被动吸烟对非吸烟妇女健康影响的现况研究

目的:了解成都市非吸烟妇女被动吸烟的情况、对被动吸烟的认识及被动吸烟对其健康状况的影响,提高妇女对被动吸烟危害的认识。方法:采用分层随机抽样的方法调查成都市15岁及以上1000名非吸烟的城市女性,分析被动吸烟对其健康的影响。结果:成都市非吸烟妇女的被动吸烟率为81.4%,最早被动吸烟的年龄主要在10岁以下(52.0%),被动吸烟的场所以家中和同时在家中、工作场所及交通工具中接触为主(49.9%),被动吸烟的主要对象为30岁以上的已婚女士。97.0%的妇女知道香烟烟雾中的主要有害成分,98.2%的妇女认为有人在自己面前吸烟可能对自身健康产生危害,而认为吸烟者更容易导致多痰、气管炎、肺癌、哮喘的比例分别为81.4%、83.4%、79.9%、64.4%、90%以上的妇女不赞成吸烟,并采取主动措施预防被动吸烟。单因素及多因素分析均未发现被动吸烟组比非被动吸烟组患所调查疾病的危险更高(P>0.05),但发现被动吸烟量与疾病有一定的联系,被动吸烟量>18(h×年)组比≤18(h×年)组患慢性支气管炎的危险性增加(OR=2.128,95%CI:1.077~4.206),但未见增加患哮喘、肺结核、肺气肿、心脏病、肺心病、消化性溃疡、糖尿病、高血压、肾病、肝硬化、慢性肝炎、中耳炎、视神经萎缩、癌症的危险,也未见增加自我感觉身体健康状况不良的危险。结论:该市非吸烟妇女被动吸烟率较高,对被动吸烟危害的认识也较高,被动吸烟对非吸烟妇女健康的影响还需要进行深入的研究。     

上海市孕早期妇女被动吸烟的影响因素调查

目的了解上海市闵行区孕早期被动吸烟情况,探索被动吸烟的影响因素,以便为降低烟草对妇女健康的危害及此后的干预策略提供依据和建议。方法 2011年5月至2012年5月期间对3 729名孕妇进行问卷调查,回收有效问卷3 277份。运用Logistic回归模型分析孕妇被动吸烟的影响因素。结果孕妇被动吸烟率为45.3%,孕妇被动吸烟的主要场所是在家中及工作场所之外,但是,与其他场所相比孕妇近30 d内在家中被动吸烟的天数最多,在工作场所平均每天被动吸烟的时间最长。孕妇被动吸烟的主要来源依次是:家中丈夫以外的其他成员、同事、家中客人。年龄、文化程度、工作状况、是否为初次怀孕、家中同住吸烟者和丈夫是否吸烟均会对孕妇在不同场合的被动吸烟产生不同影响。结论上海市孕妇主动吸烟率较低,被动吸烟率较高。低文化程度、初次怀孕、低年龄孕妇和丈夫吸烟的孕妇是被动吸烟干预中需要重点关注的人群。通过对孕妇及其家人和同事进行健康教育、在家中及工作场所建立无烟政策、加强公共场所控烟力度有助于降低孕妇二手烟的暴露。     

上海市居民吸烟、戒烟及被动吸烟现状

目的 了解上海市15岁及以上居民的吸烟、戒烟和被动吸烟的流行水平,为有针对性的制定控烟措施提供基础资料.方法 利用2007年上海市慢性病及其危险因素监测调查数据,对17174名(男性8072人,女性9102人)15岁及以上居民的吸烟、戒烟和被动吸烟状况进行描述性分析,指标包括吸烟率、现在吸烟率、常吸烟率、重型吸烟率、戒烟率、成功戒烟率、被动吸烟率.结果 男性居民的吸烟率、现在吸烟率、常吸烟率、重型吸烟率分别为61.8%,54.8%,48.5%,28.3%,女性分别为1.2%,1.0%,0.7%和0.2%.人群的戒烟率、成功戒烟率分别为11.3%和8.6%.非吸烟者的被动吸烟率为43.1%,暴露场所主要是工作场所和家中.结论 上海市居民吸烟率、被动吸烟率处于较高水平,戒烟率较低,烟草控制面临巨大挑战.     

上海市长宁区居民被动吸烟状况及其影响因素调查

目的了解上海市长宁区居民被动吸烟状况及其影响因素。方法采用分层随机抽样的方法,在长宁区178个居委会中,随机抽取长宁区年龄为15～69周岁的常住居民,开展一对一问卷调查。内容涵盖被动吸烟状况及烟草危害的知信行。结果长宁区居民被动吸烟率40.4%,其中家中被动吸烟率为22.2%,工作场所被动吸烟率为22.5%,其他公共场所以餐厅被动吸烟率最高(66.0%),政府办公机构次之(12.5%)。男性与女性非吸烟者被动吸烟率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。吸烟者与非吸烟者家中吸烟规定差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。非条件Logistic回归分析发现,男性(OR=0.404,95%CI:0.243～0.673)和高收入(OR=1.350,95%CI:1.008～1.808)是被动吸烟的危险因素,家庭禁烟规定严格(OR=0.512,95%CI:0.387～0.677)则是保护因素。结论长宁区居民遭受被动吸烟以活动的公共场所为主,其中餐厅最高;居民在工作场所以及家中的被动吸烟率相对较低。今后将致力于加强男性非吸烟者、月收入相对较高人群的烟草危害健康教育。     

青海省部分地区公共场所吸烟与被动吸烟现况调查分析

目的了解我省公共场所吸烟与被动吸烟状况、公众对吸烟与被动吸烟危害的认识与态度、本省履行世界卫生组织《烟草控制框架公约》的情况,为制定控烟策略提供科学依据。方法采用国家统一的调查问卷,对西宁、格尔木市及乐都县部分公共场所的公众采用拦截方式进行调查。结果在599名被调查者中,吸烟率为38.7%,男性吸烟率为66.9%,女性为7.1%,被动吸烟率为72.2%。58.3%的被调查者家中任何地方都能吸烟,72.7%的被调查对象常去的娱乐场所内吸烟不受任何限制,48.9%的被调查者的工作场所中任何地方可以吸烟;父母吸烟孩子更容易得哮喘或呼吸道疾病的知识知晓率在吸烟者和非吸烟者之间无差异,其他的均为吸烟者的知识知晓率低于非吸烟者,吸烟者支持公共场所禁烟的比例也低于非吸烟者。结论本次调查的公共场所吸烟和被动吸烟状况严重,公众对吸烟的危害认识程度不足;对公共场所禁烟的支持程度较高,但缺乏相应的控烟政策及支持性环境。     

青岛市农村吸烟与被动吸烟状况调查分析

目的了解青岛市农村居民吸烟与被动吸烟状况,分析影响因素,为决策部门制定干预策略提供依据。方法在青岛市5个县市的村庄中随机抽取5个村庄的13岁以上的常住村民共1 837人进行问卷调查。结果村民的总吸烟率为26.8%,现在吸烟率为23.2%,重度吸烟率为10.4%,40~49岁年龄组为吸烟最严重的人群;人群被动吸烟率为41.6%,家庭是被动吸烟危害的主要场所,占29.1%。结论青岛市农村吸烟与被动吸烟状况不容乐观,应当结合农村地区的实际情况,加强政策引导,针对不同人群开展控烟健康教育与健康促进,降低吸烟率和减少被动吸烟危害。     

浙江省杭州市居民吸烟和工作场所被动吸烟的现状研究

目的了解浙江省杭州余杭区人群吸烟和工作场所被动吸烟情况。方法采用多阶段分层随机整群抽样方法对杭州市余杭区18～79岁的常住居民1263人,进行问卷调查。结果总吸烟率为27.4%,现在吸烟率为21.9%,男性和女性现在吸烟率分别为53.1%和0.3%。人均吸烟量为平均为15.8±10.7支/天。工作场所被动吸烟率47.1%,其中男性为53.5%,女性为45.0%。结论杭州市余杭区吸烟率和工作场所被动吸烟率均较高,应实施工作场所无烟政策,以便减少被动吸烟的危害。     

广东省城市居民吸烟与被动吸烟现状及控烟态度调查

目的了解城市居民吸烟状况与被动吸烟状况,了解居民对吸烟与被动吸烟危害的认知与态度状况,为开展针对性的控烟工作提供依据。方法采用随机偶遇抽样方法,在广州市、江门市、增城市医院、商场、车站等候室、政府对外办公大楼4类公共场所抽取18岁及以上人群进行面对面问卷调查,问卷采用中国控烟办公室统一设计的《成人被动吸烟调查问卷》。结果共调查城市居民599人,其中吸烟者190人,吸烟率为31．7％;男性吸烟率为56．6％,女性为3．2％;30-岁组吸烟率为最高,为42．6％;不同文化程度调查对象吸烟率的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。392名不吸烟者中,162人处于被动吸烟状况,被动吸烟率为41．3％,男性被动吸烟率为37．6％,女性为43．1％。调查对象中,家里、室内娱乐场所和室内工作场所全部禁烟的比例分别为32．2％、12．3％和40．9％。非吸烟者对吸烟危害知识的知晓率高于吸烟者,支持公共场所禁烟的比例也高于吸烟者。结论广东省城市居民吸烟和被动吸烟状况严重,居民对公共场所禁烟的支持程度较高,吸烟者对吸烟危害认识不足,应加强吸烟危害健康教育,推动各类公共场所禁烟立法。     

某军队中心医院医务人员吸烟与被动吸烟现状调查

目的调查某军队中心医院医务人员吸烟与被动吸烟现状,为军队建立无烟医院、制定控烟策略和措施提供依据。方法参照有关资料设计调查问卷,对某军队中心医院1009名医务人员吸烟与被动吸烟情况进行调查。结果医务人员吸烟率为10.6%(包括已戒烟15名);戒烟率为14.0%;不同性别、年龄、学历、职称、身份和岗位的医务人员现在吸烟率之间差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);26.9%的非吸烟人员每周至少有1 d在工作场所被动吸烟。在对吸烟与被动吸烟危害的认识上,90.8%的人认为吸烟有害健康,91.2%的人认为被动吸烟对健康危害较大,93.8%的人认为医务人员应该成为不吸烟的榜样。结论军队医院男性医务人员吸烟状况较常见,主动戒烟比例不高,需要加强对医务人员控烟知识和技能的教育与培训,才能有力推动军队的控烟工作。     

漳州市不同人群吸烟现状及知识态度调查

目的了解福建省漳州市居民吸烟现状及吸烟危害知识以及对公共场所禁烟态度。方法在医疗、教育、机关、餐馆/公共汽车站候车室/网吧4类机构和场所随机抽取911名人员进行面对面问卷调查。结果吸烟216人,吸烟率为23.71%,其中,医疗机构人员吸烟率为19.81%(63/318),教育机构为18.86%(66/350)、机关为34.38%(22/64),餐馆/公共汽车站候车室/网吧为36.31%(65/179)。被动吸烟538人,总暴露率59.06%;人群知晓吸烟会危害吸烟者健康的比例>95%,而知晓吸烟会给被动吸烟者健康造成危害比例则<90%,对被动吸烟造成的健康危害知哓率则更低。结论餐馆/公共汽车站候车室/网吧等场所吸烟率和被动吸烟暴露率均高于其他机构,而对吸烟知识知晓率和对公共场所禁烟支持率却低于其他机构。     

孕妇被动吸烟状况分析

目的:了解孕妇被动吸烟状况及相关影响因素。方法:选取河南省妇幼保健院、开封市妇幼保健院、开封市妇产医院、开封县妇幼保健院、杞县妇幼保健院及杞县阳固乡卫生院6家医疗保健机构作为研究现场。抽取在研究现场进行产前检查的孕妇共1660人进行调查研究。结果:被调查对象中有82.4%的孕妇在孕前接触过"二手烟",68.3%的孕妇在孕期接触过"二手烟",孕期被动吸烟率为26.6%。孕周13周、年龄20岁、居住于城镇、孕妇文化程度为小学及以下、孕妇职业为农民、丈夫文化程度为小学、丈夫职业为农民、家庭月收入500～999元、孕期家庭结构为独居、孕妇孕前吸烟、孕前丈夫吸烟以及丈夫吸烟时间10年的孕妇,孕期被动吸烟率较高。孕妇居住地、孕妇孕前吸烟状况及孕前丈夫吸烟时间与孕妇被动吸烟状况有关联。结论:孕妇被动吸烟状况不容忽视,建立无烟家庭势在必行。     

对非吸烟孕妇被动吸烟干预的效果评价

目的 评价健康干预措施对非吸烟孕妇被动吸烟的干预效果,为改善非吸烟孕妇被动吸烟状况提供参考。方法 采用问卷形式对开封市妇幼保健院和妇产医院符合纳入标准的1 100名非吸烟孕妇进行调查,并采用多项有序Logistic回归分析,以非吸烟孕妇暴露于被动吸烟的时间为结局变量,对干预效果进行评价。结果 干预后,非吸烟孕妇的被动吸烟暴露状况有所改善（OR=1.564,P<0.001）。第三轮调查的被动吸烟状况优于基线调查,但劣于第二轮调查的被动吸烟状况,非吸烟孕妇被动吸烟的改善状况在产后三月有所反弹。其次,丈夫及其他家人吸烟量与孕妇的被动吸烟暴露状况呈正相关,丈夫及其他家人的吸烟量越大,孕妇的被动吸烟暴露水平越高。低龄、核心家庭结构（夫妻俩或夫妻和孩子组成的家庭）的孕妇相对拥有更高的暴露水平,而拥有高学历、更多的被动吸烟相关知识、所持被动吸烟态度越强烈的孕妇,暴露水平较低。结论 加强重点人群的健康教育及产后随访工作,防止控烟意识淡化,改善孕妇的被动吸烟状况。     

产妇孕期被动吸烟现况及有关被动吸烟的KAP研究

目的:了解产妇孕期被动吸烟现况及其有关被动吸烟的知识、态度及行为(KAP)。方法:采用随机抽样的方法于2005年4～8月对长沙市5家医院住院分娩的620名产妇进行面对面的问卷访谈,收集产妇孕期被动吸烟的情况及有关被动吸烟的KAP。结果:产妇孕期被动吸烟率为38.9%,烟雾主要来源是家中,其次为打麻将场所;产妇有关被动吸烟的知识平均得分为(5.32±2.08)分(总分12分);其态度有70.2%的产妇认为丈夫应该戒烟,91.0%认为公共场所应该禁烟;对吸烟者采取的行为以回避为主,不同场所的回避率为53.8%～76.6%,而敢于主动劝阻的较少。结论:产妇孕期被动吸烟率较高,烟雾主要来源是在家中,产妇有关被动吸烟的知识掌握不够深入,对于别人吸烟的态度虽然是正面的,但是能够真正采取有效行为避免被动吸烟的很少。     

Estimation of annual incidence of lung cancer associated with work place exposure to passive smoking in France

This study attempted to estimate the number of annual new cases of lung cancer from workplace exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) in France. The number of new lung cancer cases attributable to workplace ETS exposure in France was estimated with regard to the following factors: excess risk of lung cancer from workplace ETS exposure, incidence of lung cancer in non-exposed non-smokers, and number of French workers exposed to passive smoking. The excess risk of lung cancer from workplace ETS exposure was estimated as from 0.12 to 0.39 by different references. The French workforce, regularly exposed to ETS in their workplace is about 3.2 millions. The incidence of lung cancer of non-smokers without exposure to ETS is between 3.7 to 10 per hundred thousand. If these three factors are combined, it is estimated that exposure to workplace passive smoking causes around 14 to 125 new cases of lung cancer each year in France. New lung cancer cases from workplace exposure to ETS represent a few percent of all occupational lung cancers, and a minuscule number in regards to the whole lung cancer annual incidence (14 to 125 for 23,000 lung cancers in France=0.06% to 0.54%).     

Employee's perceived exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, passive smoking risk beliefs and attitudes towards smoking: a case study in a university setting

Despite the growing literature on workplace smoking policies, few studies have focused on the implementation of such policies in university settings. Smoking in the workplace is still very common in many countries, including Spain. While the law is about to change and more non-smoking policies are to be implemented, it is not clear what kind of restrictions Spanish workers would find acceptable. This study investigated perceived exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), passive smoking risks beliefs and attitudes towards smoking at the University of Navarra (Spain). A questionnaire was sent by E-mail to 641 randomly selected employees and a response rate of 70.4% was obtained. The survey results suggest that 27.3% of the university employees were smokers and 26.6% were exposed to ETS on a daily basis. The majority of respondents (81.7%) supported a restrictive non-smoking policy. Acceptance among active smokers was significantly lower (59.2 versus 89.3%). Smoking prohibition with the provision of smoking areas was the most favored option (46.9%). Results suggest that employees are ready to restrict smoking in the university, but there was not enough support for a total ban. Employers considering adopting a ban on smoking should be encouraged to conduct a similar survey to identify potential barriers to policy implementation.     

Maternal active and passive smoking and fetal growth: A prospective study in Nagoya, Japan

In order to examine the effect of maternal active and passive smoking on fetal growth, we carried out a population-based cohort study. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 15,207 women who notified their pregnancy from April, 1989 to March, 1991. A total of 7,411 mother-singleton infant pairs were analyzed in this study. Paternal smoking status and maternal hours exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) were used as indicators of passive smoking. Infants born to active smoking mothers were 96 g lighter, on an average, at birth than those born to non-smokers, and the relative risk for intrauterine growth retardation was 1.79 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.05-3.04) among active smoking mothers. Infants with smoking fathers weighted 11 g lighter, on an average, than those with non-smoking fathers, and mean birth weight of infants was reduced by 19 g among mothers exposed to ETS. The relative risk for intrauterine growth retardation in non-smoking pregnants with a smoking husband and those exposed to ETS was 0.95 (95% CI = 0.72-1.26) and 0.95 (95% CI = 0.71-1.26), respectively. Our findings indicated an adverse effect of maternal active smoking on fetal growth in Japanese pregnant population, but with small influence of maternal passive smoking.     

Influence of maternal active and passive smoking during pregnancy on birthweight in newborns

Many studies have documented a strong association of active smoking during pregnancy with fetal growth retardation. Increasing interest has also been focused on whether there is an association between exposure of pregnant women to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and low birthweight of their babies. In the intervention controlled study "Healthy Pregnancy--Healthy Child", mothers after delivery were interviewed by medical students who collected data about their smoking and nutrition. Students were also trained to stimulate non-smoking behaviour and to explain the risks related to smoking and exposure to ETS. Data from 1147 mothers after delivery were collected but only single births were included in the analysis of birthweight. In our study, 63.4% women never smoked and 32.2% women reported they had stopped smoking either before pregnancy or during the first trimester. Only 4.4% of mothers (n = 50) smoked during the whole pregnancy. Women with the history of smoking were exposed to ETS more often than mothers who never smoked (51.6% vs 17.4%; p < 0.001). The number of heavily exposed both at home and workplaces was more than twice higher among former smokers compared with never smokers (22.4% versus 9.4%, p < 0.01). The average birthweight of babies born to women who had stopped smoking was higher than that born to never smokers. The average birthweight of babies born to women who smoked during pregnancy was lower by 119 g and 171 g than that of the babies born to never smokers and former smokers, respectively. When pre-term neonates were excluded, differences in birthweight between babies born to never smokers and either formerly smoking or still smoking mothers were slightly lower. The greatest effect of ETS exposure on birthweight was recorded in never smoking mothers; an average reduction in birthweight was 88 g. A strong dose-effect was observed; in mothers heavily exposed to ETS both at home and at work, the babies' birthweight was lower by 189 g in comparison with the group of non-exposed, never smoking mothers and even by 70 g compared with mothers smoking during pregnancy.     

长沙市孕早期非吸烟孕妇被动吸烟KAP调查

目的了解长沙市非吸烟孕妇被动吸烟情况以及相关知识、态度和行为,为减少孕妇被动吸烟提供科学依据。方法对641位孕龄不大于12周的非吸烟孕早期孕妇进行有关被动吸烟的问卷调查,SPSS13.0统计软件进行分析。结果孕妇对被动吸烟具体可以导致的危害了解不足;对在餐厅、咖啡吧等餐饮娱乐场所吸烟的容忍度显著高于医院、中小学校、公交车等公共场所;对周围吸烟者进行劝阻时,对丈夫的预计成功率最高,其次为父母、公公婆婆等亲密家庭成员,对单位领导和公共场所吸烟的陌生人的预计成功率最低,均不足35%。结论减少孕妇被动吸烟刻不容缓,孕妇需要掌握更多被动吸烟危害的知识以及劝阻他人当面吸烟的技巧,以加强自我保护。     

Lifetime environmental exposure to tobacco smoke and primary lung cancer of non-smoking Taiwanese women

BACKGROUND: For a female population with a high lung cancer mortality rate, such as Taiwanese women, who smoke relatively rarely, but live in an environment with high male smoking prevalence, the risk and population burden of lung cancer due to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) are relatively important. METHODS: An age-matched case-control study was designed to investigate the effects of cumulative environmental exposure to tobacco smoke during childhood and adult life on lung cancer risk among non-smoking women in Taiwan. Information on passive smoking from all possible sources and life periods were obtained from interviews with 268 and 445 lifetime non-smoking cases and controls. Conditional logistic regression and synergism 'S' index were applied to the data to assess the independent and joint effects of passive smoking in different life stages while controlling for possible confounding variables. RESULTS: Risks of contracting lung cancer among women near-distantly exposed to the highest level of ETS in childhood (>20 smoker-years) and in adult life (>40 smoker-years) were 1.8-fold (95% CI: 1.2-2.9) and 2.2-fold (95% CI: 1.4-3.7) higher than that among women being never exposed to ETS, and the two variables accounted for about 37% of tumours in this non-smoking female population. Children were found to be more susceptible to ETS than adults and such early exposure was found to modify the effect of subsequent tobacco smoke exposure in adult life based on an additive interaction model. CONCLUSIONS: Environmental tobacco smoke exposure occurring in childhood potentiates the effect of high doses of exposure in adult life in determining the development of lung cancer. Smoking prohibition would be expected to protect about 37% of non-smoking Taiwanese women against lung cancer.     

A passive smoking screening program for children

BACKGROUND: There has been no report to date on mass screening of passive smoking in children using biomarkers. METHOD: To identify children exposed to actual environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), 261 children were divided into the following 3 groups: (A) both parents smoke; (B) one parent smokes; and (C) no parent smokes. Child urinary cotinine measurement and a parent questionnaire were obtained. RESULTS: Urinary cotinine was positive (>10 ng/ml) in 92 (35.2%) of the 261 children. Of the 92 children, 29 were classified into group A, 47 into group B, and 16 into group C. The percentages of children who tested positive for urinary cotinine in groups A, B, and C were 56.9%, 31.1%, and 27.1%, respectively. However, in group B, the percentage of children who tested positive for urinary cotinine was significantly higher if only the mother smoked (47.1%) than if only the father smoked (29.1%) (P<0.05). The mean+SD urinary cotinine level in group A was 12.9+/-6.5 ng/ml, and that in group B was 10.4+/-3.8 ng/ml if the mother smoked and 5.4+/-2.6 ng/ml if the father smoked. CONCLUSIONS: This smoking screening program may be useful in identifying children with actual ETS exposure and motivating their parents to either quit smoking or modify their smoking behavior around children.