澳门生命教育的开展及启示

澳门生命教育的成功推广有赖于教学、科研、社会服务互相结合、相互渗透。该文通过对澳门生命教育的推广方式进行总结,提出内地护理院校在开展生命教育时应以需求促发展,组建教学团队、开拓发展渠道,将教学、科研、社会服务有机融合3点建议,为内地护理院校开展生命教育提供借鉴。     

Anaphylactic shock and its implication for nurses

Anaphylactic shock can strike a patient at any time or place. It is a sudden allergic response to an environmental situation, insect venom or medically-prescribed drug. Although some members of the public may present in the Accident and Emergency department with life-threatening symptoms, the situation is often most serious when a drug has been given. The mechanism of anaphylactic shock is discussed in this article as is the first line treatment. The immune system and the character of immunoglobulins are highlighted, and the role of the nurse in an emergency situation is given consideration. Legal implications of any action taken are looked at from the standpoint of litigation.     

RHD genotyping and its implication in transfusion practice

BackgroundThe limitations of serology can be overcome by molecular typing. In order to evaluate the contribution of RH systematic genotyping and its implication in transfusion practice, a genotyping of D? blood donors was initiated.MethodsBlood samples were collected from 400 unrelated D? individuals. All samples were tested by RHD exon 10 PCR. In order to clarify the molecular mechanisms of RHD gene carrier, we applied molecular tools using different techniques: PCR-multiplex, and PCR-SSPs.ResultsAmong 400 D? subjects tested, 390 had RHD gene deletion; and 10 had RHD exon 10 of which seven were associated with the presence of the C or E antigens. Among D? carriers, we observed in five cases the presence of RHD-CE-Ds hybrid, in four cases the presence of pseudogene RHD ψ and in one case the presence of weak D type 4.ConclusionSince the majority of aberrant alleles were associated with C or E antigens and the preliminary infrastructure for molecular diagnostic were absent in all Tunisia territory, we recommend to reinforce transfusion practice to consider D? donors but C+/E+ antigens as D+ donors and the application of RHD molecular typing only to solve serologic problems.     

Miscarriage and ectopic pregnancy 2: management

This two-part unit explores miscarriage and ectopic pregnancy. This part, part 2, outlines diagnosis, management and key nursing interventions. It also discusses the emotional impact of pregnancy loss.     

肾脏疾病免疫学诊断方法的研究与应用

早在 1917年Ｅｒｉｋｓｓｏｎ等[1,2 ] 提出免疫反应引发肾脏疾病的理论。 2 0世纪 6 0年代 ,随着免疫和免疫病理的发展 ,已公认肾小球肾炎为免疫性疾病 ,并将其列为抗肾小球基底膜抗体肾炎和免疫复合物性肾炎类。近年来 ,由于免疫学理论、技术的发展和肾活体组织的检查以及肾脏微结构免疫组织化学的深入研究 ,在免疫复合物形成与肾脏疾病的关系、细胞免疫致病机制、各种实验动物的建立、免疫调节、肾小球性肾炎的抗原成分、补体作用、炎症细胞和肾小球固有细胞的反应、粘附分子和细胞因子与肾小球肾炎关系等方面 ,皆取得进展。与免疫相关的…     

烫伤大鼠组织白介素—18mRNA表达其及介质效应

目的：探讨烫伤后不同组织白介素－18（IL－18）mRNA的表达及其介质效应。方法：采用大鼠30％体表面积Ⅲ度烫伤模型，采用逆转录聚合酶链反应检测组织IL－18mRNA、γ－干扰素（IFN－γ）mRNA、FasLmRNA含量，采用酶联免疫吸附（ELISA）法测定INF－γ蛋白含量。结果：烫伤后组织IL－18mRNA表达较伤前值即有显著升高，8小时达高峰，且持续至伤后24小时；烫伤后组织INF－γmRNA表达即开始增加，伤后8小时达高峰。肠、肺组织IFN－γ水平与基因表达趋势基本一致。未致伤动物肠、肺可表达少量FasL mRNA，烫伤可使其表达增加。相关分析表明，组织IL－18mRNA的表达与IFN－γmRNA、IFN-γ水平、FasLmRNA表达均呈显著正相关。结论：肠、肺组织IL－18mRNA表达在烫伤早期即显著增多，并呈逐渐升高的趋势；创伤后组织IL－18mRNA基因表达对IFN－γ、FasL的生成具有重要影响。     

Epigenetics in osteoarthritis and its implication for future therapeutics

Introduction: Changes occurring in the chondrocyte gene that control articular cartilage are important for the onset and progression of osteoarthritis (OA). However, actual development of the disease may be also controlled by changes in epigenome.

Areas covered: Topics include the association of the three components of epigenetic modification, i.e., DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA expression, with the pathogenesis and progression of OA. The cross talk between genetics and epigenetics as well as the implication of epigenetics as a therapeutic measure for OA is also introduced.

Expert opinion: Epigenetic markers that detect various chondrocyte phenotypes, including those involving chondrogenic differentiation, articular cartilage homeostasis, and progression of OA, may provide a novel means to detect early OA. Recent report of dietary supplement such as glucosamine that prevents demethylation of promoters of inflammatory cytokine is encouraging. Although already available, the toxicity and off-target side effects of histone deacetylase inhibitors are concerns for benign nonlethal disease like OA. miRNA-based treatment may present another therapeutic modality without potentially detrimental off-target side effects. Future studies are needed to search for additional miRNA that can modulate the course of OA and to identify key targets of currently known miRNA that impact OA pathogenesis and disease progression.     

免疫功能紊乱在脓毒症发病中的作用及意义

有关炎症问题的研究在脓毒症领域开展得很早,目前对它的了解无论是在基础理论还是在临床实践方面也都比较深入。传统观念认为,脓毒症是一种失控的持久性炎症反应,是由感染因素诱发的全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)。基于这种认识,人们应用大量抗炎措施治疗脓毒症,虽然在动物实验中取得了一定的疗效,但在临床应用中     

The red cell storage lesion and its implication for transfusion

Storage of red blood cells in preservative medium is associated with metabolic, biochemical and molecular changes to erythrocytes collectively referred to as the "storage lesion." In addition to corpuscular injury, bioreactive substances including cytokines and lipids accumulate in the medium during storage. We review evidence for those storage related changes and potential clinical implications for red blood cell transfusion.