3，4，5，6-四羟基san酮对大鼠离体心肌缺血．再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的研究合成的(口山)酮化合物3,4,5,6-四羟基(口山)酮对离体大鼠心肌缺血-再灌注损伤的保护作用及其机制.方法离体大鼠心脏采用Langendorff法灌流,停灌30 min再灌30 min造成心肌缺血-再灌注损伤模型.左心室插入水囊导管,记录左室内压(LVP)、左室内压最大上升速率(+dp/dtmax)和心率(HR),定时收集冠脉流出液,测定冠脉流量(CF)和肌酸激酶(CK)活性.心脏灌流结束后心脏称重,计算单位心脏湿重的CK释放量.心肌组织制备匀浆,用放射免疫法测定心肌组织TNF-α含量.结果预先给予3,4,5,6-四羟基(口山)酮(30、100或300μmol·L-1)可显著改善缺血-再灌注所致的心功能损伤,减少CK的释放和心肌组织TNF-α的产生.结论3,4,5,6-四羟基(口山)酮对心肌缺血-再灌注损伤具有保护作用,其作用机制可能与抑制TNF-α的产生有关.     

羟苯氨酮保护大鼠心脏对抗心肌缺血-再灌注损伤

目的研究强心扩血管新药羟苯氨酮(oxyphenamone)对心肌缺血-再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法对离体或在体大鼠心脏，阻断冠脉前降支10 min后行再灌注15 min(离体)或30 min(在体)，形成心肌缺血-再灌注损伤模型，从心电图、心肌酶学与心肌超微结构等方面观察药效。结果羟苯氨酮(离体心脏灌流1-10 μmol·L^-1，或静脉注射0.1-1.0 mg·kg^-1)剂量依赖性地明显减少再灌注时的心律失常，对抗损伤所致心肌CPK，LDH与MDA的变化，减轻心肌超微结构损伤。结论羟苯氨酮明显保护离体和在体大鼠心肌对抗冠脉阻断所致缺血-再灌注损伤。     

玉郎伞黄酮类化合物对大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注损伤的作用

目的 研究玉郎伞黄酮类化合物(YLSF)对大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注损伤的作用及其作用机制.方法 采用Langendorff法灌流离体大鼠心脏,停灌30min后再灌30min,造成心肌缺血-再灌注损伤模型.于大鼠左心室插入水囊导管,记录YLSF对血流动力学指标的影响,测定冠脉流量(CF)和冠脉流出液中肌酸激酶(CK)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、乳酸脱氧酶同工酶-1(LDH-1)的活性及心肌组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)的含量.结果 YLSF高剂量可显著改善缺血-再灌注所致大鼠的心功能损伤,减少CK、CK-MB、LDH、LDH-1的释放和MDA的产生,增加SOD的活性.结论 YLSF对心肌缺血-再灌注损伤具有保护作用,其机制可能与清除氧自由基、减少脂质过氧化反应有关.     

莲房原花青素对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的探讨莲房原花青素(LSPC)对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的作用。方法用麻醉大鼠冠脉结扎30 min后，再灌注45 min造成心肌损伤模型。离体大鼠心脏经停灌30 min后，用正常K-H液复灌30 min，造成心肌损伤模型。均于实验前给予药物或生理盐水。结果LSPC可降低复灌后血清ET和Ang II的浓度，抑制MDA含量升高，并保持SOD活性及NO的水平。心脏复灌以后冠脉流量和心率明显恢复，心肌细胞酶CK和LDH漏出减少，心肌组织黄嘌呤氧化酶(XO)的活性降低，心肌超微结构的病理变化改善等。结论LSPC对整体及离体大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用。     

参麦注射液对正常及缺血再灌注离体豚鼠心脏的影响

目的观察参麦注射液(SM)对正常及缺血再灌注离体豚鼠心脏的影响。方法采用正常Langendorff灌流及缺血再灌注离体豚鼠心脏模型,观察SM对冠脉流量的影响,测定冠脉流出液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性及心肌组织丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性。结果SM可显著提高正常及缺血-再灌注离体豚鼠心脏的冠脉流量,减少缺血-再灌注后LDH的漏出总量,降低缺血再灌后心肌组织MDA的含量,升高SOD的活性。结论SM可增加正常及缺血-再灌离体豚鼠心脏冠脉流量,减轻缺血-再灌引起的心肌损伤。     

1，6-二磷酸果糖对幼兔离体心脏的保护作用

目的 研究1,6-二磷酸果糖(FDP)对幼兔离体心脏缺血一再灌注损伤的影响。方法建立幼兔离体灌流左心室顺灌做功模型,行缺血一再灌注试验。于缺血期间多次施加含5mmol／LFDP的St．ThomasⅡ号停搏液,经过120分钟缺血、30分钟再灌注,观察心功能、冠脉液肌酸激酶(CK)含量和心肌超微结构的变化。结果FDP组的心功能恢复情况优于对照组,心肌CK漏出量显著低于对照组．心肌超微结构损伤比对照组显著减轻。结论FDP对幼兔离体心脏缺血一再灌注损伤有保护作用。     

3,4,5,6-四羟基(口山)酮对高糖所致内皮细胞损伤的保护作用

目的研究3,4,5,6-四羟基(口山)酮对高糖诱导的血管内皮细胞损伤的保护作用.方法在培养的人脐静脉内皮细胞(ECV304)高浓度葡萄糖(30 mmol·L-1)处理48 h引起细胞损伤.荧光分光光度法检测细胞培养液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性、一氧化氮(NO)生成量与细胞脂质过氧化物丙二醛(MDA)含量;MTT比色法检测细胞存活数量;流式细胞仪检测细胞周期.结果①3,4,5,6-四羟基(口山)酮能显著抑制高糖所致内皮细胞LDH释放、NO和MDA生成增加;②3,4,5,6-四羟基山酮能显著抑制高糖所致的活细胞数减少;③3,4,5,6-四羟基(口山)酮能显著减轻高糖所致内皮细胞增殖的抑制.结论3,4,5,6-四羟基山酮减轻高糖所致的人脐静脉内皮细胞损伤,其保护作用与抗氧化减少氧自由基生成有关.     

杜鹃花总黄酮药理性预处理对大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤中炎症反应的影响

目的观察杜鹃花总黄酮(total flavones of rhododendra,TFR)药理性预处理对大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用及其对心肌细胞炎症反应的影响。方法在Langen-dorff离体灌流大鼠心脏,采用停灌K-H液30min后再灌注40min的方法制备大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤模型。TFR药理性预处理(TFR pharmacological preconditioning,TFR-PP)大鼠心脏,在缺血前灌注含TFR的K-H液5min,然后用不含TFR的K-H液灌注5min,如此反复,共3次。观察心肌组织病理学损伤,心肌组织中肌酸激酶(CK)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)及髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活力的变化,心肌组织中核因子-κB(NF-κB)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、细胞间粘附分子-1(ICAM-1)的表达。结果在Langendorff离体灌流模型中,TFR-PP(50、100mg.L-1)可明显抑制缺血/再灌注大鼠心肌组织中CK和LDH活性的降低,同时能明显改善心肌组织病理学损伤;TFR-PP(25、50、100mg·L-1)能不同程度的抑制心肌组织中MPO的增加及NF-κB、TNF-α、ICAM-1的表达。结论TFR药理性预处理对大鼠离体心脏缺血/再灌注损伤有明显保护作用,其作用可能与抑制心肌细胞炎症反应有关。     

3,4-二羟基苯乙酮对心肌保护作用的研究

目的研究心肌3,4-二羟基苯乙酮(青心酮)预处理和缺血预处理对离体大鼠心脏缺血/再灌注后心肌功能的影响。方法以离体大白鼠工作心脏模型,比较经青心酮预处理和缺血预处理,心肌缺血再灌注前后左室压(LVP)、左室舒张末期压(LVDEP)、左心室内压上升及下降最大速率(±dt/dpmax)、主动脉压(AP)、冠脉流量(CF)、主动脉流量(AF)和测定冠脉流出液乳酸脱氢酶(LDH),心肌三磷酸腺苷(ATP)含量及自灌注停搏液至完全停搏的时间(AT)。结果青心酮预处理和缺血预处理产生相似的心肌保护作用,明显促进心肌缺血再灌注后心肌功能的恢复,增进心脏的收缩功能、心肌ATP含量。结论青心酮预处理模拟体外循环的缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用,该方法有临床应用价值。     

3，4，5，6-四羟基Ⅱ山酮对高糖所致内皮细胞损伤的保护作用

目的研究3,4,5,6-四羟基(口山)酮对高糖诱导的血管内皮细胞损伤的保护作用.方法在培养的人脐静脉内皮细胞(ECV304)高浓度葡萄糖(30 mmol·L-1)处理48 h引起细胞损伤.荧光分光光度法检测细胞培养液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性、一氧化氮(NO)生成量与细胞脂质过氧化物丙二醛(MDA)含量;MTT比色法检测细胞存活数量;流式细胞仪检测细胞周期.结果①3,4,5,6-四羟基(口山)酮能显著抑制高糖所致内皮细胞LDH释放、NO和MDA生成增加;②3,4,5,6-四羟基山酮能显著抑制高糖所致的活细胞数减少;③3,4,5,6-四羟基(口山)酮能显著减轻高糖所致内皮细胞增殖的抑制.结论3,4,5,6-四羟基山酮减轻高糖所致的人脐静脉内皮细胞损伤,其保护作用与抗氧化减少氧自由基生成有关.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.