The effect of coronary angiography on residual renal function in patients on peritoneal dialysis

BACKGROUND: The risk of intravascular radiocontrast to residual renal function (RRF) in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) remains largely unknown. HYPOTHESIS: This study sought to estimate the effect of coronary angiography on RRF in patients on PD. METHODS: All patients at the VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System and University of Pittsburgh who underwent coronary angiography between 1993 and 2005 while on PD and who had RRF measured prior to angiography were identified retrospectively. For patients without a postprocedure RRF recorded, medical records were reviewed to determine whether anuria had developed. The longer-term rate of loss of RRF among cases was compared with a composite rate of decline in RRF among cases before angiography and matched controls. RESULTS: Twenty-nine patients with a mean preprocedure RRF of 4.4+/-3.2 ml/min/1.73m(2) were evaluated. Of these patients, 23 (79%) had postangiography RRF assessments (mean clearance 3.4+/-3.0 ml/min/1.73m(2)). One of the remaining six patients definitely became permanently anuric following angiography, one was lost to follow-up, and there was no postprocedure RRF assessment in four others. The rate of decline in RRF in the cases was similar to the composite rate (0.07 ml/min/1.73m(2)/month vs. 0.09 ml/min/1.73m(2)/month, p=0.53) CONCLUSION: The risk for permanent anuria in patients on PD undergoing coronary angiography appears to be quite small. Patients who do not develop anuria following coronary angiography have the same gradual rate of loss of RRF as other patients on PD. Providers should be vigilant in protecting RRF in patients on PD undergoing coronary angiography.     

Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis in patients on peritoneal dialysis

Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) is an uncommon but one of the most serious complications in patients on long-term peritoneal dialysis. EPS is characterised by a diffuse thickening and/or sclerosis of the peritoneal membrane which leads to a decreased ultrafiltration and ultimately to bowel obstruction. We present four cases of EPS and discuss the clinical manifestations, multifactorial aetiology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and prevention. We end with a proposal for the development of an EPS prevention guideline.     

腹膜透析患者容量控制对血压的影响

目的探讨限制水钠摄入对腹膜透析患者容量负荷及血压的影响。方法对45例腹膜透析患者,实行限制水钠摄入治疗2个月,测量患者治疗前后的体重、体液容量及血压等相关资料。结果治疗后,33例患者体重减轻(1.9±1.4)kg,细胞外液(ECW)减少(1.20±0.81)L,收缩压(SBP)降低(9.2±14.3)mmHg,差异均有显著性(P<0.01);患者体力、睡眠、饮食等自我感觉改善。另12例患者体重增加(1.2±1.2)kg,ECW增加(0.55±1.09)L,收缩压升高(2.8±10.6)mmHg。治疗前患者收缩压与nECW可能有直线相关关系(r前=0.285,P=0.058);治疗后则显著相关(r后=0.359,P=0.017),还受抗高血压药物治疗的影响(r后=0.334,P=0.027);各因素变化量之间存在直线相关关系。结论腹膜透析患者中,体液容量与血压间存在正相关关系。严格限制患者水钠摄入可以有效控制容量过度负荷,从而控制血压。     

Nutrition in patients on peritoneal dialysis

Protein-energy wasting (PEW) is prevalent among patients on dialysis and has emerged as an important risk factor for morbidity and mortality in these patients. Numerous factors, including inflammation, inadequate dialysis, insufficient nutrient intake, loss of protein during dialysis, chronic acidosis, hypercatabolic illness and comorbid conditions, are involved in the development of PEW. The causes and clinical features of PEW in patients on peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis are comparable; assessment of the factors that lead to PEW in patients receiving peritoneal dialysis is important to ensure that PEW is managed correctly in these patients. For the past 20 years, much progress has been made in the prevention and treatment of PEW. However, the results of most nutritional intervention studies are inconclusive. In addition, the multifactorial and complicated pathogenesis of PEW makes it difficult to assess and treat. This Review summarizes the nutritional issues regarding the causes, assessment and treatment of PEW, with a focus on patients receiving peritoneal dialysis. In addition, an in-depth overview of the results of nutritional intervention studies is provided.     

Gastric emptying of solids in cirrhotic and peritoneal dialysis patients: influence of peritoneal volume load

INTRODUCTION: A delay in gastric emptying rate has been reported in peritoneal dialysis patients, often normalizing after evacuation of the dialysate. To evaluate the effect of the intraperitoneal volume, we compared this finding with a cirrhotic model in which gastric emptying was studied before and after a large-volume paracentesis. METHODS AND DESIGN: We used the 13C-octanoic acid breath test to measure gastric half-emptying time (T1/2) for solids in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis, non-diabetic peritoneal dialysis patients, and a control population (asymptomatic volunteers). Cirrhotic patients underwent the test on two consecutive mornings before and after an evacuating paracentesis. Peritoneal dialysis patients were studied twice on consecutive days: once with the dialysate present intra-abdominally ("full"), and once with an emptied abdomen ("empty"). Biochemical analysis was carried out on blood samples before the first test. All cirrhotics underwent a 13C-aminopyrine breath test to assess residual liver function. RESULTS: Gastric emptying in cirrhotics showed no difference before or after paracentesis (median T1/2 108.0 min v. 117.9 min), but it was delayed significantly versus normal in both tests. There was no correlation with biochemical parameters, Child-Pugh score, or 13C-aminopyrine breath test results. Gastric half-emptying times of "full" peritoneal dialysis patients (median T1/2 103.1 min) were significantly higher than those of "empty" peritoneal dialysis patients (median T1/2 68.9 min) and asymptomatic volunteers (median T1/2 60.1 min). "Empty" peritoneal dialysis patients showed no gastroparesis. CONCLUSION: In alcoholic cirrhotic patients with ascites, gastric emptying of solids is delayed, independently of the volume of ascites. In peritoneal dialysis patients, gastric emptying was delayed when "full" and normalized after drainage of the dialysate.     

The impact of strict volume control strategy on patient survival and technique failure in peritoneal dialysis patients

Strict volume control strategy provides better cardiac functions and control of hypertension in dialysis patients. We investigated the effect of this strategy on mortality and technique failure in peritoneal dialysis patients over a 10-year period. 243 patients were enrolled. Strict volume control by dietary salt restriction and ultrafiltration was applied. Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures decreased from 138.4 ± 29.9 and 86.3 ± 16.8 to 114.9 ± 32.3 and 74.7 ± 18.3 mm Hg, respectively. Overall and cardiovascular mortality rates were 48.4 and 29.6 per 1,000 patient-years, respectively. In multivariate analysis, age, diabetes and baseline serum albumin level were independent predictors of overall mortality, and age, diabetes and baseline serum calcium of cardiovascular mortality. Residual diuresis and peritoneal equilibration test values were not related to mortality. Strict volume control leads to lower mortality than comparable series in the literature. Technique survival is better during the first 3 years, but not after 5 years.     

The effect of gain in total body water on haemoglobin concentration and body weight following cardiac surgery

BACKGROUND: Haemodilution contributes to a low post-operative haemoglobin concentration in cardiac surgery patients. An assessment of the degree of haemodilution could contribute to the avoidance of red cell transfusion when such an act is based simply on a haemoglobin "transfusion trigger". We have recorded post-operative change in total body water along with body weight to assess the impact of haemodilution on haemoglobin concentration. METHODS: Total body water, measured by bio-electrical impedance analysis, haemoglobin and body weight were measured pre-operatively and on the 1st, 3rd, 5th and 10th post-operative days. The percentage peri-operative change in all three variables was used to examine the paired associations. RESULTS: Total body water and body weight underwent a fall from day 1, with both variables significantly associated up until day 10. Haemoglobin rose steadily from day 1 to 10. This rise was associated with falling total body water and body weight until day 5, but not from day 5 to 10. CONCLUSION: Following cardiac surgery, an individual's fluid state should be considered in determining a patient's need for red cell transfusion. Monitoring body weight provides a simple estimate. Such an approach may reduce the incidence of unnecessary, and potentially counterproductive, transfusion in cardiac surgery patients.     

乳酸盐腹膜透析液对人腹膜间皮细胞功能的影响

目的研究乳酸盐腹膜透析液(L-PDF)对人腹膜间皮细胞(HPMC)功能的影响.方法分离HPMC作体外培养,以MTT试验测定HPMC增殖程度;采用ELISA法检测细胞培养液中白细胞介素-8(IL-8)和纤维连接蛋白(FN)的蛋白质水平;逆转录多聚酶链反应检测IL-8mRNA的表达;用Lowry方法检测细胞培养液内总蛋白.结果L-PDF抑制HPMC的增殖,且呈时间依赖关系.L-PDF刺激HPMC后,培养液中IL-8和FN蛋白质水平明显增高,并上调IL-8mRNA的表达.在恢复培养期间,若加用脂多糖(10mg/L)、金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素(10mg/L)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α,10×10     

水盐限制对糖尿病腹膜透析患者容量负荷状况的影响

目的：探讨限制水盐摄入对糖尿病腹膜透析患者容量负荷状况的影响。方法：采用自身前后对照的方法调查所有接受连续性不卧床腹膜透析(CAPD)治疗至少6个月以上的糖尿病肾病患者，严格限制水、盐摄入。评估并检测水盐限制前及水盐限制1～3个月后容量负荷、体重、平均动脉压和超滤量等变化。结果：2002年5月～10月间20例糖尿病肾病CAPD患者，水盐限制前水肿程度、体重、平均动脉压、空腹血糖、透析液糖浓度、透析液糖总量、透析液总剂量和平均超滤量及总清除量均大于水盐控制后，差异均有显著性；水盐限制前后患者的尿量无明显变化。结论：单纯限制水盐摄入能明显改善糖尿病CAPD患者容量超负荷状况，并能降低血压、改善血糖控制。     

两种不同腹膜透析导管拔除术在老年腹膜透析患者中的临床应用

目的分析两种腹膜透析导管拔除术在老年腹膜透析患者中的应用情况。方法采用回顾性队列研究的方法, 收集2010年8月至2020年5月于山西医科大学第二医院腹膜透析中心移除腹膜透析导管的107例老年腹透患者的临床资料, 分为外科开放式拔管组(外科组)和"pull"技术拔管组(pull组), 比较两组性别、年龄、原发病、透析龄、拔管原因及术前相关化验等指标, 观察两组手术时间、术后住院时间、手术疼痛程度及术后并发症等相关情况。结果外科组的手术时间[(71.2±13.4)min和(19.3±5.6)min, t=16.933, P<0.01]、术后住院时间[(9.5±1.8)d和(2.2±0.5)d, t=10.988, P<0.01]和术中疼痛评分[(4.4±1.6)分和(1.4±1.1)分, t=6.909, P<0.01]及术后24 h的疼痛评分[(3.7±1.4)分和(0.5±0.3)分, t=9.995, P<0.01]均高于pull组, 两组术后并发症发生率(6.8%和5.0%, χ2=0.037, P>0.05)差异无统计学意义。结论外科开放式手术法和...     

低钙腹透液对持续性腹膜透析患者高钙血症的影响

目的 观察低钙腹透液（PD4,钙离子浓度为1.25 mmol/L）对高钙血症持续性腹膜透析（CAPD）患者钙磷代谢的影响.方法 45例使用标准钙腹透液（PD2,钙离子浓度为1.75 mmol/L）后出现高钙血症的CAPD改用PD4透析,监测患者治疗前后血钙、磷、全段甲状旁腺激素（PTH）的变化,同时分析影响血钙水平变化的相关因素.结果 完成6个月观察的41例患者2个月后即出现血钙、磷水平明显降低,PTH较前明显升高（P＜0.05）.血钙下降幅度与患者的年龄呈负相关,而与透析剂量和超滤量呈正相关（P＜0.05）.结论 PD4可有效调节CAPD患者的高钙血症,缓解低转运性骨病的发生和发展.     

Erosive spondyloarthropathy in peritoneal dialysis patients

Erosive spondyloarthropathy (ESA) is common in long-term hemodialysed patients. However, it has been little recognized in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. In a retrospective study, we found severe ESA in 7 of the 87 (8%) patients undergoing PD in our center. Characteristics of our population were advanced age and short duration of dialysis (27±20 months). ESA patients were older than non ESA (74±4 vs 68±11 yrs,p<0.01). Secondary hyperparathyroidism and dialysis amyloid arthropathy were also possible pathogenic factors. Patients were followed for 4 years or until death and remained stable in most ESA cases. We conclude that ESA is age-related, is as frequent in PD as in HD populations and is not related to one single underlying mechanism.     

The peritoneal microcirculation in peritoneal dialysis.

This paper deals with the peritoneal microcirculation and with peritoneal exchange occurring in peritoneal dialysis (PD). The capillary wall is a major barrier to solute and water exchange across the peritoneal membrane. There is a bimodal size-selectivity of solute transport between blood and the peritoneal cavity, through pores of radius approximately 40-50 A as well as through a very low number of large pores of radius approximately 250 A. Furthermore, during glucose-induced osmosis during PD, nearly 40% of the total osmotic water flow occurs through molecular water channels, termed "aquaporin-1." This causes an inequality between 1 - sigma and the sieving coefficient for small solutes, which is a key feature of the "three-pore model" of peritoneal transport. The peritoneal interstitium, coupled in series with the capillary walls, markedly modifies small-solute transport and makes large-solute transport asymmetric. Thus, although severely restricted in the blood-to-peritoneal direction, the absorption of large solutes from the peritoneal cavity occurs at a high clearance rate ( approximately 1 mL/min), largely independent of molecular radius. True absorption of macromolecules to the blood via lymphatics, however, seems to be occurring at a rate of approximately 0.2 mL/min. Several controversial issues regarding transcapillary and transperitoneal exchange mechanisms are discussed in this paper.     

Infections in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis

Considering experience acquired in the past years, it seems as though physicians have reached a plateau in the frequency of peritonitis. A peritonitis rate of 1 every 2 patient years may be acceptable. Further reduction of this peritonitis rate will require inordinately large efforts on all fronts. One will have to consider what are the acceptable costs and risks of peritonitis in patients on peritoneal dialysis. New developments in catheter technology, improved connections, better understanding of patient selection and training programs, improved diagnostic and therapeutic methods in the management of peritonitis, and understanding of the infectious and immune processes are eagerly awaited developments.