联合TTE和TEE在儿童继发孔型房间隔缺损诊断及封堵术中的价值

目的探讨联合使用经胸超声心动图(TTE)和经食管超声心动图(TEE)在诊断和治疗儿童继发孔型房间隔缺损(ASD)中的应用价值。方法收集继发孔型ASD的儿童324例,所有患儿均行TTE和TEE检查,比较不同检查方法对儿童继发孔型ASD的诊断及分型的准确率,引导介入封堵的成功率。结果 (1)中央孔型ASD经TEE诊断的准确率为99.29%,联合TTE和TEE诊断的准确率为100%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(2)在引导介入封堵ASD成功率方面,联合TTE和TEE的封堵成功率(96.10%,271/282)明显高于TEE(71.28%,201/282),差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论在诊治ASD方面,TTE与TEE各有优势及局限性,联合使用TTE和TEE可提高儿童继发孔型ASD诊断准确率及介入封堵治疗的成功率。     

经食管超声心动图在经胸微创房间隔和室间隔缺损封堵术中的应用

目的 探讨经食管超声心动图(TEE)在经胸微创房、室间隔缺损封堵治疗中的应用价值.方法 经胸超声心动图(TTE)粗筛34例房间隔缺损(ASD)患者和38例室间隔缺损(VSD)患者,拟行经胸微创封堵治疗.术中行TEE根据缺损位置、类型、大小选择合适的封堵器;引导封堵器放置,评价即刻封堵效果;术后1周内复查.结果 32例ASD和29例VSD患者封堵成功.术后I周内超声随访,封堵器位置均正常,3例ASD患者微量残余分流,患者心室重构改善,瓣膜反流程度减轻,肺动脉压力下降.结论 TEE对选择适合行经胸微创封堵的ASD、VSD患者、选择合适的封堵器、协助封堵器的释放,评价疗效均有重要的作用.经胸微创封堵ASD、VSD安全、有效.     

超声心动图在多孔的2型房间隔缺损封堵术中的应用价值

目的 探讨超声心动图在多孔的2型房间隔缺损（ASD）封堵治疗中的应用价值。 方法 应用经食管超声心动图（TEE）或经胸超声心动图（TTE）诊断多孔的2型ASD23例，所有患者均在X-线和术中TTE监测下行封堵治疗，术后TTE跟踪复查评价其疗效。 结果23例患者封堵器置入均获成功，共放置38个封堵器。封堵器选择的大小与术前判断大小相关性非常好，相关系数r=0．9，P〈0．001。术后即刻显示18例患者33个封堵器处穿隔血流消失，有5例患者5个封堵器处仍有微量残余分流，术后1个月～3年复查2例有微量分流。 结论 多孔的2型ASD患者可行封堵治疗且疗效确切，但超声心动图对病例选择、术中引导等方面有其特殊性，应引起超声医师和临床医师的高度重视。     

超声心动图在介入治疗动脉导管未闭、房间隔缺损及室间隔缺损中的作用

目的 评价超声心动图在动脉导管未闭(PDA)、房间隔缺损(ASD)及室间隔缺损(VSD)介入治疗中的作用。方法 经导管闭合6例PDA、8例ASD及3例VSD患者，术前、术中、术后进行经胸或／和经食道超声心动图检查。结果 6例PDA、8例ASD及3例VSD在经胸超声引导下均成功置入封堵器且无并发症。仅1例ASD、1例PDA术后即刻存在少许残余分流，分别于1周及3个月后消失。结论 超声心动图对于用封堵器封堵PDA、ASD及VSD术前病例选择，术中指导监测，封堵器型号的选择与术后疗效评价等均有较大的价值。     

经胸彩超对先心病介入封堵术治疗的应用价值

目的：探讨经胸超声心动图对先心病房间隔缺损、室间隔缺损、动脉导管未闭介入封堵术治疗的应用价值。方法：对33例先心病患者（房间隔缺损16例、室间隔缺损8例、动脉导管未闭9例）经胸超声心动图检查,条件符合而行介入封堵术治疗,超声心动图在术前、术中、术后即刻及术后1个月、6个月进行诊断、监测、评价疗效和随访。结果：32例封堵成功,1例房间隔缺损封堵失败。封堵术成功患者术后即刻观察分流消失。术后复查封堵术疗效良好（其中14例合并肺动脉高压患者,肺动脉压力均有所改善;1例房间隔缺损合并肺动脉瓣狭窄患者,肺动脉瓣口跨瓣压差明显下降;术后1个月、6个月所有伴心室腔增大的患者,心室腔大小有所恢复;1例室间隔缺损患者术后一直存在主动脉瓣轻度返流）。结论：经胸超声心动图对先心病介入封堵术治疗的术前病例选择、术中监测引导、术后疗效评价等都具有十分重要的价值。     

Real-time transesophageal three-dimensional echocardiography for guidance of percutaneous cardiac interventions: first experience

Recently, a new generation of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) probes with a novel matrix array technique was introduced, allowing three-dimensional (3D) presentation of cardiac structures in real-time. This article aims to describe our first experiences with this new technique in the guidance of percutaneous cardiac interventions in the catheter laboratory. We used a matrix array 3D TEE probe connected to a 3D-capable echocardiographic system. The 3D TEE system provides exact imaging of the pathomorphology of cardiac structures as well as intracardiac catheters and devices in real-time. We applied this innovative technique to monitor percutaneous cardiac interventions in the catheter laboratory, such as atrial septal defect (ASD) or patent foramen ovale (PFO) closures, revalving procedures such as percutaneous transvenous mitral valve annuloplasty (PTMA), aortic valve replacements, and electrophysiological procedures. Our findings demonstrate that real-time 3D TEE provides a novel imaging technique to guide interventions in the catheter laboratory, providing fast and complete information about the underlying pathomorphology, improving spatial orientation, and additionally monitoring online the procedure without loss of image quality. These benefits may accelerate the learning curve and improve confidence of the interventional cardiologist in order to increase safety, accuracy, and efficacy of interventional cardiac procedures.     

超声心动图在经胸小切口直视封堵房间隔及室间隔缺损中的应用

目的探讨超声心动图在经胸小切口直视封堵房间隔缺损(ASD)及室间隔缺损(VSD)术中的应用价值。方法对31例ASD和2例VSD患者,术前采用经胸超声筛选合适的病例及封堵器;术中采用经胸超声或经食管超声指导封堵术,经右心房插入特制推送器,将封堵器嵌入ASD或VSD处;术后即刻及1~9个月随访观察封堵器的位置及有无分流。结果31例ASD患者中,29例封堵术成功,2例失败;2例VSD患者均获得成功。术后随访1~9个月,无一例发生严重并发症。结论超声心动图在小切口直视封堵ASD、VSD术前病例筛选、术中闭合器放置指导、术后疗效评价中起到重要作用。     

超声心动图监测房室间隔缺损封堵术并发症及手术失败原因探讨

目的:评价超声心动图监测经心导管房室间隔缺损封堵术并发症的价值,并探讨手术失败原因。方法:79例房间隔缺损(ASD)、6例膜部室间隔缺损(VSD)患者在经食管或经胸超声心动图(TEE、TTE)监测下行经心导管封堵术。结果:73例ASD、6例VSD封堵成功。6例ASD封堵失败,其中1例封堵器脱落,游离于右心腔内;2例术中心导管戳破左房耳致急性心包填塞;2例因ASD太大缺乏合适尺寸的封堵器而终止手术;1例为筛孔状ASD。1例ASD术后随访有少量残余分流。结论:超声心动图(TTE和TEE)能够正确估测房室间隔缺损的大小和位置,利于术前的病例选择、术中监测封堵器放置和并发症发生。超声检查详尽了解缺损大小和边缘情况在该手术方法中必不可少。     

Real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in transcutaneous, catheter-based procedures for repair of structural heart diseases

We review the use of real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (RT3D-TEE) in guiding percutaneous catheter-based procedures to repair structural heart defects. The utility of this novel imaging technique in percutaneous mitral valve repair and valvuloplasty, aortic valve insertion, device closure of atrial and ventricular septal defects, obliteration of the left atrial appendage, and pulmonary vein ablation is described. The main advantages of RT3D-TEE lie in its ability to visualize the entire length of intracardiac devices, including their tips, and to demonstrate their relationship to cardiac structures, to provide en face views of cardiac structures (such as the interatrial septum and the mitral valve) that are unobtainable in real time by any other imaging technique, and to allow for continuous monitoring during the procedure. It is likely that RT3D-TEE will become the standard of care for guidance of percutaneous, catheter-based procedures.     

超声心动图在小儿及疑难房间隔缺损介入治疗病例中的应用探讨（附126例报告）

目的：评价超声心动图在继发孔型房间隔缺损（ASD）介入封堵治疗中的应用价值。方法2008年9月～2012年12月,126例继发型房间隔缺损患儿,其中男38例,女88例,年龄2.3～17.0岁,平均6.7±3.5岁。单一ASD 117例,多发性ASD 9例。其中1例合并肺动脉瓣狭窄（PS）,3例合并房间隔膨出瘤（ASA）。126例患儿均行经胸超声心动图（TTE）检查,少数肥胖患儿行经食管超声心动图（TEE）检查,根据检查结果选择封堵器型号,术中用TTE或TEE引导封堵器释放。术后采用TTE随访。结果124例患儿其中含边缘不足的7例疑难病例,应用进口或国产封堵器均成功封堵,成功率98.4%。经TTE或TEE测量ASD最大直径3.3～26.0mm,平均16.5±3.4mm。所选封堵器直径6.0～30.0mm,平均19.0±4.0mm。7例多发性ASD选用1枚封堵器,1例选用2枚封堵器获得成功。1例合并PS者同时完成介入治疗。124例患儿术后TTE随访发现,2例存在微量残余分流,并于1个月后自愈。结论超声心动图在小儿ASD介入适应症选择及介入过程中引导、术后随访中的作用仍不可替代。     

Intracardiac echocardiographic guidance during transcatheter device closure of atrial septal defect and patent foramen ovale

OBJECTIVES: To describe our experience with intracardiac echocardiographic (ICE) guidance during transcatheter device closure of atrial septal defect (ASD) and patent foramen ovale (PFO) and to describe a detailed stepwise approach for performing ICE examinations. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed the ICE results of all patients who underwent transcatheter device closure of ASD/PFO at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn, between October 2000 and November 2002. Conscious sedation was used, and all ICE studies were performed using a diagnostic ultrasound catheter. RESULTS: Ninety-four patients (47 male; median age, 51 years [range, 17-81 years]) underwent ICE during transcatheter device closure of ASD/PFO. Total procedure time was 128 minutes (range, 27-320 minutes). ICE identified a previously unrecognized anatomical diagnosis in 32 of 94 patients. An additional ASD or PFO was found in 16 patients; a redundant atrial septum or an atrial septal aneurysm was found in 12 patients. There were few ICE complications (4%): 3 patients developed atrial fibrillation, and 1 developed supraventricular tachycardia; of these 4, 2 resolved spontaneously, and 2 required cardioversion with no recurrence. CONCLUSION: ICE provides anatomical detail of ASD/PFO and cardiac structures facilitating congenital cardiac interventional procedures. ICE eliminates major drawbacks related to the use of transesophageal echocardiographic guidance for transcatheter device closure of ASD/PFO, specifically problems related to airway management. Finally, ICE gives the interventional cardiologist the ability to control all aspects of imaging without relying on additional echocardiographic support. We believe that ICE should be considered the preferred imaging technique for guidance of transcatheter device closure of ASD/PFO in adults and larger pediatric patients.     

Interventional closure of atrial septal defects without fluoroscopy in adult and pediatric patients

Background

Interventional closure of atrial septal defects (ASDs) with a transcatheter device is the preferred strategy in children and adults. This procedure has been proven in numerous studies, but X-ray and contrast agent exposure is still a major side effect. The aim of this study was to clarify whether the interventional closure of ASDs is possible and safe if it is guided by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) alone.

Methods and results

We retrospectively selected and studied pediatric and adult patients with interventional closure of ASDs at the Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin (DHZB) without fluoroscopy between 1999 and 2010. We included 330 out of 1,605 patients; 254 had an ASD II, 30 a PFO and 46 multiperforated atrial septum. Median age was 8.92 (0.96–76.3)?years and median body weight 32.6 (8.3–156)?kg. Median stretched defect size was 13 (5–29)?mm. Median procedure time was 50 (20–170)?min. Closure was performed in the majority of patients with the Amplatzer^? septal occluder or Amplatzer^? PFO occluder. The procedure succeeded in 98.2?% of cases and closure rate was 94.9?% after 48?h. Complication rate was low and procedure time was similar to that necessary with studies using fluoroscopy.

Conclusion

Interventional closure of ASDs is safe and effective if guided with TEE alone. The results can compete with those with the use of fluoroscopy. TEE-guided closure of ASD should be considered in more catheter laboratories to avoid unnecessary radiation exposure for the patient and the examiner.     

Recent advances in echocardiography

Important recent developments have occurred in echocardiography that are already being used clinically. Portable ultrasound devices that weigh less than five pounds are capable of performing a complete bedside echo exam. An intracardiac echocardiographic catheter has recently been introduced that can be placed intracardiac via a vein and navigated within right heart chambers to obtain detailed anatomical landmarks that guide catheter based interventional procedures such as intracardiac ablation and closure of atrial septal defects and patent foramen ovale. Tissue Doppler imaging is finding its role in detecting mechanical asynchrony in patients with congestive heart failure who might benefit from biventricular pacing. The availability of real-time 3D echocardiography has for the first time made assessment of complex cardiac anatomy possible. This review discusses each of these new developments and their potential impact on the practice of echocardiography and cardiology in general.     

Recent advances in echocardiography

Important recent developments have occurred in echocardiography that are already being used clinically. Portable ultrasound devices that weigh less than five pounds are capable of performing a complete bedside echo exam. An intracardiac echocardiographic catheter has recently been introduced that can be placed intracardiac via a vein and navigated within right heart chambers to obtain detailed anatomical landmarks that guide catheter based interventional procedures such as intracardiac ablation and closure of atrial septal defects and patent foramen ovale. Tissue Doppler imaging is finding its role in detecting mechanical asynchrony in patients with congestive heart failure who might benefit from biventricular pacing. The availability of real-time 3D echocardiography has for the first time made assessment of complex cardiac anatomy possible. This review discusses each of these new developments and their potential impact on the practice of echocardiography and cardiology in general.     

Interventions on the heart and large vessels without prior heart catheterization

Between May 1983 and May 1987, 161 children of all age groups underwent surgery for congenital cardiac malformations without prior cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography. Their diagnoses were established by clinical investigation, electrocardiogram, chest X-ray and cross-sectional echocardiography only in all cases. The most common surgical procedures were ligation of a patent ductus arteriosus (n = 68), correction of aortic coarctation (n = 28), balloon atrial septostomy (n = 27), and closure of an atrial septal defect (n = 23). To prove the efficiency and accuracy of this method all patients with cardiac malformations surgically treated over the same time period, of the same age groups and with the same diagnoses, who had undergone routine preoperative cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography, were reviewed with regard to the attained results, which were compared with those of the non-invasive group. No patient in either group died postoperatively due to an incorrect or incomplete preoperative diagnosis. There were problems in the group diagnosed by echocardiography only in assessing the permeability of the tricuspid valve in cases of pulmonary atresia with a hypoplastic right ventricle and in assessing the operability of patients with a complete aterioventricular canal. A large group of congenital cardiac malformations can, however, be safely operated on the basis of non-invasive preoperative diagnoses only.     

经胸超声心动图与经食管超声心动图对比观察成人多发房间隔缺损

目的 探讨经胸超声心动图(TTE)与经食管超声心动图(TEE)对成人多发继发孔房间隔缺损(MASD)的诊断价值.方法 成人MASD患者30例接受TTE检查,其中25例接受TEE检查,26例接受心导管检查;20例接受MASD封堵术介入治疗,18例封堵成功;4例接受体外循环下开胸修补术.结果 TTE与TEE全部诊断继发孔房间隔缺损,TTE诊断缺损数量准确率60.00%(18/30);TEE诊断缺损数量准确率96.00%(24/25).MASD的彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)特征性改变是显示多束过房间隔左向右五彩镶嵌分流束血流信号,即CDFI"漏勺征".结论 TTE对成人MASD诊断有一定难度,TEE有特异性诊断价值.开胸修补术治疗成人MASD行TTE检查即可,行封堵术介入治疗成人MASD必须行TEE检查以明确诊断缺损的数量和位置.     

经胸超声心动图代替经食道超声心动图引导房间隔缺损封堵术

目的：研究经胸超声心动图(TTE)代替经食道超声心动图(TEE)引导Amplatzer房间隔缺损(ASD)封堵器经导管治疗ASD。方法：64例有外科手术适应症的Ⅱ孔型ASD患者行TTE检查，如果可清楚观察ASD及其周边残存房间隔、周围功能性结构状况，能明确判断适合封堵即可选择TTE引导封堵。否则进行TEE检查，符合封堵条件者采用TEE引导。TTE引导时，心尖四腔切面观察封堵器呈规整‘00’形，大动脉短轴切面呈规整‘00’形或‘Y’形，剑下两房切面呈规整‘吕’字形；TEE引导时，观察封堵器腰部卡于房缺处、两伞平行地夹于房间隔两侧。同时超声观察到封堵器位置稳定，无残余分流，不影响周围结构功能，封堵成功。结果：5例封堵失败，其中TEE3例TTE2例。TEE成功引导26例封堵器置入，TTE33例。4例患者封堵2次，第2次住院封堵3例成功，TTE和TEE各引导2例。TTE随访，术后24小时每组各有1例患者少量残余分流(分流束宽≤2mm)，3个月时1例TTE引导的患者尚有少量残余分流。结论：大部分适合封堵的Ⅱ孔型ASD患者，TTE能清楚观察ASD及其周边残存房间隔状况、ASD边缘至周围功能性结构距离，可以代替TEE筛选患者、引导Amplatzer ASD封堵器置入。     

双平面经食管超声心动图在Amplatzer堵塞器经心导管关闭小儿房间隔缺损中的价值

目的评价经食管超声心动图(TEE)在Amplatzer堵塞器经心导管关闭房间隔缺损(ASD)中的应用价值.方法对57例继发孔型ASD患者,在TEE监测下应用Amplatzer堵塞器经心导管关闭ASD.结果48例获得成功,由于术前经胸超声心动图诊断不准确,9例未成功.ASD的经胸超声测量值与球囊伸展径间差异有显著性意义(P＜0 01),但相关(r=0.87,P＜0.01);TEE测值与球囊伸展径间高度相关(r=0.93,P＜0.01).术后即刻TEE检查显示7例患者存在微量残余分流.结论TEE可以准确地显示ASD的大小、部位及其边缘的解剖形态,有利于术前病例的选择、术中闭合器的安置及术后即刻疗效的判定,是一种安全、有效的监测手段.     

Differential diagnosis between patent foramen ovale and pulmonary arteriovenous fistula in two patients with previous cryptogenic stroke caused by presumed paradoxical embolism.

Development of improved devices for interventional closure of atrial septal defect and patent foramen ovale increased the number of adult patients who are being referred for transcatheter closure. We report two cases that were scheduled for patent foramen ovale closure because of a right-to-left atrial shunt detected at contrast transesophageal echocardiography in another institution and that were found to have pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas. Embolization of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas was carried out successfully by transcatheter technique.     

经食管超声心动图在经胸小切口室间隔缺损封堵术中的应用

目的:探讨经食管超声心动图(TEE)在经胸小切口室间隔缺损(VSD)封堵术中的应用价值.方法:术前经胸超声心动图( TTE)初步筛选适合封堵的VSD患者150例,术前TEE明确VSD位置、大小,选择合适的封堵器,然后在TEE引导下完成整个封堵过程,并在术后即刻评价封堵效果,确认是否有残余分流或并发症.术后3～4 d复查TTE.结果:147例患者封堵成功;3例患者未成功,行体外循环下VSD修补术.术后3～4 d随访TTE,无室水平残余分流,无新出现的主动脉瓣、三尖瓣及肺动脉瓣反流,原有的瓣膜反流未加重.结论:在经胸小切口VSD封堵术中TEE在选择合适患者、选择封堵器大小、指导封堵器的释放以及疗效评价方面均具有重要的作用.