双靶标新药YL-0919在比格犬体内的药代动力学研究

目的研究5-HT1A受体激动和5-HT重摄取抑制双靶标新药YL-0919在比格犬体内多次给药的药代动力学。方法比格犬按1.5 mg.kg-1剂量灌胃给药,第1天和第5天各给药1次,第2～4天每天给药2次。采用LC-MS/MS法测定血浆中YL-0919浓度,用DAS 2.0软件计算药动学参数。结果首次和末次口服YL-0919(1.5 mg·kg-1)后,主要药代动力学参数为:Cmax分别为(287.73±106.50)和(220.07±58.90)ng·ml-1;tmax分别为(1.10±0.55)和(0.95±0.67)h;t1/2z分别为(3.28±0.85)和(3.02±1.20)h;MRT(0～24)分别为(4.16±0.59)和(3.81±1.22)h;AUC(0～24)分别为(1242.10±462.27)和(922.29±345.29)ng·h·ml-1;AUC(0～∞)分别为(1251.23±464.03)和(938.57±350.30)ng·h·ml-1;CLz/F分别为(1.41±0.74)和(1.95±1.23)L·h-1·kg-1;Vz/F分别为(6.43±2.79)和(7.11±1.90)L·kg-1。经配对t检验,多次给药达稳态后除AUC(0～24)和AUC(0～∞)降低外,其余药动学参数差异均无统计学意义。结论 YL-0919在比格犬体内多次给药后无明显蓄积作用。     

HPLC-MS/MS测定比格犬血浆中非诺贝酸浓度及其药代动力学研究

目的建立快速有效的HPLC-MS/MS方法测定比格犬血浆中非诺贝特的代谢物非诺贝酸,并探讨其在比格犬体内的药代动力学。方法 4只健康雄性比格犬随机分为两组,在禁食状态下口服给药〔非诺贝特片（纳米）和对照药Tri-cor〕,HPLC-MS/MS测定非诺贝酸浓度。流动相为甲醇-水（0.1%甲酸）,在200μl.min-1流速下梯度洗脱,地西泮为内标,色谱柱为Thermo Syncronic-C8,柱温：20℃。质谱测定利用多离子监测扫描模式,电离方式为ESI正离子模式,检测离子反应非诺贝酸为m/z 319.10→232.86,地西泮为m/z 285.04→193.04。血药浓度数据经Origin Pro 7.5与WinNonlin Phoenix软件处理,计算主要药动学参数。结果本方法中非诺贝酸在5～1000 ng.ml-1范围内线性良好（r2〉0.98）,定量下限为5 ng.ml-1。方法的精密度准确度,专属性,绝对回收率,稳定性和基质效应均符合要求。非诺贝特纳米片和Tricor在比格犬体内的主要药动学参数：tmax为（1.50±1.16）和（1.94±2.48）h、t1/2为（8.58±3.41）和（8.02±2.08）h、Cmax为（5857.20±3563.44）和（6697.56±3912.92）ng.ml-1、AUC为（25 328.13±16 009.09）和（26 379.89±17 392.47）ng.h.ml-1。结论建立了准确、灵敏的HPLC-MS/MS检测方法用于比格犬血浆中非诺贝特代谢产物非诺贝酸的含量测定;研究了非诺贝酸在比格犬体内的药代动力学,结果显示非诺贝酸在比格犬体内的代谢动力学过程呈单室模型,该结果为不同来源非诺贝特片的生物等效性研究奠定了基础,为非诺贝特临床安全合理用药提供参考依据。     

雌二醇埋植剂在家兔体内的药代动力学研究

目的观察雌二醇埋植剂在家兔体内的释放过程,同时进行药代动力学研究。方法将自制的雌二醇埋植剂植入家兔皮下,用RIA方法检测血清中雌二醇含量,并用3p87软件估算了药代动力学参数。结果雌二醇埋植剂在家兔体内释放过程符合一房室模型,Cmax为327.43pg/mL,tmax为0.2421h。取出埋植剂后,血药浓度下降迅速,t1/2为19.33h,清除率为0.1218ml/h。结论用硅胶囊控制雌二醇在动物体内的缓慢释放是可行的。     

阿奇霉素干混悬剂在健康人体的药代动力学及生物等效性评价

目的研究阿奇霉素干混悬剂在健康人体的药代动力学特征及其生物等效性。方法20名健康志愿受试者,采用标准二阶段交叉设计自身对照试验方法,单剂量口服阿奇霉素试验品和参比品500mg时,以液相色谱-质谱-质谱联用法测定服药后72h内不同时刻的血药浓度,计算主要药动学参数,并采用方差分析和双单侧t检验(1-2α)90%置信区间进行生物等效性评价。结果受试者分别口服阿奇霉素受试品和参比品后,其主要药动学参数Tmax分别为2.30±0.55、2.25±0.53h,Cmax分别为478.4±133.9、562.6±132.9ng.ml-1,T1/2分别为30.1±8.3、32.4±9.4h;用梯形法计算,AUC0-t分别为4 263±1 341、4511±918ng.h.ml-1,AUC0-∞分别为5 233±2 0735、426±1 011ng.h.ml-1。AUC0-t计算,阿奇霉素的相对生物利用度平均为(95.2±21.5)%。结论两种阿奇霉素制剂在健康志愿者体内具有生物等效性。     

利巴韦林注射液大鼠体内药代动力学研究

目的研究利巴韦林注射液在大鼠体内的药代动力学,并考察利巴韦林的红细胞蓄积情况。方法采用反相HPLC法测定了大鼠静脉注射利巴韦林注射液后利巴韦林的血药浓度,使用3p87药代动力学软件计算其药代动力学参数。结果利巴韦林注射液在大鼠体内符合二室模型,主要的药动学参数如下:T1/2(α)为(10.82±2.66)min,T1/2(β)为(180.0±27.69)min,AUC为(1109.0±212.0)mg·L-1·min,CL(s)为(0.032±0.009)kg·L-1·min-1。结论利巴韦林在红细胞中有大量蓄积。     

注射用清开灵中栀子苷在家兔体内的药动学研究

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定血浆中注射用清开灵主要成分栀子苷的方法 ,研究其在家兔体内的药代动力学,为临床用药提供新的药代动力学参数。方法采用GeminiC18色谱柱（250mm×4.6mm,5μm）,流动相：乙腈-水（14∶86）,紫外检测波长：238nm,流速：1ml/min,进样量：20μl,柱温：40℃。3只家兔静脉滴注注射用清开灵后,采集不同时间点的血药浓度,计算其药动学参数。结果在选定的色谱条件下,注射用清开灵中栀子苷与血浆中其他成分分离良好。栀子苷的血药浓度范围：0.11～7.32μg/ml（r=0.9979）。栀子苷高、中、低3种浓度方法回收率大于96.3%、萃取回收率大于94.0%;日内和日间精密度RSD分别小于4.9%、3.2%,最低检测限为0.11μg/ml。将血药浓度数据采用3P97软件拟合,结果符合一室模型。栀子苷的主要药动学参数：t1/2为（0.33±0.03）h,V为（0.71±0.10）L,CL为（1.47±0.07）L/h,AUC0→4.5h为（3.71±0.20）μg.h/ml。AUC0→∞（4.22±0.37）μg.h/ml。结论本文方法简便、准确,其药代动力学数据为临床注射用清开灵中栀子苷血药浓度的监测和药代动力学研究提供了依据。     

文拉法辛的人体药代动力学

目的建立HPLC-荧光法测定人血浆中文拉法辛浓度,研究其在中国健康人体内的药代动力学。方法以Diamonsil C18（150mm×4．6mm,5um）为色谱柱;流动相为乙腈-磷酸盐缓冲液（pH3．0）．三乙胺（33．5：66．5：1,V/V／V）;流速1．0ml／min;进样量：20．0ul,内标为马普替林。血浆样品经正己烷．异戊醇提取,荧光检测条件：λex276nm,λem596nm。结果文拉法辛在10．0—800．0ng·ml^-1浓度范围内线性关系良好（r=0．9999）,最低血药检测浓度为16．99ng·ml^-1。文拉法辛浓度30．0,150．0,600．0ng·ml^-1的萃取回收率和相对回收率分别在81．51％-91．08％、98．7％-112．6％范围内,日内和日间精密度的RSD分别小于12％和10％（n=5）。文拉法辛的主要药动学参数：t1／2（6．57±2．81）h,Tmax（3．11±0．93）h,Cmax（273．38±75．44）ng·ml^-1,AUC（0-1）（2237．54±816．67）ng·h·ml^-1,AUC（0-∞）（2456．13±838．30）ng·h·ml^-1。结论HPLC-荧光法灵敏、准确、重复性好,适合于文拉法辛的临床药动学研究。     

胡黄连苷-Ⅰ在大鼠和犬体内药动学研究

目的　建立测定胡黄连苷 I血浆浓度的RP HPLC法 ,并研究比较大鼠和犬体注射胡黄连苷 I(HD I)后体内药代动力学特征。方法　采用乙腈 -水 (2 0∶80 )为流动相 ,AgilentXDBC18柱 (2 5 0mm× 4 .6mm ,5 μm)为固定相 ,紫外检测波长 2 77nm ,内标法测定。大鼠和Beagle犬分别ivHD I 7、2 .5mg·kg-1,采用RP -HPLC法测定药后血浆药物浓度 ,用 3p97药动学软件对血药浓度 -时间数据进行拟合。结果　最低定量限为 0 .1μg·ml-1,方法回收率大于 90 % ,日内日间RSD均小于 5 %。大鼠和Beagle犬单次ivHD I后 ,血药浓度 -时间曲线均呈二室开放模型 ,半衰期 (T1/ 2 β　 )、清除速率 (CLs)、平均滞留时间 (MRT)等主要药动学参数无显著性差异。结论　HD I在大鼠和犬体内代谢较快 ,分布较广 ,清除较快。在大鼠和犬体内药动学行为无显著性差异。     

厄多司坦胶囊在健康人体的药代动力学和生物等效性研究

目的研究厄多司坦胶囊在健康人体的药代动力学,评价其生物等效性。方法 20名男性志愿者随机分为2组,按照两制剂两周期的随机交叉试验设计,分别单剂量口服厄多司坦试验或参比制剂各1粒(0.3 g),采用LC-MS/MS法测定血浆中厄多司坦及其代谢产物M1的浓度,用DAS2.0药动学软件分别计算厄多司坦及其代谢产物M1药动学参数并进行生物等效性统计分析。结果试验及参比片的厄多司坦的主要药动学参数Cmax分别为(1570.7±488.3)和(1447.8±449.9)ng·ml-1;Tmax分别为(1.1±0.5)和(1.2±0.5)h;t1/2分别为(1.3±0.3)和(1.3±0.4)h;AUC(0-10h)分别为(3444.7±1242.4)和(3229.9±1225.6)ng·h·ml-1;AUC(0-∞)分别为(3485.0±1233.7)和(3279.6±1233.7)ng·h·ml-1;双单侧t检验结果表明,厄多司坦受试制剂Cmax的90%置信区间落在参比制剂的94.1%~124.4%范围内,AUC(0-10h)的90%置信区间落在参比制剂的90.7%~123.9%范围内;受试制剂对参比制剂厄多司坦的相对生物利用度F为(116.6±36.6)%。试验及参比片的M1的主要药动学参数Cmax分别为(396.5±177.6)和(385.0±192.7)ng·ml-1;Tmax分别为(1.7±0.8)和(1.9±0.7)h;t1/2分别为(2.6±0.9)和(2.6±1.1)h;AUC(0-10h)分别为(1259.2±609.8)和(1331.3±694.0)ng·h·ml-1;AUC(0-∞)分别为(1372.4±607.3)和(1451.7±719.0)ng·h·ml-1;双单侧t检验结果表明,M1受试制剂Cmax的90%置信区间落在参比制剂的89.2%~121.1%范围内,AUC(0-10h)的90%置信区间落在参比制剂的80.9%~111.6%范围内;受试制剂对参比制剂M1的相对生物利用度F为(103.2±39.6)%。结论对厄多司坦及其代谢产物M1的主要药动学参数进行评价,按照生物等效性判定标准,认为2种制剂生物等效。     

富马酸比索洛尔片剂人体药代动力学及相对生物利用度

目的　比较国产与进口富马酸比索洛尔片剂的人体药代动力学及两药的相对生物利用度。方法　受试者自身交叉口服同等剂量的国产与进口富马酸比索洛尔片剂 ,HPLC内标定量方法测定血药浓度 ,3P87计算机程序处理药代数据。结果　两种片剂的体内过程均符合一级吸收二室模型 ,国产片剂的主要药代动力学参数 T1/ 2α、T1/ 2 β、Cmax、Tmax和AUC0 -36分别为 1.32h、7.42h、49.6 0ng·ml-1、2 .5 4h和 489.49ng·ml-1·h-1;进口片剂的主要药代动力学参数T1/ 2α、T1/ 2 β、Cmax、Tmax和AUC0 -36分别为 1.31h、7.94h、48.5 3ng·ml-1、2 .5 7h和 5 2 0 .82ng·ml-1·h-1。结论　相对生物利用度为 95 .31%。经统计学分析两种片剂具有生物等效性     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.