双轴点动脉蒂桡神经浅支移位术的解剖学研究

目的 :为以桡侧副动脉和桡侧返动脉为动脉蒂的双轴点桡神经浅支折叠移位治疗上肢长段神经缺损提供解剖学基础。方法 :通过解剖 2 0侧灌注红色乳胶的新鲜成人上肢标本 ,观测桡神经浅支的血供 ,分别对桡神经浅支、正中神经、尺神经作不同横断面切片 ,观测神经纤维数 ;测量腕部桡神经浅支与尺神经手背支和正中神经间的距离。结果 :①桡侧副动脉终支与桡侧返动脉升支恒定地存在网状血管吻合。桡侧副动脉走行中发 (2 .7± 1.2 )支 ,桡侧返动脉呈扇形发 (3 .7± 1.9)支的滋养动脉分布于桡神经浅支外膜。②桡神经浅支自然分束可达肱骨内、外髁连线 (又称Huelter′s线 )上 (5 .3± 1.2 )cm ,强行分离长度为(2 .5± 1.1)cm ,可切取长度超过 2 4cm。③桡神经浅支平均神经束数与上臀正中神经之比为 1∶3 .14 ;与上臂尺神经之比为 1∶2 .42。④桡神经浅支在腕部至尺神经手背支的距离为 (3 .4± 1.2 )cm ,至正中神经的距离为 (5 .6± 1.3 )cm。结论 :桡神经浅支具有双重血供来源。本术式既可治疗上肢长段神经缺损 ,亦可恢复供区神经支配区的感觉功能。     

带尺侧上副动脉尺神经转位的解剖及临床意义

目的为临床上带血管蒂的尺神经移植在健侧颈7移位治疗臂丛根性撕脱伤中的应用提供解剖学依据。方法取新鲜经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人上肢标本22侧进行显微解剖,观察尺神经外部营养动脉的来源。另取患骨肿瘤而截肢新鲜成人上肢6侧作仅保留尺侧上副动脉的尺神经游离,采用动脉灌注墨汁和尺神经组织切片的方法,观察尺侧上副动脉对尺神经内部血供营养的范围。结果尺神经在腋部由胸外侧或腋动脉的分支供应,在内侧肌间隔后方由尺侧上副动脉供应,在尺神经沟由尺侧上副动脉与尺侧返动脉后支的吻合支供应,在前臂由尺侧返动脉和尺动脉的分支供应。尺侧上副动脉灌注墨汁后,尺神经腕部、手背支及腋部的神经束内微血管被墨汁充填。结论以尺侧上副动脉的起始处为血管蒂部旋转点,尺神经可提供平均为(46.5±2.6)cm的有血供的移植长度,可经胸前皮下隧道逆向转位与对侧颈7神经根吻合。以尺侧上副动脉为血供的尺神经移植的设计是合理的。     

肘部尺神经及其血供的应用解剖学研究

目的 观察肘部尺神经及其血供,为临床带血供尺神经前移术治疗肘管综合征提供解剖学依据。 方法　①动脉灌注红色乳胶并防腐固定的30侧成人上肢标本,观测肘管段尺神经及其血供情况;游离1侧肘部尺神经及其供血动脉,观察神经与供血动脉的位置关系。②动脉灌注明胶-氧化铅悬液的成人新鲜标本6侧,游离尺神经及其营养血管,行X线摄片,观察尺神经营养血管的吻合情况。③动脉灌注红色乳胶并防腐固定的30侧成人上肢标本上模拟临床尺神经前移术,测量带血供尺神经无张力前移距离。 结果　肘部尺神经血供来自尺侧上副动脉（SUCA）、尺侧下副动脉（IUCA）和尺侧返动脉背侧支（PURA）,3条营养血管与尺神经平均伴行长度分别是15.7、5.0和5.9 cm;至肱骨内上髁距离分别是15.0、4.5和5.0 cm;带血供尺神经无张力性平均前移距离为1.8 cm。尺神经在肘部发出1~2支关节支,2~3支肌支。 结论　带血供尺神经前移术治疗肘管综合征切实可行,能很好的保护尺神经及其血供。     

吻合臂内侧皮神经及其血管筋膜皮瓣的解剖与临床

目的:为带臂内侧皮神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣提供形态学基础。方法:在32侧成人上肢标本上,观测臂内侧皮神经营养血管及其周围皮肤的供血情况。结果:臂内侧皮神经的血供为尺侧上副动脉肌间隔皮支、肱动脉肌间隔皮支和尺侧下副动脉肌间隔皮支,起始处外径分别为1.0mm、0.6mm和0.7mm,穿出深筋膜前长为1.5cm、1.1cm和1.2cm。其神经支在神经束间或神经旁相互吻合构成丰富的血管网,并借分支与筋膜皮支所形成的皮下筋膜血管网沟通。结论:可设计成带臂内侧皮神经及其营养血管的筋膜皮瓣,顺行或逆行转位修复邻近部位的软组织缺损。     

以前臂内侧皮神经及营养血管为蒂的前臂内侧皮瓣的应用解剖

目的　为带前臂内侧皮神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣提供形态学基础。方法　在 32侧成人上肢标本上 ,观测前臂内侧皮神经营养血管及其周围皮肤的血供情况。结果　前臂内侧皮神经近侧的血供来源于尺侧返动脉混合肌皮支 ,起始处外径为 0 .8mm ,穿出深筋膜前长度为 1.1cm ;中部主要来自尺动脉近中段和远中段的粗大皮支 ,起始处外径均为 0 .7mm ,穿出深筋膜前长度均为 1.0cm ;远侧有尺动脉腕上皮支 ,起始处外径为 0 .9mm ,穿出深筋膜前长度均为 1.0cm ;远侧有尺动脉腕上皮支 ,起始处外径为 0 .9mm ,穿出深筋膜前长为 2 .6cm。其神经旁血管网与神经皮穿支及神经内血管广泛吻合组成了皮神经血管轴。结论　可设计成带前臂内侧皮神经及营养血管为蒂筋膜上瓣 ,顺行或逆行转位修复邻近部位的软组织缺损。     

腓肠神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣修复足前部软组织缺损

目的探讨腓肠神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣转位修复足前部软组织缺损的临床效果。方法在解剖学研究的基础上,2004年1月—2013年1月采用腓肠神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣转位修复足前部软组织缺损21例,致伤原因：车祸伤8例,砸伤9例,机器伤3例,爆炸伤1例。软组织缺损范围为7．0cm×5．0cm-22．0cm×11．0cm。旋转点位于外踝上1～3cm。皮瓣切取范围8．0cm×6．0cm～25．0cm×12．0cm。部分病例将腓肠神经与受区可供吻合的神经行端端或端侧吻合,以重建皮瓣感觉。结果所有皮瓣成活。术后皮瓣虽出现不同程度皮瓣肿胀,但在旋转点远侧结扎浅静脉干者肿胀程度明显轻于未结扎者。术后3—4d出现皮瓣边缘坏死2例,经换药后皮瓣成活,创口Ⅱ期愈合。其余皮瓣及供区植皮均顺利成活,创口I期愈合。患者均获随访,随访时间5—27个月,皮瓣外形满意,足的行走负重功能均恢复,供区外观及运动正常。本组5例行皮神经端侧吻合的患者,患处触痛觉功能多在术后1年得到不同程度的恢复,两点辨别觉在8～10mm。结论腓肠神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣旋转点低,可以修复足前部软组织缺损创面,手术操作简便,创伤小,成活率高。将腓肠神经近端与足背皮神经吻合,可改善皮瓣感觉功能。     

尺神经及其血供在肘管综合征手术中应用解剖研穷

目的观察肘部尺神经及其血供,为尺神经前移术治疗肘管综合征提供解剖学基础。方法50侧成人上肢标本观察测量肘部尺神经及其血供情况。结果肘部尺神经血供有3个来源:尺侧上副动脉(IUCA)、尺侧下副动脉(IUCA)和尺侧返动脉后支(PURA),分别与尺神经伴行长度为(15.1±2.0)cm、(5.0±1.1)cm和(6.4±1.2)cm;尺神经在肘部发出1～2支关节支,2～3支肌支。结论行尺神经前移术治疗肘管综合征时保护尺神经及其血供是完全可能的。     

指固有神经转位端侧吻合修复指端感觉

手掌掌侧损伤所致指端感觉丧失临床较多见。作者受手背皮神经转位修复指端感觉及神经损伤端侧吻合后侧支发芽的启发。自 1998年以来 ,对 12例 3 8指掌侧损伤所致指端感觉丧失 ,采用患指指固有神经转位与手背皮神经端侧吻合修复指端感觉 ,效果满意 ,报道如下。材料方法 :本组 12例 3 8指 ,男 10例 ,女 2例 ,年龄 12～60岁。其中烧、炸伤 8例 ,挤轧伤 2例 ,电锯重复切割 2例。尺神经损伤 6例 ,12指 ;正中神经损伤 4例 ,16指 ;正中、尺神经同时损失 2例 ,10指。急诊 1～ 10h行清创缝合或皮瓣转移指固有神经转位端侧神经吻合修复 8例 ;2期 3个月…     

尺神经手背支营养血管皮瓣的应用解剖

目的 :为带尺神经手背支营养血管的皮瓣提供形态学基础。方法 :在 3 0侧成人上肢标本上 ,观测尺神经手背支营养血管及其与周围皮肤的供血情况。结果 :尺神经手背支的血供近侧端来自尺动脉腕上皮支降支 ,起始处外径为 ( 0 .9± 0 .3 )mm ;远端为第 4或第 3掌背动脉。起始处外径分别为 ( 0 .6± 0 .2 )mm和 ( 0 .7± 0 .2 )mm。其神经支在神经束间和神经旁相互吻合成纵行血管网 ,并借分支与筋膜皮支构成丰富的皮下筋膜血管网。结论 :以尺神经手背支及其营养血管为蒂可形成手背尺侧筋膜皮瓣 ,可顺行或逆行转位修复邻近部位的组织缺损。     

以前臂内侧皮神经及营养血管为蒂筋膜皮瓣的应用解剖

目的:为带前臂内侧皮神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣提供形态学基础。方法:在32侧成人上肢标本上,观测前臂内侧皮神经营养血管及其周围皮肤的供血情况。结果:前臂内侧皮神经近侧的血供来源于尺侧返动脉混合肌皮支,起始处外径为0.8mm,穿出筋膜前长度为1.1cm;中段主要来自尺动脉近中段和远中段的粗大皮支,起始处外径均为0.7mm,穿出深筋膜前长度均为1.0cm;远侧有尺动脉腕上皮支,起始处外径为0.9mm,穿出深筋膜前长为2.6cm。其神经旁血管网与神经皮(穿)支及神经内血管广泛吻合组成了皮神经血管轴。结论:可设计成带前臂内侧皮神经及营养血管为蒂筋膜皮瓣,顺行或逆行转位修复邻近部位的软组织缺损。     

The influence of wrist thickness on amplitudes of sensory nerve action potentials

Normal values of sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) amplitudes vary widely. There are many factors which can influence the amplitude of the SNAP, such as the type of recording techniques, temperature, distance between recording electrodes, skin impedance, etc. In this study, we investigated the correlation between wrist thickness (palmar to dorsum diameter) and amplitudes of the SNAP of median and ulnar nerves of 20 healthy subjects. Ring electrodes were placed on the second and the fifth fingers and a surface block electrode was placed at the wrist between the flexor carpi radialis and the palmaris longus tendon and just radial to the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon, for testing the median and ulnar nerves, respectively. Both orthodromic and antidromic techniques were used. Depending on the technique, either ring or surface block electrodes could be the stimulating or the recording electrodes. By supramaximal intensity stimulation, the amplitude of the SNAP was measured from peak to peak. The results revealed that SNAP amplitudes and wrist thickness are reversely correlated, with statistical significance (p < or = 0.005) by using the antidromic technique. The influence of wrist thickness on SNAP amplitudes should be recognized when performing an electrodiagnostic study to determine axonal degeneration by using the SNAP amplitude parameter.     

Effects of chronic median nerve compression at the wrist on sensation and manual skills

 The aim of this study was to analyse the functional impairments caused by chronic median nerve compression at the wrist on hand sensation and manual skill. Hand function was assessed in 11 patients (8 women and 3 men) with severe carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and compared with that of an age- and sex-matched control group. Apart from CTS, the subjects were healthy and the electrodiagnostic examination was normal. The pressure and vibration detection thresholds of the index finger were partially impaired and statistically different (P<0.05) when compared with controls, suggesting a reduction of tactile acuity in the territory of the median nerve. The thermal thresholds were identical in both groups, suggesting that the small-diameter fibres were not affected. When a small object was lifted and positioned in space, the coordination between the grip force and the vertical lifting force did not seem to be affected in our patients. They were able to modify their grip force according to the friction between the fingertips and the object, i.e. the more slippery the object, the higher the grip force. The unimanual Purdue Pegboard subtest results suggest that digital dexterity was also not significantly perturbed in our sample of CTS patients when compared with controls. Despite the severe abnormalities of median nerve conduction, our results suggest that chronic median nerve compression occurring in CTS induces partial impairment of tactile sensibility with minor impact on grasp force regulation and digital dexterity. Received: 25 September 1998 / Accepted: 10 December 1998     

Study of the ulnar nerve compromise at the wrist of patients with carpal tunnel syndrome

INTRODUCTION: That the ulnar nerve compromise occurs concomitant with the carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) has been cited by previous studies. It seems that the previously mentioned incidence is much higher than what we observe in our electrodiagnosis studies. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A prospective study was designed to evaluate the incidence of ulnar nerve compromise in patients with electrodiagnostic evidence of CTS according to age and sex, and also to determine the site of ulnar nerve involvement. RESULTS: One hundred and sixty five limbs with standard elestrodiagnostic criteria of CTS were evaluated In 9.7% of the tested limbs, the ulnar nerve was involved. The site of the involvement was the wrist area in 43.75%. The elbow region was involved in 43.75%, and in 12.5%, the forearm region was involved. The most prevalent age range of concomitant involvement was 45-54 years old. In patents who had sensory symptoms in the 4th and 5th fingers, the incidence of concomitant ulnar nerve compromise was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than the patients without these symptoms. DISCUSSION: In patients with CTS, concomitant ulnar nerve compromise is much lower than the incidence mentioned in previous researches. Apparently the rate of involvement in wrist and elbow are equal. It is recommended that in evaluation of patients for CTS especially when the patient has sensory symptoms in the hand, special attention is paid to ulnar nerve involvement and two nerve comparison tests are interpreted with caution.     

腕部尺神经卡压的解剖学研究及其临床意义

目的：为腕部尺神经卡压的诊断和治疗提供解剖学依据。方法：对20例新鲜成人上肢标本的腕部进行解剖，观测尺神经行径中可能存在的卡压因素。结果：尺神经在腕尺管内分成浅、深两支，浅支于小鱼际肌腱弓浅面出腕尺管；深支在小鱼际肌腱弓深面穿出腕尺管后，走行于小指对掌肌浅、深两头腱性起点和钩骨钩之间的间隙，小指对掌肌浅头腱性起点近侧缘锐利成腱弓样，存在率100％。腕尺管内尺神经和尺动脉之间存在3种交叉伴行关系：尺动脉发出的小鱼际肌营养血管和尺神经深支交叉占10％，尺动脉深支和尺神经浅支交叉占20％，尺动脉深支和尺神经深、浅支分别交叉占70％。结论：尺神经在腕部的行程分为腕尺管段和小鱼际肌段，小指对掌肌腱弓可以卡压尺神经深支，尺动脉和尺神经之间的多种交叉伴行关系是尺动脉卡压尺神经的基础。     

Facilitation of soleus H-reflex amplitude evoked by cutaneous nerve stimulation at the wrist is not suppressed by rhythmic arm movement

Neural connections between the cervical and lumbosacral spinal cord may assist in arm and leg coordination during locomotion. Currently the extent to which arm activity can modulate reflex excitability of leg muscles is not fully understood. We showed recently that rhythmic arm movement significantly suppresses soleus H-reflex amplitude probably via modification of presynaptic inhibition of the IA afferent pathway. Further, during walking reflexes evoked in leg muscles by stimulation of a cutaneous nerve at the wrist (superficial radial nerve; SR) are phase and task dependent. However, during walking both the arms and legs are rhythmically active thus it is difficult to identify the locus of such modulation. Here we examined the influence of SR nerve stimulation on transmission through the soleus H-reflex pathway in the leg during static contractions and during rhythmic arm movements. Nerve stimulation was delivered with the right shoulder in flexion or extension. H-reflexes were evoked alone (unconditioned) or with cutaneous conditioning via stimulation of the SR nerve (also delivered alone without H-reflex in separate trials). SR nerve stimulation significantly facilitated H-reflex amplitude during static contractions with the arm extended and countered the suppression of reflex amplitude induced by arm cycling. The results demonstrate that cutaneous feedback from the hand on to the soleus H-reflex pathway in the legs is not suppressed during rhythmic arm movement. This contrasts with the observation that rhythmic arm movement suppresses facilitation of soleus H-reflex when cutaneous nerves innervating the leg are stimulated. In conjunction with other data taken during walking, this suggests that the modulation of transmission through pathways from the SR nerve to the lumbosacral spinal cord is partly determined by rhythmic activity of both the arms and legs.     

Anomalous muscle of the wrist

A case of an anomalous muscle found in the right wrist of a 52-year-old man during routine carpal tunnel decompression surgery is reported. The muscle was observed lying transversely across the carpal tunnel superficial and parallel to the flexor retinaculum. Its further definition was subsequently demonstrated by postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). No similar structure was detectable on MRI of the left wrist.