增高明显，但血清及唾液中均未见IgA的明显升高，；免疫组小鼠在初次免疫后第6，10周后，血清及唾液中抗UreB,IgG和IgA抗体的均显著升高。结论：H.yplori感染BALB／ c小鼠不能诱导其产生明显的特异性黏膜免疫应答，而重组UreB可作为良好的免疫原诱导其产生分泌型IgA抗体。     

Specific-Antibody-Secreting Cells in the Rectums and Genital Tracts of Nonhuman Primates following Vaccination

To determine optimal strategies to induce specific-antibody-secreting cells (specific ASC) in the rectal and vaginal mucosae, we immunized monkeys with a prototype mucosal immunogen, cholera toxin (CT), given locally or via gastric or parenteral administration. Repeated rectal or vaginal CT immunizations induced strong mucosal and systemic ASC responses. The mucosal responses were, however, confined to the immunization sites and comprised high levels of both specific antitoxin immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG. Large numbers of specific IgA and IgG ASC were detected in cell suspensions from dissociated genital and rectal tissues, demonstrating local accumulation of effector B cells at these sites. Intragastric immunization with CT did not per se give rise to cervicovaginal or rectal ASC responses but did prime for a rectal IgA ASC response to local booster immunization. Both rectal and vaginal immunizations also induced circulating blood IgG ASC and IgA ASC. In conclusion, these results show that local administration of antigen to the rectal or vaginal mucosa results in higher ASC responses than systemic or distant mucosal delivery. Furthermore, both the vaginal and the rectal mucosae can serve as inductive sites for systemic ASC responses. These observations should be relevant to the development of vaccines against sexually transmitted diseases such as that caused by human immunodeficiency virus.     

双价志贺菌苗灌胃免疫小鼠后肠粘膜的免疫应答

为了观察两株福氏、宋内双价志贺菌苗 (Ipa ,Ipa+ )免疫后所引起的肠粘膜诱导部位的免疫应答及为研制有效腹泻疫苗提供理论基础。应用小鼠灌胃免疫为模型 ,以间接免疫荧光法和BA ELISPOT方法 ,检测了肠粘膜相关淋巴组织 (gutasso ciatedlymphoidtissues ,GALT )中诱导部位派伊尔小结 (Payer’spatches ,PP )、肠系膜淋巴结 (mesentericlymphoidnode ,MLN )T淋巴细胞亚群和特异性抗体分泌细胞的变化 (ASC )及小肠局部和系统的特异性抗体变化。发现两株双价菌苗株均可引起肠粘膜GALT诱导部位CD4+ 淋巴细胞亚群、抗体分泌细胞明显升高 ;同时局部及血清中特异性抗体明显升高。说明双价志贺菌苗灌胃免疫小鼠后 ,诱导部位的免疫应答早期以体液免疫为主 ,灌胃不仅可诱导局部特异性抗体免疫应答也可诱导系统的抗体免疫应答。     

Nasal lymphoid tissue, intranasal immunization, and compartmentalization of the common mucosal immune system

Mucosal application of vaccines with an appropriate adjuvant can induce immune responses at both systemic and mucosal sites, and therefore may prevent not only infectious disease, but also colonization at mucosal surfaces. Intranasal is more effective than intragastric immunization at generating earlier and stronger mucosal immune responses. Nasal lymphoid tissue (NALT) and its local draining lymph nodes may retain long-term immune memory. IgA isotype switching, and the differentiation and maturation of IgA antibody-secreting cells (ASC) may occur before these cells migrate out of NALT, whereas IgG ASC responses require passage of the cells through draining lymph nodes of the NALT. Knowledge of whether immune memory cells can recirculate to and reside in the inductive sites other than their origin after encountering antigen will be helpful for understanding the compartmentalization of the common mucosal immune system as well as for determining the best route for delivering a mucosal vaccine against a particular pathogen.     

Antibodies and Antibody-Secreting Cells in the Female Genital Tract after Vaginal or Intranasal Immunization with Cholera Toxin B Subunit or Conjugates

We studied the antibody response including antibody-secreting cells (ASC) in the female genital tract of mice after mucosal immunizations with the recombinant B subunit of cholera toxin (rCTB) perorally, intraperitoneally, vaginally, and intranasally (i.n.). The strongest genital antibody responses as measured with a novel perfusion-extraction method were induced after vaginal and i.n. immunizations, and these routes also gave rise to specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG ASC in the genital mucosa. Specific ASC in the iliac lymph nodes, which drain the female genital tract, were seen only after vaginal immunization. Progesterone treatment increased the ASC response in the genital tissue after all mucosal immunizations but most markedly after vaginal immunization. We also tested rCTB as a carrier for human gamma globulin (HGG) and the effect of adding cholera toxin (CT) as an adjuvant for the induction of systemic and genital antibody responses to HGG after vaginal and i.n. immunizations. Vaginal immunizations with HGG conjugated to rCTB resulted in high levels of genital anti-HGG antibodies whether or not CT was added, while after i.n. immunization the strongest antibody response was seen with the conjugate together with CT. In summary, vaginal and i.n. immunization give rise to a specific mucosal immune response including ASC in the genital tissue, and vaginal immunization also elicits ASC in the iliac lymph nodes. We have also shown that rCTB can act as an efficient carrier for a conjugated antigen for induction of a specific antibody response in the genital tract of mice after vaginal or i.n. immunization.     

Intestinal and circulating antibody-forming cells in IgA-deficient individuals after oral cholera vaccination

In search for a possible explanation for the different susceptibility to mucosal infections in IgA-deficient (IgAd) individuals, the frequency of total immunoglobulin-secreting cells (ISC) and vaccine-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASC) in intestinal mucosa and peripheral blood was determined by the enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay before and after peroral vaccination with a B subunit-whole cell cholera vaccine. Two groups of IgAd individuals, frequently infected and non-infected respectively, and normal controls were studied. Before cholera vaccination there were significantly higher frequencies of total IgM and IgG ISC in the gut, but not in the blood, in the IgAd individuals than in the controls. However, there were no significant differences between healthy and infection-prone IgAd individuals in this respect. In response to oral cholera vaccination, intestinal cholera toxin (CT)-specific IgG and IgM ASC were significantly more abundant among the IgAd individuals with a history of frequent infections than among the healthy IgAd individuals and controls. A similar difference in IgG and IgM ASC, although not significant, was also noted in blood. In IgAd individuals with frequent infections the vaccine induced variable anti-CT IgM ASC responses in the gut, ranging from no increase to a few strikingly high responses. In the controls, the CT-specific responses were dominated by IgA ASC. The data show that oral cholera vaccination evoked strong CT-specific IgG ASC responses, and in some cases also strong IgM ASC responses in the intestinal mucosa of IgAd patients with a history of frequent infections. The healthy IgAd individuals unexpectedly responded with lower numbers of CT-specific IgG ASC and did not show any increase of CT-specific IgM ASC in the intestinal mucosa. Thus, inability to mount a mucosal immune response to an oral antigen cannot in itself explain recurrent infections among many IgAd individuals.     

DNA mucosal HIV vaccine in humans

This is a demonstration of immune activation by delivery of genetic vaccines in human mucosa. We analyzed the local and systemic responses in HIV-1 infected individuals following intraoral jet-injections of HIV-1 DNA constructs encoding the nef, rev, and tat regulatory genes. The immunological responses of the oral mucosa may be representative of other mucosal sites and was therefore selected for induction of mucosal reactivity by DNA immunization. The oral and intramuscular routes induced specific systemic T cell proliferative responses. Immunohistochemical analysis of oral biopsies 2 days after immunization revealed increased levels of granulocytes and T cells as well as expression of HLA-DR. T cell markers for CD3 +, CD4 + and CD8 + were significantly increased in the vaccinated mucosa. Vaccine-specific local and systemic antibodies were present during the immunization. However, increases were neither seen in the local or systemic titer nor in the B-cell accumulation in response to the immunizations. The presence of HIV-1 plasmid DNA was observed in mucosal biopsies as well as local proinflammatory T lymphocyte immune responses with predominantly IL-2 expression in the oral mucosal transudate.     

Genetically Detoxified Mutants of Heat-Labile Toxin from Escherichia coli Are Able To Act as Oral Adjuvants

Detoxified mutants of the Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin (LT) act as mucosal adjuvants to intranasally presented coadministered antigens. Here, we compare the adjuvant activity of a panel of detoxified derivatives of LT, using both intranasal (i.n.) and oral (p.o.) routes of administration. The mutants used as adjuvants varied in sensitivity to proteases and toxicity. With keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) as the bystander antigen, the immune responses to i. n. immunizations were consistently higher than the equivalent p.o. -delivered proteins. LT-G192, a mutant which demonstrates a 10-fold reduction in toxicity in vitro, demonstrated wild-type adjuvant activity both i.n. and p.o., inducing similar titers of KLH specific antibody in the sera and immunoglobulin A in local mucosal secretions as wild-type LT. In line with previous data, the nontoxic holotoxoid LT-K63 induced intermediate immune responses in both the serum and mucosal secretions which were lower than those achieved with wild-type LT but at least 10-fold higher than those measured when the antigen was administered with LT-B. Although significant levels of local and systemic anti-KLH antibodies were induced following p.o. immunization with LT-K63, cellular proliferative responses to KLH was poor or undetectable. In contrast, LT and LT-G192 induced significant T-cell responses to KLH following p.o. immunization. These proliferating cells secreted both gamma interferon and interleukin-5, suggesting that the type of immune response induced following p.o. coimmunization with LT and purified protein is a mixed Th1/Th2 response.