颈椎前路术后早期硬膜外血肿形成的原因及防治

目的:探讨颈椎前路术后早期硬膜外血肿形成的原因及防治措施.方法:2005年6月至2011年12月,行颈椎前路手术的患者1 452例,术后发生硬膜外血肿5例,男4例,女1例;年龄33～55岁,平均46.4岁;脊髓型颈椎病3例,脊髓型颈椎病伴C6椎体血管瘤1例,颈椎后纵韧带骨化症1例.回顾分析5例硬膜外血肿出现的时间、临床表现、症状持续时间及手术处理对神经功能恢复的影响.结果:5例患者均出现在术后24 h内,平均症状持续时间4 h(2～7 h),表现为进行性加重的脊髓功能损害,均行急诊手术处理,术后患者脊髓功能均有不同程度地恢复,1例患者在第1次血肿清除术后5h再次出现血肿压迫而行第2次血肿清除术;术后平均随访13.8个月(6～18个月),至末次随访时神经功能均恢复良好,无硬膜外血肿复发.结论:颈椎前路术后24 h内,特别是术后6～8 h,是硬膜外血肿发生的高峰,应严密监测患者神经功能变化;早期出现的进行性加重的脊髓功能损害是硬膜外血肿的主要临床表现;MRI检查可以明确硬膜外血肿的诊断,并可以精确定位血肿位置和范围,有助于硬膜外血肿的有效清除.硬膜外血肿一旦确诊必须第一时间行手术治疗,如果处理及时患者脊髓功能恢复良好.     

腰椎后路减压内固定术后硬膜外血肿形成的原因及诊治

目的探讨腰椎减压内固定术后硬膜外血肿形成的原因、诊治及预防对策。方法 2 089例接受腰椎后路减压内固定手术的患者中,术后发生硬膜外血肿7例,均行急诊手术探查并清除血肿;分析其硬膜外血肿形成的原因,探讨预防对策。结果 7例术后硬膜外血肿患者的首发症状均为神经功能减退,其中6例表现出下肢神经症状进行性加重,1例小便障碍。5例术后24 h内行椎管探查术,2例24~48 h内行椎管探查术。4例术前经MRI确诊有硬膜外血肿,3例未行MRI检查。术后随访1年,手术探查清除血肿越早患者神经功能恢复越好。结论硬膜外血肿的形成与多节段减压、止血材料使用不当、使用抗凝剂及止血不彻底等因素有关,术后密切观察病情、早期MRI确诊和及时的椎管探查手术,是预防和治疗术后硬膜外血肿的主要方法。     

胸椎椎管狭窄症术后急性硬脊膜外血肿

目的探讨胸椎椎管狭窄症术后急性硬脊膜外血肿的成因、诊断、治疗及预防措施。方法回顾性分析2003年6月～2011年12月因胸椎椎管狭窄症给予后路全椎板减压手术的患者101例,其中术后经再次手术证实术区急性硬脊膜外血肿9例,对其临床表现与再次手术情况进行分析。结果 9例患者全部获得随访,随访时间为3～45个月,平均34个月。血肿清除前神经功能评分为0.89±0.78,血肿清除后的神经功能评分为2.33±1.22,与术前相比差异有统计学意义（t=4.91,P〈0.01）。硬膜外血肿压迫时间为（7.72±7.06）min,血肿清除后神经功能恢复率与血肿压迫时间呈负相关（r=-0.789 6,P〈0.01）。结论胸椎椎管狭窄症手术后急性硬膜外血肿应尽快手术减压,血肿清除越早,术后神经功能恢复越好。     

腰椎术后硬膜外血肿的早期诊断治疗

目的 探讨腰椎后手术后因引流不畅、引流管阻塞导致硬膜外血肿形成的诊断及治疗.方法 对腰椎后路术后4例出现硬膜外血肿的患者进行临床分析.结果 4例患者均在腰椎后路手术后进行伤口探查、血肿清除、脊髓减压术,术后神经系统症状均有恢复.结论 对于腰椎后路手术后硬膜外血肿形成,早期手术治疗对神经障碍恢复的效果与手术减压时间及神...     

胸腔镜技术在胸椎、上腰椎前路手术的应用

目的探讨胸椎、上腰椎前路手术应用胸腔镜技术的可行性. 方法 5例胸、腰椎结核(T6～L2)行胸腔镜下结核病灶清除、植骨或非植骨术;3例椎体爆裂性骨折合并截瘫(T10～T12)及1例陈旧性椎体爆裂骨折合并马尾综合征(L1)行胸腔镜下脊髓减压、植骨、钢板螺丝钉内固定术;1例T3～4椎间盘突出伴脊髓压迫症行胸腔镜下减压融合术. 结果全部病例切口Ⅰ期愈合,CT或MRI显示病灶清除彻底,脊髓充分减压,除1例骨折复位、固定后仍有轻度成角畸形外,均复位满意,内固定可靠,位置良好. 结论胸椎、上腰椎疾患,不论是否并发脊髓、马尾神经压迫,都适宜在胸腔镜辅助下进行病灶清除术,必要时还可进行脊髓减压、脊柱前路植骨、内固定手术.     

腰椎骨折术后硬膜外血肿

腰椎骨折常合并有脊髓神经损伤，严重者致截瘫。手术治疗以解除脊髓压迫，恢复并维持脊柱的稳定性为目的。后路全椎板切除减压经椎弓根系统内固定能解决这方面问题，但术后有时发生硬膜外血肿加重脊髓神经损伤，甚或并发截瘫。文献报道脊柱骨折术后硬膜外血肿的发生率为0．1％。1995年9月～2002年12月，我科手术治疗胸腰椎骨折35例，2例出现硬膜外血肿，现报道如下。     

腰椎术后2周突发硬膜外血肿1例并复习相关文献

正腰椎术后硬膜外血肿(spinal epidural hematomas,SHE)是后路腰椎术后一种常见的并发症,但大部分无临床症状,少数情况下血肿压迫硬膜囊和神经导致马尾神经功能受损,需急诊手术清除血肿。腰椎术后出现SEH的原因众多,多发生在术后72 h内,J.Kou等将术后3 d以后发生的SHE定义为迟发性硬     

脊柱脊髓开放性损伤急诊手术治疗体会

目的总结脊柱脊髓开放性损伤急诊手术治疗原则和临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2010-01—2018-12行急诊手术治疗的24例脊柱脊髓开放性损伤,根据损伤具体情况行椎管探查、血肿清除、冲洗引流、异物取出术。结果24例均顺利完成手术,均未行内固定。18例获得了10~38个月的随访,随访时间平均26个月,4例失访,1例术后死亡,为猎枪伤,死亡原因为重度肺挫伤、呼吸衰竭。术前3例瘫痪呈进行性加重,术中证实为椎管内血肿压迫,及时手术减压,术后第2天神经根功能恢复到入院时状态。术后发生脑脊液漏2例,经过充分引流、抗感染治疗、维持电解质平衡等治疗后治愈。术后1个月1例出现受伤部位椎间隙感染,经非手术治疗后治愈。未出现伤口感染、伤口不愈合、颅内感染等并发症。末次随访时ASIA等级:A级1例,C级1例,D级6例,E级10例。结论急诊手术是治疗脊柱脊髓开放性损伤的有效方法,有助于清除残留异物、清除椎管内血肿彻底减压、促进脊髓功能恢复、减少污染等相关并发症的发生。     

腰椎管内肿瘤术后合并颅脑硬膜外血肿1例

腰神经鞘瘤是神经源性肿瘤,患者多因脊髓压迫症状就诊,手术治疗以切除肿瘤,解除肿瘤压迫为主,治疗效果好.文献报道术后有时发生多种并发症,合并颅脑硬膜外血肿国内外文献未见到报道.我科手术治疗L4椎管神经鞘瘤术后合并颅脑硬膜外血肿1例,现报道如下.     

"涵洞塌陷法"360°脊髓环形减压术治疗胸椎管狭窄症

目的 探讨"涵洞塌陷法"360°脊髓环形减压术治疗胸椎管狭窄症(thoracic spinal stenosis,TSS)的手术方法和疗效.方法 2005年10月至2009年10月,手术治疗26例TSS患者,男17例,女9例;年龄43～67岁,平均56岁.19例为上胸椎(T1-4)椎管狭窄,其中5例为单纯前方后纵韧带骨化(ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament,OPLL)压迫脊髓,14例为前方OPLL合并脊髓后方黄韧带骨化(ossification of ligamentum flavum,OLF)压迫脊髓;7例为中下胸椎(T5～12)椎管狭窄,均为胸脊髓前、后方同时受压,其中5例为胸椎OLF合并OPLL,2例为胸椎OLF合并胸椎间盘突出.术前Frankel分级:B级6例,C级13例,D级7例.采用"涵洞塌陷法"360°脊髓环形减压术:首先从后路应用椎管后壁切除法,去除脊髓后方压迫;然后切除残留的关节突,沿椎弓根斜向内60°至椎体后壁两侧去除椎体后1/3的松质骨,形成一个"涵洞",分离脊髓硬膜前方与椎体后壁和OPLL的粘连后,压塌"涵洞"壁,取出OPLL块,完成脊髓前方的减压.采用椎弓根钉内固定.结果 除2例患者在术后13～27 d有短暂脊髓功能障碍加重外,余24例均恢复.术后随访时间6～30个月,平均14个月.末次随访时26例患者症状均明显改善,Frankel分级:C级2例,D级15例,E级9例.无一例发生双下肢瘫痪.结论 "涵洞塌陷法"360°脊髓环形减压术从后方一次去除胸脊髓前后方压迫,属于直接减压,术后疗效肯定.     

Body composition assessment and methodology in nonathletic and athletic adolescent and adult males and females

The purpose of this review is to outline methodology for assessing body composition utilizing anthropometric and densitometric techniques. The objective of body composition assessment is to measure body fat and lean body mass. The quantity of these components varies due to growth, physical activity, dietary regimens, and aging. Anthropometric techniques incorporate selected skinfolds, circumferences, skeletal widths, or other variables to estimate body composition within k2.0-4.0%. These techniques are adequate for field testing of groups or individuals, but are population specific. Densitometry measures body volume irrespective of physique, sex, or age. This laboratory technique estimates body composition within 1.0-2.0%, is more difficult to administer, but is not population specific. Some limitation exists with any present technique due to biological variability and incomplete research of reference body composition in children, females, and the aged. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1984;5(6):336-347.     

Perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality after above-knee and below-knee amputations in diabetics and nondiabetics

We performed a retrospective review of a vascular surgery quality assurance database to evaluate the perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality of above-knee amputations (AKA, n = 234) and below-knee amputations (BKA, n = 720) and to examine the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) (181 of AKA and 606 of BKA patients). All patients in the database who had AKA or BKA from 1990 to May 2001 were included in the study. Perioperative 30-day cardiac morbidity and mortality and 3-yr and 10-yr mortality after AKA or BKA were assessed. The effect of DM on 30-day cardiac outcome was assessed by multivariate logistic regression and the effect on long-term survival was assessed by Cox regression analysis. The perioperative cardiac event rate (cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction) was at least 6.8% after AKA and at most 3.6% after BKA. Median survival was significantly less after AKA (20 mo) than BKA (52 mo) (P < 0.001). DM was not a significant predictor of perioperative 30-day mortality (odds ratio, 0.76 [0.39-1.49]; P = 0.43) or 3-yr survival (Hazard ratio, 1.03 [0.86-1.24]; P = 0.72) but predicted 10-yr mortality (Hazard ratio, 1.34 [1.04-1.73]; P = 0.026). Significant predictors of the 30-day perioperative mortality were the site of amputation (odds ratio, 4.35 [2.56-7.14]; P < 0.001) and history of renal insufficiency (odds ratio, 2.15 [1.13-4.08]; P = 0.019). AKA should be triaged as a high-risk surgery while BKA is an intermediate-risk surgery. Long-term survival after AKA or BKA is poor, regardless of the presence of DM.     

Postoperative nausea and vomiting and opioid-induced nausea and vomiting: guidelines for prevention and treatment

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) causes patient discomfort, lowers patient satisfaction, and increases care requirements. Opioid-induced nausea and vomiting (OINV) may also occur if opioids are used to treat postoperative pain. These guidelines aim to provide recommendations for the prevention and treatment of both problems. A working group was established in accordance with the charter of the Sociedad Espa?ola de Anestesiología y Reanimación. The group undertook the critical appraisal of articles relevant to the management of PONV and OINV in adults and children early and late in the perioperative period. Discussions led to recommendations, summarized as follows: 1) Risk for PONV should be assessed in all patients undergoing surgery; 2 easy-to-use scales are useful for risk assessment: the Apfel scale for adults and the Eberhart scale for children. 2) Measures to reduce baseline risk should be used for adults at moderate or high risk and all children. 3) Pharmacologic prophylaxis with 1 drug is useful for patients at low risk (Apfel or Eberhart 1) who are to receive general anesthesia; patients with higher levels of risk should receive prophylaxis with 2 or more drugs and baseline risk should be reduced (multimodal approach). 4) Dexamethasone, droperidol, and ondansetron (or other setrons) have similar levels of efficacy; drug choice should be made based on individual patient factors. 5) The drug prescribed for treating PONV should preferably be different from the one used for prophylaxis; ondansetron is the most effective drug for treating PONV. 6) Risk for PONV should be assessed before discharge after outpatient surgery or on the ward for hospitalized patients; there is no evidence that late preventive strategies are effective. 7) The drug of choice for preventing OINV is droperidol.