Cardiovascular Biomarkers in Groups of Established Smokers after a Decade of Smoking

Abstract: To investigate tools for evaluation of smoking‐associated disease initiation and progression, we examined basic clinical parameters and biomarkers of cardiovascular disease risk, in a group of healthy volunteers with an average 10‐year smoking history. A small cross‐sectional study of never‐smokers, moderate smokers and smokers was performed. Caucasians were recruited to match pre‐defined cigarette tar yields and cigarettes smoked per day. For haematological parameters, significant differences between never‐smokers and all female smokers combined were seen for haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, total leucocyte count, neutrophil count and lymphocyte count. For all male smokers combined, only total leucocyte count was statistically different. Analysis of exhaled CO and other smoke exposure biomarker (nicotine and its metabolites) data showed a statistically significant increase in all groups of smokers with a trend related to the number of cigarettes smoked per day. Thromboxane urinary metabolites 11‐deydro‐thromboxane B2 and 2,3‐dinor‐thromboxane B2 were statistically significantly elevated in smokers. Significant statistical differences between smokers with approximately 10 years of smoking history and non‐smokers in white cells count, hemoglobin and thromboxane turnover were seen, although they did not reach levels associated with overt diseases. These data could provide insight into early biomarkers predictive of risk for coronary and vascular disease.     

Reduced platelet vesicular monoamine transporter density in smoking schizophrenia patients.

Brain vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) has a critical role in the regulation of monoaminergic neurotransmission. In our previous study we have found decreased platelet VMAT2 density in healthy habitual smokers. Schizophrenia is associated with high rate of cigarette smoking. In the present study we assessed platelet VMAT2 pharmacodynamic characteristics in a population of medicated schizophrenia patients (n=36) comparing smokers (n=23) vs. non-smokers (n=13). A significant decrease in platelet VMAT2 density (24%, p=0.005) was found in the smokers compared to the non-smokers . This decrease was not ascribed to the pharmacotherapy. An inverse correlation was found in the smokers between the platelet VMAT2 density and the severity of schizophrenia as assessed by the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS). Our observation in schizophrenia patients is consistent with that found in healthy smokers. The complex relationship between VMAT2 expression, cigarette smoking and schizophrenia merits a further large scale study.     

WHOLE BLOOD AGGREGATION AND PLASMA LYSO-PAF RELATED TO SMOKING AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS

1. Aggregation of diluted whole blood (impedance method) and thromboxane B2 production during aggregation were measured in cigarette smokers and non-smokers, aged 41-68 years, with (n = 14) and without (n = 15) major symptomatic peripheral vascular disease. The plasma level of the lyso derivative of platelet activating factor (lyso-PAF) was also measured using a bioassay with 14C-serotonin labelled rabbit platelets, after extraction and acetylation to active PAF. 2. Aggregation to ADP and collagen was significantly less in non-smokers without vascular disease (n = 8) than in the other three groups (P less than 0.01; ANOVA). Thromboxane B2 production was not significantly different between the groups. There was no significant difference in plasma lyso-PAF between groups. No change was found in any variable after smokers smoked two cigarettes. 3. In these older age subjects, both vascular disease and the smoking habit were associated with greater whole blood aggregation. However, current smoking and the smoking of two cigarettes did not affect aggregation in subjects with vascular disease and plasma lyso-PAF levels were not consistently related to either smoking or vascular disease.     

WHOLE BLOOD PLATELET AGGREGATION IS NOT AFFECTED BY CIGARETTE SMOKING BUT IS SEX-RELATED

1. In normal subjects, 18-49 years old, the effects of the smoking habit (greater than 10 cigarettes/day) and the act of smoking two cigarettes over 10 min were studied on whole blood platelet aggregation (in vitro impedance method). 2. Acute smoking (n = 10) did not affect platelet aggregation to ADP, collagen or to platelet activating factor (PAF) nor thromboxane B2 production during aggregation. There was no difference between smokers (n = 13) and non-smokers (n = 10). However, aggregation to all aggregants was greater in females (n = 11) than males (n = 12) (ADP and collagen, P less than 0.001; PAF, P less than 0.01; ANOVA). 3. Although others have obtained diverse results studying platelet-rich plasma, the absence of an effect of cigarette smoking on whole blood platelet aggregation is consistent with many of those observations. Greater in vitro aggregability in females than males is consistent with the few studies of platelet-rich plasma. It seems unlikely that the role of cigarette smoking as a risk factor for ischaemic heart disease is related to a direct effect on platelet aggregability.     

The effect of d-amphetamine and ephedrine on smoking attitude and behavior

Using a double blind, randomized, latin square design, 17 light smokers and 6 heavy smokers were given three times per day doses of placebo, 5 mg amphetamine sulfate, 7.5 mg amphetamine sulfate, 25 mg ephedrine hydrochloride or 50 mg ephedrine hydrochloride. Compared to placebo, active drug produced a statistically significant drop in feeling of addiction to cigarettes (p = 0.022). Ephedrine was reported to be more effective than amphetamine (p = 0.046). Subjects reported similar changes in feeling of enjoyment of smoking. Active drug produced a statistically significant drop in the actual amount of tobacco smoked in heavy smokers (p = 0.028), but not in light smokers. Only two smokers were able to quit completely during the experiment, and one of those people resumed smoking after she stopped taking medication. Possible explanations of these findings are discussed.     

多西他赛联合顺铂、氟尿嘧啶化疗致重度骨髓抑制及低钾血症

1例60岁男性胃癌晚期患者,给予多西他赛联合顺铂、氟尿嘧啶化疗,第6天开始出现骨髓抑制,第9天达到高峰,白细胞降至0.73×109·L-1,血小板最低39x 109·L-1;同时合并高热及重度低钾血症,血钾最低1.98 mmol·L-1.给予皮下注射重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子、氯化钾注射液持续静脉泵入、预防感染及退热对症处理,患者第12天体温恢复正常,第15天白细胞、血小板及血钾恢复正常.患者安全度过危险期,顺利出院.     

Working memory in cigarette smokers: comparison to non-smokers and effects of abstinence

The present study was designed to examine the effect of cigarette smoking and withdrawal on working memory. Participants included 15 smokers and 22 matched non-smokers. For both groups the N-Back Task (of working memory) was administered in two test blocks on each of two days. On one day, smokers were tested after >or=13 h abstinence; on the other day, testing began or=13 h but not 相似文献   

Effect of acute deprivation of smoking on aggression and hostility

Smokers and non-smokers were tested on the Buss aggression-machine to determine their aggression scores and visual reaction times during two sessions. The mean aggression scores of the non-smokers did not differ significantly between sessions whereas there was a significant increase in aggression scores for the chronic smokers in their non-smoking (deprivation) session compared with their smoking session, This increase in aggression in deprived smokers is discussed as a factor in the continuance of the smoking habit and is positively correlated to rated hostility scores on the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory.Supported by a grant from the American Medical Association Education and Research Foundation.     

吸烟对2型糖尿病男性患者血糖控制的影响

目的：探讨吸烟对2型糖尿病男性患者空腹血糖（FBG）,餐后2 h 血糖（2hPBG）,糖化血红蛋白（HbA1 C）的影响。方法选取2型糖尿病男性患者142例,按吸烟情况分为不吸烟组（从不吸烟,n ＝44）,戒烟组（戒烟半年以上,n ＝33）,少量吸烟组（每天≤20支,n ＝33）,大量吸烟组（每天＞20支,n ＝32）,采用现场调查结合病例对照研究的方法,询问患者年龄、糖尿病病程、工作活动强度、吸烟、降糖药的应用等情况,测量血压、身高、体重、腰围、臀围,计算体重指数（BMI）、腰臀比（WHR）等指标,实验室检测葡萄糖（GLU）、2hPBG、HbA1 C,比较各组间血糖、糖化血红蛋白的差异;逐步回归及偏相关分析,了解吸烟对血糖控制影响的显著性及影响程度。结果（1）不吸烟组与大量吸烟组相比 FBG、2hPBG 明显降低（P ＜0．01）,HbA1 C 有所降低但差异无统计学意义（P ＞0．05）;不吸烟组与戒烟组比较2hPBG 有所升高（P ＜0．05或 P ＜0．01）;（2）少量吸烟组与大量吸烟组比较 FBG、2hPBG所降低但差异无统计学意义（P ＞0．05）;吸烟组与戒烟组相比 FBG、2hPBG、HbA1 C 均增高（P ＜0．05或P ＜0．01）;（3）吸烟是 HbA1 C 的独立危险因素（P ＜0．05,β＝－0．216）,FBG、2hPBG、HbA1 C 与日吸烟量、吸烟年限等无明显相关性（P ＞0．05）。结论吸烟是与年龄、BMI、工作活动强度、DM病程、用药情况等影响无关,为2型糖尿病男性患者血糖控制水平差的独立危险因素;吸烟组与戒烟组,戒烟组与不吸烟组之间血糖控制指标（FBG、2hPBG、HbA1 C）等的差异,表明大量吸烟不利于2型糖尿病男性患者血糖的控制,戒烟对2型糖尿病男性患者血糖控制有明显的积极的作用,在餐后血糖的控制上甚至优于从不吸烟患者。     

Does smoking influence the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the H2-receptor antagonist famotidine?

Twelve healthy habitual cigarette smokers and eight non-smokers participated in a double-blind placebo controlled study to determine the effect of smoking on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the H2-receptor antagonist famotidine. In smokers, cigarette smoking was standardised and started 1 h before (A), or 2 h after (B) drug administration, or was prohibited (C). Intragastric pH-levels (IGpH) were measured with an ambulatory pH-recorder. Famotidine (40 mg orally) significantly raised median 22 h IGpH in non-smokers and smokers in all study periods. The smoking sequence (A, B, C) did not significantly influence median 22 h IGpH in both placebo-treated and famotidine-treated smokers, and no significant difference in median 22 h IGpH was shown between smokers and non-smokers. Plasma drug concentrations were similar in the various experiments, although famotidine was detected earlier in plasma from non-smokers compared with smokers (P less than 0.05). Smoking did not interfere significantly with the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of famotidine.     

The effect of cigarette smoking on drug metabolism in the liver and placenta: the use of cotinine in verifying smoking status

Placental and hepatic xenobiotic-metabolising activities were studied in smokers and non-smokers, who were classified by anamnestic interview, plasma thiocyanate and plasma cotinine determinations. Plasma thiocyanate assay is inadequate in the classification of smokers and non-smokers. Plasma cotinine levels reflect more accurately the smoking status. The anamnestic smokers remained smokers and several self-declared non-smokers proved to be smokers. On the basis of plasma cotinine determination all real smokers had higher 7-ethoxyresorufin 0-deethylase (ERDE) activities measured either in placental microsomes or liver biopsy homogenates than non-smokers. Classification based on plasma cotinine levels showed a statistically significant (P less than 0.001) difference between smokers and non-smokers in liver homogenate ERDE activity. However, cotinine levels did not correlate with any of the xenobiotic-metabolising activities tested. An objective biochemical marker, such as cotinine determination seems to be necessary when evaluating the effect of smoking on drug metabolism in man.     

The influence of menopause and habitual smoking upon serum zinc,serum copper and the cardiovascular and immune parameters of women

One hundred and thirty-three women in general good health were divided into two groups, according to menopausal status. The pre-menopausal group (n=106) was further subdivided into non-smokers (n=76) and smokers (n=30). All of the post-menopausal women were non-smokers (n=27). The determination of blood pressure (BP) and the collection of fasting blood samples were performed in the early morning hours. Habitual smoking increased the number of blood lymphocytes and monocytes in pre-menopausal women. The post-menopause group demonstrated an increase in BP, in serum cholesterol and triglycerides and a reduction of the serum zinc/copper (Zn/Cu) ratio. Serum Zn was positively correlated with serum glucose levels in the pre-menopausal group, regardless of smoking habit, but was negatively correlated in postmenopausal women. This may suggest that menopause induces changes in Zn metabolism and/or in insulin Serum Cu - particularly in smokers - was significantly correlated with blood lymphocytes. This may suggest an effect of smoking on the immune system via an alteration of Cu metabolism, including the synthesis and/or the release of ceruloplasmin, a known marker of inflammation. Moreover, serum Copper levels of both the pre- and the post-menopausal groups were significantly correlated with mean and diastolic B.P. while the serum Zn levels of the pre-menopausal group was significantly correlated solely with diastolic BP, implying that the metal plays a physiological role in some mechanism of blood pressure regulation. In the pre-menopausal non-smokers subgroup and the post-menopausal group, there was a weak, but statistically significant (p<0.01), correlation between systolic and mean BP, and blood lymphocytes levels. These data may be explained by a neuroendocrine influence, related partially to the morning hours.     

Effects of current and former cigarette smoking on the clinical course of Crohn's disease

BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking is associated with a more severe course of Crohn's disease, but individual factors determining this effect are poorly known and it is not clear whether smoking cessation is associated with an improvement in the disease activity. AIM: To assess the factors determining the harmful effect of smoking in individuals with Crohn's disease. METHODS: A total of 622 consecutive patients with Crohn's disease and Crohn's disease activity index <200 were enrolled in a prospective 12-18 month cohort study. Patients were classified as current smokers, former smokers, or non-smokers. Alcohol consumption, oral contraceptive use, body mass index, and blood lipid levels were also recorded. The main outcome measure was the rate of flare-up. RESULTS: A total of 139 current smokers (46%) developed a flare-up, vs. 79 non-smokers (30%) and 13 former smokers (23%). The relative risk of flare-up adjusted for confounding factors was 1.35 (1.03-1.76) in current smokers. This risk was increased in patients with previously inactive disease and in those who had no colonic lesions. It became significant above a threshold of 15 cigarettes per day. Former smokers behaved like non-smokers. Obesity, dyslipidaemia, and alcohol consumption had no significant effect. CONCLUSIONS: Current smoking, particularly heavy smoking, markedly increases the risk of flare-up in Crohn's disease. Former smokers have a risk similar to that of non-smokers.     

Influence of cigarette smoking on the toxicokinetics of toluene in humans

To study the influence of cigarette smoking on the toxicokinetics of toluene, 10 habitual smokers who intended to stop smoking were exposed to toluene vapor (3.2 mmol/m3, 4 h) at three different exposure occasions: (I) while the smoking habit was still ongoing, and (II and III) 1 and 3-4 wk, respectively, after the day at which the smoking habit was discontinued. Solvent concentrations in the exhaled air and in the blood as well as hippuric acid concentrations in the urine were measured during the exposure period and for 3 h after the exposure period. The apparent clearance of toluene decreased significantly (p less than 0.05) 3-4 wk after the smoking habit was discontinued. This decrease was not a consequence of the increased body weight noticed in the subjects. No statistically significant differences between the three exposure occasions in the elimination rate of hippuric acid could be demonstrated. Thus, cigarette smoking seems to enhance the elimination rate of toluene from the body, since the apparent clearance was decreased after smoking was stopped.     

Smoking modulates neuroendocrine responses to ipsapirone in patients with panic disorder.

Reduced 5-HT1A-receptor responsiveness has been reported in patients with panic disorder(PD) and/or agoraphobia (PDA). Although many of these patients are regular smokers, it has not been examined whether psychological or neurobiological effects induced by the selective 5-HT1A-receptor agonist, ipsapirone, are affected by the smoking status of the patients.In order to clarify this question neuroendocrine challenges with oral doses of ipsapirone (0.3 mg/kg) and placebo were performed in 39 patients with PDA, and results were compared between patients who smoked (>10 cigarettes per day, n = 17) and patients who had been non-smokers for at least two years (n = 22).Patients who were smokers (but did not smoke during the challenge procedure) had significantly reduced baseline concentrations of cortisol and a significantly lower body temperature. In comparison to placebo, administration of ipsapirone was associated with significant increases of various psychological symptoms and plasma cortisol concentrations. The subgroup of PD patients who were smokers showed significantly higher cortisol responses to ipsapirone than non-smokers.In conclusion, smoking status has to be taken into account when assessing the responsiveness of 5-HT1A receptors in patients with psychiatric disorders. The prevention of smoking during challenge sessions might not be the ideal approach in heavy smokers, since sudden abstinence from smoking is likely to affect neurobiological and possibly psychological responses to ipsapirone.     

Attentional orienting towards smoking-related stimuli

According to incentive salience theory, conditioned stimuli (CS+) associated with drug reinforcement acquire the capacity to elicit a conditioned attentional orienting response, which controls drug-seeking and drug-taking behaviour. We sought evidence for this proposal by measuring visual attentional orienting towards smoking pictures presented briefly in the periphery of the visual field, versus control pictures likewise presented, in smokers versus non-smokers. In each trial, smokers and non-smokers responded manually to a dot probe stimulus that appeared in a location previously occupied by either a smoking picture or a control picture. Attentional bias scores were calculated by subtracting the median reaction time (RT) in the former condition from the median RT in the latter condition. In two experiments, light-smokers (smokers of fewer than 20 cigarettes/day) produced a mean bias score that was significantly greater than that of heavy-smokers (smokers of 20 or more cigarettes/day) and non-smokers. In addition, when smokers from the two experiments were pooled, a significant quadratic relationship was found between cigarettes/day and the attentional bias for the smoking stimuli. These findings are consistent with incentive salience theories and dual-process theories of addiction.     

Effects of tobacco smoking on the human pupil

OBJECTIVE: Determine the effects of tobacco cigarette or sham placebo-smoking on pupil diameter. SUBJECTS: Ten non-smokers and 10 tobacco smokers (all healthy, drug free adults) were studied while resting in a comfortable lounger. METHODS: Tobacco smokers abstained from smoking and all subjects abstained from caffeine-containing products for at least 8 h prior to testing. The smokers each smoked one tobacco cigarette, and the non-smokers each inhaled air through an unlit sham cigarette. Right pupil diameter, heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured before and after sham- or tobacco-smoking in each subject. Pupil size was measured from a colored photograph taken with a Polaroid camera equipped with a high-speed flash with the subject in a standardized, dimly lit quiet room. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in baseline pupil diameter between non-smokers and smokers prior to sham- or tobacco-smoking. After sham- or tobacco-smoking, both non-smokers and smokers showed slight but statistically significant pupillary constriction. CONCLUSIONS: Shortly after smoking one tobacco cigarette, pupillary constriction was greater than after sham-smoking.     

红细胞分布宽度在冠心病风险评估和诊断中的价值

目的分析红细胞分布宽度(RDW)在冠心病风险评估和诊断中的应用价值。方法选择2017年11月-2018年11月广东省工人医院收治的冠心病患者60例为观察组,另外同期选取健康受检者100名为对照组,测定2组白细胞计数、红细胞计数、血红蛋白、红细胞平均体积、血细胞比容、RDW、血小板计数及平均血小板体积各项指标。从性别层面分析,整理研究对象吸烟史、收缩压、胆固醇、年龄进行Framingham危险评分。将观察组患者分为单支病变亚组、双支病变亚组、三支病变亚组,比较3亚组平均红细胞体积、RDW及白细胞计数水平。结果观察组白细胞计数及RDW均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),2组红细胞计数、血红蛋白、红细胞平均体积、血细胞比容、血小板计数及平均血小板体积比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。从性别层面分析,整理研究对象吸烟史、收缩压、胆固醇、年龄进行Framingham危险评分,显示观察组评分结果为(9.82±4.16)分高于对照组的(6.52±2.16)分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组冠心病患者60例中单支病变亚组26例,双支病变亚组19例,三支病变亚组15例,不同病变支数红细胞体积、白细胞计数水平比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),三支病变亚组RDW高于其他2亚组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。红细胞计数、血红蛋白、红细胞平均体积、血细胞比容、血小板计数、平均血小板体积和RDW不存在相关性,但RDW与白细胞计数和Framingham危险评分呈正相关(r=0.129、0.216,P<0.05)。实施Logistic多元回归分析,RDW是冠心病的独立危险因素。结论 RDW用于冠心病的风险评估和诊断中有重要参考价值,值得推广。     

不同抗凝剂对血液分析仪测定参数的影响

目的探讨乙二胺四乙酸盐（EDTA-K2）、肝素、枸橼酸钠3种抗凝剂对血液各项指标的不同影响。方法 2012年2月在本院体检者中随机选择50例为研究对象,分别用3种不同抗凝剂抗凝后,对白细胞（WBC）计数、红细胞（RBC）计数、血红蛋白（Hb）、血细胞比容（HCT）、血小板（PLT）及淋巴细胞（LYM）计数等各项参数的检测结果进行比较、分析和探讨。结果 WBC计数、RBC计数、Hb、HCT、LYM计数此5项参数在3种抗凝剂组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;与EDTA-K2抗凝组相比,使用肝素和枸橼酸钠时,PLT计数降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论在血常规的检测中,使用EDTA-K2、肝素、枸橼酸钠不同抗凝剂时,WBC计数、RBC计数、Hb、HCT、LYM计数此5项参数在3种抗凝剂组间无差异;肝素和枸橼酸钠使PLT计数降低。     

Urinary hydroxyproline excretion in smokers, non-smokers and passive smokers

The hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio in urine was investigated in 200 cigarette smokers, 199 pipe and/or cigar smokers and 24 non-smokers. For cigarette smokers a statistically significant positive correlation is found between this ratio and daily cigarette consumption, COHb, serum cotinine and nicotine excretion in urine. This smoking-related increase in the hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio is, for the most part or completely, due to the fact that creatinine urine concentrations inversely correlate with the smoke uptake variables. Neither pipe and/or cigar smoking nor passive smoke exposure of non-smokers seem to affect the hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio. A seasonal influence is found in these studies as well as in two experiments with limited numbers of subjects: the hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio is higher in winter than in summer for both smokers and non-smokers. Our data do not favour the idea that measuring hydroxyproline/creatinine ratios in urine is an accurate method of investigating early effects of smoking, passive smoking and air pollution in man.