抑郁症患者对情绪词抑制功能的实验研究

目的:考察未服药的抑郁症患者和正常对照被试对正、负情绪词抑制功能方面的差异。方法:在完善Joor-mann提出的情绪负启动范式的基础上,对21名未服药的抑郁症患者和21名正常对照被试进行实验研究。结果:与对照组被试相比,抑郁症患者不能抑制负性信息,但对正性信息的抑制功能未受影响。结论:抑郁症患者对负性信息存在抑制功能障碍;预防抑郁复发的目标应集中在对负性信息注意的控制上。     

情绪障碍研究用汉语情绪词分类系统的初步建立

目的：建立一套情绪障碍研究用汉语情绪词分类系统，为异常情绪的研究提供标准化刺激材料。方法：54名不同受教育程度的被试对344个双字汉语情绪词（包括115个正性词、114个负性词、115个中性词）的愉悦度、唤醒度和熟悉度三个维度进行9级的情绪等级评定。结果：三类词语在三个维度上的ANOVA结果显示，分别存在愉悦度主效应（F=2514．96，P=0．000）、唤醒度主效应（F=147．43，P=0．000）和熟悉度主效应（F=106．81，P=0．000）。两两比较后发现正性词的愉悦度得分（7．29±0．41）高于负性和中性词（2．81±0．30、5．47±0．66），中性词得分高于负性词；正性词的唤醒度得分（6．57±0．39）高于负性词和中性词（5．33±0．41、5．23±0．67）；正性词的熟悉度得分（5．98±0．57）高于负性和中性词（4．63±0．53、5．21±0．93），中性词得分高于负性词。结论：初步建立的情绪障碍研究用汉语情绪词分类系统较好，为以后的异常情绪的研究提供词语刺激材料。     

支气管哮喘患者的生存质量及相关因素

目的：探讨成年哮喘患者生存质量及相关因素.方法：采用支气管哮喘生存质量评估表,激惹、抑郁和焦虑自评量表,正性负性情绪量表,自尊量表,安全感量表对51例哮喘患者和40例正常对照组进行现场调查.结果：患者的抑郁得分、负性情绪得分均高于正常组（5.5±2.1/3.5±2.0,t=2.45,P=0.017;26.4±6.1/18.9±5.9,t=3.47,P=0.002）,患者的自尊得分和人际安全感得分均低于正常组（15.5±3.2/21.0±2.7;24.0±6.7/29.6±4.3;t=2.18,2.61,P=0.031、0.014）,而感情孤独得分高于正常组（15.5±2.6/10.0±4.2;t=2.37,P=0.023）.生存质量总分与职业、病程、内向性激惹得分呈负相关（r=-0.358,-0.308,-0.355,-0.342,P＜0.05）,与受教育程度、一秒钟用力呼气量、PANAS测量的正性情绪、自尊得分呈正相关（r或rs值分别为0.314,0.337,0.343,0.347,0.356,P＜0.05）,与抑郁、负性情绪得分呈负相关（r=-0.382,-0.435,P＜0.01）.结论：成年哮喘患者存在心理问题,生存质量与基本情况、不良情绪、心理状况等诸多因素有关.     

状态焦虑大学生对负性情绪词的注意偏向

目的:考察状态焦虑大学生对负性情绪词的注意偏向及其内在机制。方法:通过数字减法任务诱发大学生的状态焦虑,采用点探测和线索-靶子任务,分别将情绪词置于线索和靶子位置,比较状态焦虑大学生和正常大学生对靶刺激反应的差异。结果:正常组大学生的状态焦虑量表得分实验前和实验后差异不显著;状态焦虑组大学生实验后的量表得分显著高于实验前(t=-5.595,P0.05)。点探测任务中,词语类型与被试类型交互作用显著(F=4.103,P0.05),状态焦虑大学生对负性词条件下靶刺激的反应时比中性词条件下的更短,而正常大学生在两类词语条件下对靶刺激的反应时差异不显著。线索-靶子任务中,线索类型、词语类型、被试类型三者交互作用显著(F=47.478,P0.05),状态焦虑组大学生在负性有效线索条件下的反应时短于负性无效条件下的反应时,正常组大学生在负性有效条件下的反应时长于负性无效条件。结论:状态焦虑大学生对负性情绪词存在注意偏向,表现为其注意一旦被负性信息捕获,就难以从中解除。     

不同状态抑郁症患者对情绪面孔的注意偏向

目的:研究不同状态抑郁症患者对情绪面孔的注意偏向。方法:选取来诊的抑郁症患者,根据抑郁量表得分将其分为抑郁发作组和抑郁缓解组,进行点探测实验,比较两组对不同情绪面孔图片的反应。结果:对两组被试的反应时进行重复测量方差分析,结果显示图片类型和被试类型交互作用显著(F=5.04,P=0.035),抑郁发作组对负性情绪面孔图片的反应时大于对正性情绪面孔图片的反应时;线索类型和被试类型的交互作用呈边缘显著(F=3.17,P=0.089);分别对两组被试对不同情绪面孔的反应时进行配对样本t检验,结果显示抑郁发作组被试在负性一致和负性不一致条件下的反应时均大于中性-中性条件下的反应时,差异具有统计学意义(t=2.41,P=0.037;t=2.52,P=0.030);抑郁缓解组被试在各种条件下的反应时差异均不显著。结论:处于抑郁发作状态的抑郁症患者对负性情绪图片存在注意偏向,其注意偏向表现为对负性情绪面孔的注意回避和注意脱离困难;处于抑郁缓解期的抑郁症患者没有表现出对情绪面孔的注意偏向。     

功能失调性态度、认知偏差与抑郁障碍的关系

目的：探讨随着抑郁严重程度的变化,抑郁障碍患者功能失调性态度和认知偏差的变化情况。方法：采用功能失调性态度问卷（DAS）、认知偏差问卷（CBQ）和汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HRSD）对122例抑郁障碍患者于入组时（基线）、8周末的两个时点进行评定,采用DAS、CBQ和抑郁自评量表（SDS）对51名正常对照进行评定。结果：（1）基线时抑郁障碍组DAS总分（158.2±34.6）和CBQ评分（5.19±3.77）均显著高于对照组（DAS总分：119.3±23.4,CBQ评分：1.69±1.83）（t=8.559、8.208,P均为0.000）;（2）基线、8周末病例组自身比较,HRSD评分降至中位数7.0,DAS总分由158.2±34.6降至143.3±29.3（t=3.611,P=0.000）,CBQ评分由中位数5.0降至3.0（z=4.670,P=0.000）;（3）8周末,抑郁障碍完全恢复组的DAS总分（131.1±25.7）、CBQ评分（中位数为3.0）显著高于正常对照组（t=2.397,P=0.018;z=3.990,P=0.000）。结论：抑郁障碍患者的功能失调性态度和认知偏差既随抑郁症状的变化而变化,又有一定的稳定特质性,具有状态-特质性。     

大三学生认知风格对情绪的影响

目的：探讨大三学生认知风格与情绪的关系。方法：使用认知方式图形测验、抑郁形容词检查表、状态焦虑问卷和诱导失败测验对选出的100名大三学生进行实验分组测查；场独立性组（男25人，女25人）和场依存性组（男25人、女25人）各50名。结果：（1）失败后，场独立组和场依存组抑郁和焦虑评分均高于失败前（抑郁：10．5±2．9／9．4±2．5，P=0．003；13．3±4．1／7．9±3．7，P〈0．001；焦虑：36．7±5．8／33．3±5．5，P〈0．001；43．9±8．9／37．9±9．6，P〈0．001）。（2）失败前，两组抑郁、焦虑得分差异均无显著性（P=0．193、0．125），但失败后，场依存组抑郁和焦虑评分均高于场独立组（抑郁：13．3±4．1／10．5±2．9，P=0．038；焦虑：43．9±8．9／36．7±5．8，P=0．014）。（3）认知风格与抑郁、焦虑呈中度负相关（r=-0．42、-0．58，P〈0．001）。结论：认知风格与状态情绪密切相关，但与特质情绪的关系还需进一步的研究探讨。     

口腔扁平苔癣与心理社会因素的关系

目的：探讨口腔扁平苔癣（Oral Lichen Planus,OLP）患者的心理健康状况及其影响因素。方法：应用症状自评量表（SCL-90）、A型行为类型问卷（TABPQ）、艾森克个性问卷（EPQ）、社会支持评定量表（SSRS）、生活事件量表（LES）对40例OLP患者和40名正常对照者施测。结果：OLP组SCL-90总分及其因子分皆高于对照组（如SCL-90总分158.2±35.5/105.7±11.3,t=8.41,P〈0.01）。OLP组过去1年内负性生活事件分值（97.1±35.5/33.6±23.4,t=8.41,P〈0.01）和EPQ之P分（55.9±10.0/50.3±10.7,t=2.40,P〈0.05）及N分（51.6±9.0/46.8±10.2,t=2.27,P〈0.05）均高于对照,A型行为的比例皆高于对照组（25/40对12/40,χ^2=9.78,P〈0.01）,而其社会支持分值低于对照组（28.6±6.7/41.1±6.2,t=8.64,P〈0.01）。结论：OLP患者心理健康状况较差,个性有神经质、精神病质特征,A型行为多见,一年内的生活事件较多,社会支持状况较差。OLP的发病与患者个性特征、行为类型、生活事件、社会支持及心理健康水平等有一定关系。     

抑郁症患者对负性情绪面孔的注意偏向

目的:通过分析抑郁症患者在执行线索提示任务时的行为学特点,探索抑郁症患者对负性情绪信息注意偏向的认知特点。方法:筛选出符合国际精神疾病诊断与分类标准(ICD-10)的抑郁症患者20例(抑郁组),选取在性别、年龄、受教育年限方面与抑郁组相匹配的对照组20例。采用中科院心理研究所编制的中国化面孔情绪图片系统作为刺激材料,选择线索-靶子任务进行研究,比较两组被试在不同线索条件下反应时及正确率的差异。结果:抑郁组的总体平均反应时比对照组总体平均反应时长(t=-5.579,P0.01),对照组无效任务与有效任务反应时差值为正,抑郁组为负。对照组、抑郁组均表现出有效任务正确率高于无效任务(t=8.353,2.994,P0.01),中性图片正确率高于负性图片(t=7.363,4.499;P0.01)。结论:1抑郁症患者在执行线索提示任务时的反应速度较正常人慢,符合抑郁症患者思维迟缓、意志活动减退的症状特点;2正常人对情绪面孔图片表现出线索效应,抑郁症患者则表现出返回抑制,抑郁症患者未表现出显著的负性信息注意偏向。     

203例农村有偿献血感染HIV患者抑郁障碍及生活质量调查

目的：调查通过献血途径感染人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）的203例患者的情绪状况及生活质量。方法：采用贝克抑郁问卷、复合性国际诊断用检查提纲和SF-36对203例通过献血途径感染HIV的患者（HIV阳性组）及年龄、性别和受教育年限相匹配的198例HIV阴性献血者进行调查。结果：①HIV阳性组献血次数多于HIV阴性组（52．2±95．4／13．2±23．9，P〈0．001），已婚者少于HIV阴性组（88．6％／95．5％，P=0．020），丧偶者多于HIV阴性组（10．9％／4．5％，P=0．020），失业率高于HIV阴性组（21．7％／4．0％，P〈0．001），前一年全年工作时间少于HIV阴性组（5．0±3．5／7．5±3．0，P〈0．001），家庭月收入低于HIV阴性组（476．3±412．7／709．9±513．7，P〈0．001）。②HIV阳性组被诊断为获得性免疫缺陷综合征（AIDS）者占56．6％。HIV阳性组抑郁症的终生患病率为13．8％，HIV阴性组的终生患病率为5．1％。HIV阳性组的抑郁总分（11．3±11．3／6．6±9．6）、躯体（3．3±2．9／2．0±2．6）和非躯体因子分（8．0±8．8／4．6±7．4）均高于HIV阴性组（P〈0．001）。HIV阳性组达轻度抑郁以上者占40．4％。HIV阳性组已制定自杀计划者高于HIV阴性组（8．4％／3．0％，P〈0．05）。HIV阳性组总体生理健康（48．3±9．7／55．5±7．0）和心理健康（48．8±-8．9／55．1±7．8）得分均低于HIV阴性组（P〈0．001）。③HIV阳性组的贝克抑郁问卷总分与T细胞亚群CD4细胞计数无显著相关，与总体生理健康及心理健康呈显著负相关（r=-0．46～-0．68，P〈0．001）。结论：HIV阳性患者生存状况较差。对HIV阳性感染者而言，抑郁给患者生活质量造成全面的影响，抑郁和自杀风险仍然是需要干预和处理的问题。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.