食管癌切除术后不同重建途径吻合口瘘的原因及预防

目的了解食管癌切除术后经不同径路重建,发生吻合口瘘的情况;探讨系统性淋巴结清扫后,经胸骨后胃代食管颈部吻合口瘘发生率较高的原因及预防方法。方法1105例行食管癌切除术的患者,229例经左胸行胸内吻合(A组),716例经右胸食管床胃代食管行颈部吻合(B组),160例予以系统性淋巴结清扫术后经胸骨后行颈部吻合(C组)。分析比较不同手术径路的3组患者术后吻合口瘘发生的情况。结果吻合口瘘发生率分别为:A组5/229(2.2%)、B组85/716(11.9%)、C组31/160(19.4%),C组吻合口瘘发生率显著高于A、B组(P<0.01和P<0.05)。比较C组不同重建方式吻合口瘘发生率显示,手工吻合与器械吻合(22.2%与11.6%,P=0.133)、全胃重建与管状胃重建(25%与15.6%,P=0.146)间吻合口瘘发生率无明显差异,而延长胃肠减压管留置时间至术后7d,吻合口瘘发生率由23.3%降至9.1%(P<0.05)。结论胸骨后胃代食管吻合口瘘发生率较高的主要原因,是前纵隔内的胃体受压、冲击吻合口所致;通过延长胃肠减压管留置时间能有效减少瘘的发生。     

持续低氧血症对食管重建术后吻合口狭窄的影响

目的分析食管重建术后吻合口瘢痕狭窄的相关因素，尤其相关的全身性因素。方法回顾性分析中山大学附属肿瘤医院收治的1111例食管癌切除、消化道重建术患者的病例资料，对可能导致吻合口瘢痕狭窄的全身及局部因素进行logistic单因素、多因素回归分析，并对筛选出的因素进行相关分析。结果单因素回归分析显示：术后持续低氧血症（P=0．003）、胸部并发症（P=0．000）、吻合口瘘（P=0．000）、糖尿病史（P=0．019）、慢性阻塞性肺病病史（P=0．046）和心血管并发症（P=0．015）6项因素有统计学意义；而多因素回归分析则显示仅持续低氧血症（P=0．044）、胸部并发症（P=0．009）、吻合口瘘（P=0．001）和糖尿病史（P=0．036）4项因素有统计学意义：相关分析显示：持续低氧血症与胸部并发症及吻合口瘘三者之间呈正相关。结论持续低氧血症是食管重建术后吻合口瘢痕狭窄的重要全身性因素。     

Postoperative CD4 counts predict anastomotic leaks in patients with penetrating abdominal trauma

Introduction

The influence of trauma- and surgical stress-induced decrease of CD4 count on anastomotic leaks after penetrating abdominal trauma has to date not been investigated. A prospective study was performed to explore the effect of CD4 count 24?h after surgery on the anastomotic leak rate and to identify risk factors for anastomotic leaks.

食管癌和贲门癌术后吻合口重度瘢痕狭窄的外科治疗

目的总结食管癌和贲门癌术后吻合口重度瘢痕狭窄外科治疗的经验。方法对24例重度吻合口瘢痕狭窄并下咽困难的患者行二次手术治疗。其中,原发肿瘤为食管癌17例(9例为颈部食管胃吻合,8例为胸内食管胃弓上吻合),贲门癌7例(6例为胸内食管胃弓下吻合,1例为经腹食管胃膈下吻合);狭窄段长0,3～0．5cm、在瘢痕基础上形成蹼状者18例,狭窄段长0．5～1．0cm、环形狭窄呈收缩状者6例。二次手术解剖吻合区的吻合口上下各1—2cm范围,在距吻合线上下各2～4mm处分别切开一半食管腔和胃腔,然后切除部分瘢痕狭窄环组织,再行食管-胃单层吻合。结果24例成功地完成二次手术,1例出现颈部吻合口瘘,无手术死亡。术后随诊2—3年,患者可顺利进软食和普食,未发生二次吻合口狭窄,生活质量明显提高。结论食管癌和贲门癌术后发生的吻合口重度瘢痕狭窄,可行二次手术切除部分瘢痕狭窄环再吻合,效果较好。     

Treatment of thoracic anastomotic leaks after esophagectomy with self-expanding plastic stents

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of a self-expanding plastic stent in the treatment of thoracic leaks after esophagectomy for cancer. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Anastomotic leaks are a major cause of morbidity and mortality after esophageal resection. Treatment options range from aggressive surgery to conservative management, but there remains much controversy on the best treatment. METHODS: Over a 6-year period (1998-2003), esophagogastric leaks were observed in 19 of 204 patients (9.3%) after esophagectomy. Between 1998 and 2000, anastomotic leaks were managed by reexploration (n = 7) or by conservative treatment (n = 3). Since 2001, insertion of self-expanding plastic stents was performed for all anastomotic leaks (n = 9). The short-term efficacy and long-term outcome of both treatments were analyzed. RESULTS: Self-expanding plastic stents were successfully placed in all patients without procedure-related morbidity. Immediate leak occlusion was obtained in 8 of 9 patients. The mean healing time (time to stent removal) was 29 days. Compared with the conventional treatment group, patients who were treated with stents had earlier oral intake (11 days versus 23 days), a less extensive intensive care course (25 days versus 47 days), and shorter hospital stay (35 days versus 57 days). In-hospital mortality was 0% (0 of 9 patients) in the stent group and 20% (2 of 10 patients) in the other group. After a mean follow-up of 12 months, none of the patients developed a stricture after stenting, but a stricture occurred in 1 patient after conservative treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Self-expanding plastic stents can reduce leak-related morbidity and mortality after esophagectomy and may be considered a cost-effective treatment alternative.     

Endoscopic stent insertion for anastomotic leakage following oesophagectomy

Introduction

Intrathoracic anastomotic leakage following oesophagectomy is a crushing condition. Until recently, surgical re-exploration was the preferred way of dealing with this life threatening complication. However, mortality remained significant. We therefore adopted endoscopic stent implantation as the primary treatment option. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility and results of endoscopic stent implantation as well as potential hazards and pitfalls.

Methods

Between January 2004 and December 2011, 292 consecutive patients who underwent an oesophagectomy at a single high volume centre dedicated to oesophageal surgery were included in this retrospective study. Overall, 38 cases with anastomotic leakage were identified and analysed.

Results

A total of 22 patients received endoscopic stent implantation as primary treatment whereas a rethoracotomy was mandatory in 15 cases. There were no significant differences in age, frequency of neoadjuvant therapy or ASA grade between cases with and without a leak. However, patients with a leak were five times more likely to have a fatal outcome (odds ratio: 5.10, 95% confidence interval: 2.06–12.33, p<0.001). Stent migration occurred but endoscopic reintervention was feasible. In 17 patients (77%) definite closure and healing of the leak was achieved, and the stent was removed subsequently. Two patients died owing to severe sepsis despite sufficient stent placement. Moreover, stent related aortic erosion with consecutive fatal haemorrhage occurred in three cases.

Conclusions

Stent implantation for intrathoracic oesophageal anastomotic leaks is feasible and compares favourably with surgical re-exploration. It is an easily available, minimally invasive procedure that may reduce leak related mortality. However, it puts the already well-known risk of stent-related vascular erosion on the spot. Awareness of this life threatening complication is therefore mandatory.     

Minimally invasive management of anastomotic leaks in colorectal surgery

Anastomotic leakage is an unfortunate complication of colorectal surgery. This distressing situation can cause severe morbidity and significantly affects the patient's quality of life. Additional interventions may cause further morbidity and mortality. Parenteral nutrition and temporary diverting ostomy are the standard treatments of anastomotic leaks. However, technological developments in minimally invasive treatment modalities for anastomotic dehiscence have caused them to be used widely. These modalities include laparoscopic repair, endoscopic self-expandable metallic stents, endoscopic clips, over the scope clips, endoanal repair and endoanal sponges. The review aimed to provide an overview of the current knowledge on the minimally invasive management of anastomotic leaks.     

直肠癌前切除术后吻合口漏诊治进展

吻合口漏是直肠癌前切除术后的严重并发症之一.其发生与患者的年龄、体重和营养状况、基础疾病、围手术期准备情况、术前放化疗、手术操作技术、肿瘤本身的情况等因素有关.通过观察患者的症状、体征、引流液情况和必要的影像学检查,可诊断吻合口漏.大部分吻合口漏可以保守治疗.吻合口漏重在预防,对高危人群,预防性肠造口是有必要的,但也有一定的并发症,需谨慎使用.     

造口袋在食管癌术后颈部吻合口瘘中的应用

目的探讨造口袋在食管癌术后颈部吻合口瘘临床应用中的效果。方法随机选择食管癌术后颈部吻合口瘘患者40例,分为实验组和对照组,各20例。实验组采用在颈部瘘口周围放置造口袋进行引流治疗,对照组采用瘘口处置引流管接负压器引流,比较2组的住院时间、换药次数和换药费用的差异。结果实验组的住院天数、换药次数、换药费用均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义。结论在食管癌术后吻合口瘘治疗中应用造口袋,可以减轻医生的工作量,缩短住院时间,减少换药费用,同时减轻患者的心理和经济负担,使患者舒适度、满意度提高,值得临床推广。     

重视结直肠癌根治术后吻合口瘘的远期影响

吻合口瘘是结直肠癌（colorectal cancer,CRC）术后早期严重并发症,临床上并不少见.然而,伴随的吻合口持续的炎症将可能增加吻合口狭窄及肿瘤的复发转移,降低患者的生存率及生活质量.早期发现、及时处理能有效减少其远期影响.     

Delayed transanal repair of persistent coloanal anastomotic leak in diverted patients after resection for rectal cancer

Aim Anastomotic leakage is a feared complication of colorectal surgery and can be devastating in low pelvic anastomosis. With the advent of nonoperative treatments for leakage, the question of management of persistent low colorectal and coloanal anastomosis arises. A review of patients who have undergone transanal repair of anastomotic leakage is presented. Method A review of all anastomoses performed in the Division of Colorectal surgery at two institutions, from January 2000 to June 2008, was performed. Anastomotic leakage was defined as the finding at reoperation of a dehiscence, or radiographic findings of extravasation from the anastomosis, or the identification of intra‐abdominal abscess formation at the site of the anastomosis, enterocutaneous fistula or rectovaginal fistula. Patients who underwent transanal repair of the leakage were identified. Results There were 663 low anterior resections performed during the study period. Of these, 36 experienced leakage of a low colorectal or coloanal anastomosis. Of these 36 patients, five underwent transanal repair of the anastomotic leak. All had had a low anterior resection for rectal cancer (coloanal = 4; low colorectal anastomosis = 1). Four had had prior chemoradiation and ileostomy defunctioning at the initial operation. The fifth had an ileostomy created to treat a leak. Six transanal repairs were performed, including endorectal advancement flap (n = 3), dermal flap (n = 1), direct suture repair (n = 1) and debridement of an infected cavity (n = 1). At the time of the present assessment, four patients had undergone reversal of ileostomy after radiographic evidence of complete healing and the fifth patient has a persistent leak. Conclusion Transanal repair of a persistent low colorectal or coloanal anastomotic leakage is feasible in selected cases, even when chemoradiation has been performed.     

食管癌切除术后胸胃-气管/支气管瘘的防治经验与教训

目的 总结食管癌切除、管状胃代食管术后并发胸胃-气管/支气管瘘的原因、诊断、预防及治疗经验.方法 2010年1月至2012年2月共应用管状胃代食管技术治疗食管癌手术切除食管癌1490例,发生胸胃-气管/支气管瘘10例,总发生率为0.67％,其中5例死亡.复习患者临床资料,总结分析瘘的发生原因、特点、治疗方法及预防措施.结果 胸胃-气管/支气管瘘发生于左主支气管7例,气管远段2例,右支气管1例.首选内镜治疗8例,3例治愈,5例堵瘘失败者中2例死亡,3例行择期手术治疗,其中1例治愈,2例死亡;1例直接行手术治疗治愈;1例放弃治疗死亡.结论 胸胃-气管/支气管瘘与手术操作损伤及管状胃切缘缝合材料磨损气管/支气管壁等因素有关,而严密缝合及妥善包埋胃小弯切缘、用人工材料或大网膜隔开支气管将有效减少胸胃气管瘘的发生,食管支架在管状胃内完全封闭瘘口有困难仅适于瘘口距吻合口较近的患者,气管支架可改善生活质量但很难使瘘口愈合,手术是最有效彻底解决问题的方案,以同期修补重建为佳,但要严格掌握指征.     

Use of self-expandable metal stents for the treatment of esophageal perforations and anastomotic leaks

Background  Esophageal perforations and extensive anastomotic leaks after esophageal resection or gastrectomy are surgical emergencies with high mortality rates. In recent years, the use of self-expanding metallic stents (SEMS) has emerged as a promising treatment alternative for bridging and sealing the damage. This study aimed to evaluate the role of covered SEMS for the management of esophageal perforations and anastomotic leaks. Methods  All esophageal stent placement procedures (174 procedures for 157 patients) at the authors’ unit between January 1999 and April 2008 were assessed by a retrospective chart review. Of the 157 patients, 10 (6.4%) were treated with SEMS for sealing of an iatrogenic esophageal perforation (n = 4), a spontaneous esophageal rupture in Boerhaave’s syndrome (n = 4), or an anastomotic leakage (n = 2). Results  The median time from perforation or anastomotic leak to stent insertion was 13 days (range, 2 h to 48 days). The esophageal leak was totally sealed for 8 (80%) of 10 patients. The overall mortality rate was 50% (n = 5), and three (30%) of the five deaths were related to the perforation (n = 2) or leakage (n = 1). In both of the perforation cases, the diagnosis and treatment were substantially delayed. One patient with an anastomotic leak after gastrectomy died of the complication despite successful operative and SEMS treatment. Two of the deaths were unrelated to the perforation. In both cases, the cause of death was a disseminated malignant disease. Conclusions  Traumatic perforations and anastomotic leaks can be treated effectively with covered SEMS together with adequate drainage of the thoracic cavity even in cases of severely ill patients with inveterate esophageal perforations and leaks.     

Results after endoscopic treatment of postoperative upper gastrointestinal fistulas and leaks using combined Vicryl plug and fibrin glue

Background The incidence of clinically relevant anastomotic leaks after upper gastrointestinal surgery is approximately 4% to 20%, and the associated mortality is up to 80%. Depending on the clinical presentation, the treatment options include surgery, conservative treatment with or without external drainage or endoscopic treatment.Methods This report presents nine cases of anastomotic leaks or fistulae after surgery for upper gastrointestinal cancers that were treated by insertion of a Vicryl plug and sealing with fibrin glue. Under sedation, all nine patients underwent endoscopic lavage of the cavity at the site of anastomotic leakage. The entrance to the cavity then was filled with Vicryl mesh and sealed off with fibrin glue. After the procedure, the patients underwent endoscopy and a water-soluble contrast study for assessment of the result.Results Seven of the nine patients had complete healing of the anastomotic leak or fistula after one to two endoscopic treatments. In one case, the treatment failed immediately because of a large and direct tracheoesophageal fistula. Another patient experienced recurrent intrathoracic abscesses after initial technical success.Conclusions Postoperative upper gastrointestinal fistulas or anastomotic leaks can be managed successfully with little morbidity by means of endoscopic insertion of Vicryl mesh with fibrin glue, thereby avoiding repetitive major surgery and its associated risks.     

Routine upper GI series after gastric bypass does not reliably identify anastomotic leaks or predict stricture formation

Background Many surgeons who perform Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) for morbid obesity routinely obtain an upper gastrointestinal (GI) series in the early postoperative period to search for anastomotic leaks and signs of stricture formation at the gastrojejunostomy. We hypothesized that this practice is unreliable. Methods We analyzed 654 consecutive RYGBs, of which 63% were completed laparoscopically. An upper GI series was obtained in 634 (97%) patients. The radiographic findings (leak or delayed emptying) were compared with clinical outcomes (leak or stricture formation) to calculate the sensitivity and specificity. Univariate analysis identified risk factors for leaks or stricture formation; events were too few for multivariate analysis. Results Of 634 routine upper GI series, anastomotic leaks at the gastrojejunostomy were diagnosed in 5 (0.8%); 2 of these 5 were later reinterpreted as artifacts. Four leaks were not seen on the initial upper GI series, yielding an overall sensitivity of 43% and a positive predictive value (PPV) of 60%. Univariate analysis showed that cases done early (odds ratio [OR] 5.4 for the first 100 cases, p = 0.02) and prolonged operating time (OR 7.8 for cases ≥ 300 min, p = 0.01) were associated with leaks. Emptying into the Roux-en-Y limb was delayed in 127 (20%) of the upper GI series. Strictures requiring dilatation developed in 16 (2.4%) patients. The PPV of delayed emptying for stricture formation was 6%. Risk factors for stricture formation included stapled anastomosis (OR 7.8, p = 0.002), surgeon inexperience (OR 2.9 for first 50 cases, p = 0.04), and delayed emptying (OR 3.3; p = 0.02). Conclusions Because the incidence of anastomotic complications and the sensitivity of upper GI series were both low, routine upper GI series did not reliably identify leaks or predict stricture formation. A selective approach, whereby imaging is reserved for patients with clinical evidence of a leak or stricture, may be more appropriate. Accepted for oral presentation, 2006 SAGES Resident and Fellow Scientific Session, April 28, 2006. Abstract ID:13321     

克罗恩病肠切除术后吻合口瘘的危险因素分析

目的探讨克罗恩病肠切除术后吻合口瘘的危险因素及防治措施。方法回顾性分析1990--2010年间91例克罗恩病肠切除患者的临床资料,采用Logistic回归模型分析术后吻合口瘘发生的危险因素。结果91例患者共进行120例次肠切除肠吻合术,其中有14例（11．7％）发生吻合口瘘。单因素分析显示,手术时机（急诊或择期手术）、吻合方式（侧侧吻合或端端吻合,端侧吻合）、吻合方法（吻合器或手工缝合）和手术时间（3h以上或不足3h）是吻合口瘘的危险因素（均P〈0．05）。多因素分析显示,急诊手术（OR=3．891,95％C1：1．332～13．692）、端侧吻合或端端吻合（OR=3．236,95％CI：1．165～11．950）和手工缝合（OR=5．715,95％CI：1．454～17．328）是吻合口瘘发生的独立危险因素。结论克罗恩病行肠切除时应避免急诊手术,采用侧侧吻合和应用吻合器可降低吻合口瘘的发生风险。     

Esophagectomy in patients with prior percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube placement

Background

The impact of preoperative percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube placement in patients undergoing esophagectomy is uncertain.

Methods

A retrospective review was performed in consecutive patients who underwent esophagectomy. Patients were divided into groups based on whether or not they had preoperative PEG placement.

Results

One hundred seventeen patients were studied, 102 without (PEG−) and 15 with PEG+ before PEG tube placement. The overall morbidity and mortality rates were 38% and 3%, respectively. The use of a gastric conduit was similar between groups (94% PEG− vs 87% PEG+, P = .27), and the presence of a PEG before PEG tube placement was not prohibitive in any case. Anastomotic leak rates were similar between groups (11% PEG− vs 15% PEG+, P = .65), and there were no leaks from previous PEG sites.

Conclusion

It appears that preoperative PEG tube placement has no adverse effect on the performance of esophagectomy and may be considered in highly selected patients with poor nutritional status.     

Smoking is a major risk factor for anastomotic leak in patients undergoing low anterior resection

Aim To examine modifiable risk factors for anastomotic leak in patients undergoing low anterior resection. Method In total 233 patients undergoing low anterior resection for benign and malignant disease over a 10‐year period at a single surgical unit were identified from a prospective database. The relationships between anastomotic leak and 17 variables were examined, including patient demographics, operative technique, tumour pathology, preoperative physiological function and smoking status. Results The majority (91%) of operations were carried out for rectal cancers, and 24 procedures (10%) were performed with laparoscopic assistance. The overall anastomotic leak rate was 14% (33/233). Patients with anastomotic leak had higher 30‐day mortality (6%vs 1%, P < 0.05) and stayed significantly longer in hospital (median 23 vs 10 days, P < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, current smokers (OR 3.68, 95% CI 1.38–9.82, P = 0.009) and patients with evidence of metastatic malignant disease (OR 3.43, 95% CI 1.29–9.13, P =0.013) were at increased risk of anastomotic leak. Conclusion Smoking and the presence of metastatic disease are major risk factors for the development of anastomotic leak following low anterior resection.