正常淋巴液对大鼠血小板功能及肝、肾、肺组织形态的影响

目的观察外源性正常淋巴液对高分子右旋糖苷(Dextran 500)致血液流变性异常时,大鼠血小板功能以及肝、肾、肺形态的影响。方法W istar雄性大鼠30只,随机分为淋巴液治疗组、生理盐水治疗组和正常对照组,静注10%Dextran 500(10 m l/kg.BW)复制急性血液流变性异常模型(正常对照组以等量生理盐水代替)。6 m in后,淋巴液治疗组自颈静脉缓慢注射小量肠淋巴液(全血量的1/15),其它两组以等量生理盐水代替。40 m in后,观察血小板功能以及器官形态的变化。结果两治疗组血小板黏附率、解聚率明显高于正常对照组(P<0.01~0.05),且血小板聚集率、脑血流量、血栓形成长度、湿重、干重及血栓形成率均显著低于正常对照组(P<0.01),淋巴液治疗组血小板黏附率、血栓干重、血小板聚集率显著低于生理盐水治疗组(P<0.01~0.05)。病理形态学显示,正常对照组肝、肾、肺结构正常,生理盐水治疗组各器官病变较重,多见红细胞瘀滞、血栓形成及坏死,淋巴液治疗组病变较轻,未见坏死。结论外源正常淋巴液能明显改善Dextran 500所致急性血液流变性异常大鼠的血小板功能及器官形态。     

血脂与血液流变性的关系及其对高血压的影响

目的:探讨血脂与血液流变性的关系及对高血压患者血压的影响。方法:测定482例高血压病患者和100例健康人血压(SBP、DBP),Cho-C、TG、apoA、apoB、LDL-C、HDL-C以及血液流变学指标,进行统计学分析。结果:高血压组Cho-C与全血低切粘度、ESR、血沉方程K值、红细胞电泳时间呈明显正相关(P<0.05~0.01);TG与全血低切粘度、全血中切粘度、ESR、血沉方程K值、SBP、DBP呈明显正相关;全血粘度、红细胞聚集指数(EAI)、红细胞电泳时间与DBP呈明显正相关(P<0.05);全血中切粘度、全血低切粘度与SBP呈明显正相关(P<0.01)。结论:高血脂和高血粘与高血压的关系非常密切。血脂和血液粘度异常与高血压相互影响,互为因果,形成恶性循环。     

高同型半胱氨酸血症与脑梗死患者血液流变性变化的相关分析

目的:分析高同型半胱氨酸(HCY)血症与脑梗死患者血液流变性变化的相关性。方法:测定40例不同性别健康人(健康对照组)、42例正常HCY脑梗死患者(正常Hcy组)和50例高HCY脑梗死(高HCY组)患者血液流变学指标:全血低切粘度(ηbL)和高切粘度(ηbH)、血浆粘度(ηp)、红细胞压积(Hct)、血沉(ESR)、纤维蛋白原(Fib)、红细胞变形指数(TK)、红细胞聚集系数(AI),分析HCY水平与血液流变学指标的相关性。结果:高HCY血症组男女性ηp、ηbL、ηbH、AI、TK、Fib及ESR与健康对照组和正常HCY组比较有显著性差异(P<0.01);高HCY水平与脑梗死患者血液流变指标异常明显正相关。结论:高HCY血症是脑梗死患者血液流变性异常的重要影响因素。     

血液流变性检测在冠心病心绞痛分型诊断中的价值

目的:探讨血液流变性改变对冠心病心绞痛发病机制及分型诊断的作用。方法:用全自动血液粘度仪测定稳定型心绞痛(SAP)46例、不稳定型心绞痛(UAP)86例、正常对照组40例的血液流变学指标。结果:SAP和UAP患者的全血高切粘度、全血低切粘度、血浆粘度、红细胞压积、全血高切还原粘度、全血低切还原粘度、血浆纤维蛋白原含量和红细胞聚集指数均高于对照组(P<0.01),且UAP组高于SAP组(P<0.01);SAP和UAP的红细胞变形指数均低于对照组(P<0.01),且UAP组低于SAP组(P<0.01)。结论:冠心病心绞痛患者存在血液流变性异常,UAP的异常程度更严重。血液流变学指标检测在冠心病心绞痛的分型诊断中有重要参考价值。     

调脂合剂治疗高脂血症的临床研究

目的观察调脂合剂治疗高脂血症的疗效及对血液流变学的影响。方法将观察病例随机分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组口服调脂合剂,对照组口服血脂康,疗程5周,均于治疗前后测血脂和血液流变学。结果调脂合剂治疗后TC、TG、LDL-C均显著降低(P<0.01),HDL-C显著升高(P<0.05),且优于血脂康组(P<0.05);全血黏度、血浆黏度,红细胞比容,均显著下降(P<0.05或P<0.01),优于血脂康组(P<0.05)。结论调脂合剂治疗高脂血症,改善血液流变性均有较好的疗效。     

盐酸川芎嗪注射液对青霉素致痫大鼠血液流变学指标、血小板聚集率和血浆去甲肾上腺素水平的作用

目的:研究盐酸川芎嗪(TMP)对青霉素致痫大鼠的血液流变学指标、血小板聚集率和去甲肾上腺素含量的变化。方法:制备青霉素致痫大鼠模型,采用BL-410生物机能实验系统记录双侧大脑皮层癫痫样放电,放电稳定后,腹腔注射不同剂量TMP,待其抑制作用最明显时(30min后),采血检测血液流变学指标、血小板聚集率和去甲肾上腺素含量。结果:青霉素致痫组红细胞压积(Hct)、全血黏度、血浆黏度、血浆纤维蛋白原水平均高于TMP治疗组(P<0.01),而脑血流量显著低于TMP组(P<0.01),血小板聚集率和血浆去甲肾上腺素水平比较亦有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论:TMP对青霉素致痫大鼠血小板聚集率和去甲肾上腺素含量有明显影响;TMP在血液流变性方面有对抗应激损伤的作用。     

中西医结合等容血液稀释对血液流变性及甲襞微循环的影响

对102例缺血性脑血管病中西医结合等容血液稀释前后血液流变性和甲襞微循环进行检测。结果表明,缺血性脑血管病患者Hct、全血比粘度、血浆比粘度、纤维蛋白原均明显升高(与健康对照组比较P<0.01),红细胞电泳时间延长(P<0.05),存在不同程度的微循环障碍。提示:中西医结合等容血液稀释能明显降低血液粘度(P<0.001),改善血液流变性和微循环。     

正常高值血压人群的血液流变性分析

目的:探讨血液流变性改变在正常高值血压中的作用。方法:用全自动血液粘度仪检测正常血压组(120例)、正常高值血压组(132例)和高血压组(124例)的血液流变学指标。结果:正常高值血压组和高血压组的全血高切粘度、全血低切粘度、血浆粘度、红细胞压积、全血高切还原粘度、全血低切还原粘度、血浆纤维蛋白原含量和红细胞聚集指数均高于正常血压组(P<0.01),高血压组高于正常高值血压组(P<0.01);正常高值血压组和高血压组的红细胞变形指数均低于正常血压组(P<0.01),高血压组又低于正常高值血压组(P<0.01)。结论:正常高值血压人群已存在血液流变性异常,血液流变性改变在高血压发生中有重要的作用。     

病毒性肝炎患者血液流变学指标和血脂水平的检测分析

目的:探讨病毒性肝炎患者血液流变学及部分血脂指标的异常变化。方法:189例病毒性肝炎患者分为急性肝炎组、轻度慢性肝炎组、中度慢性肝炎组、重度慢性肝炎组、肝硬化组、重症肝炎组。采用血液流变技术测定全血粘度(ηb)、血浆粘度(ηp)、红细胞压积(Hct)、血沉(ESR)、血沉方程K值(Kesr)、红细胞聚集指数(RE)、红细胞电泳指数(EE);采用罗氏MODULAR全自动生化分析仪测定甘油三脂(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C),并与55例健康人群对照分析。结果:各肝病组ηb、ηp、RE、EE均高于对照组(P<0.01,肝硬化组和重症肝炎组ηp除外),Hct、Kesr低于对照组(P<0.01),ESR和Kesr在肝硬化组和重症肝炎组有显著性差异(P<0.05)。肝硬化组、重症肝炎组TG、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C水平与对照组比较均显著下降(P<0.01),ηb、ESR、Kesr、RE、TC、LDL-C与急性肝炎组和不同程度慢性肝炎组间比较均有显著性差异(p<0.05);重症肝炎组TC与肝硬化组比较有显著性差异(P<0.01);急性肝炎组与不同程度慢性肝炎组比较,Hct、RE、EE、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C具有显著性差异(P<0.01);重度慢性肝炎组ηb、RE、EE、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C与轻、中度慢性肝炎组间均有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论:病毒性肝炎患者存在不同程度的血流变指标和血脂异常变化,分析其变化规律对临床诊断及治疗有重要意义。     

静脉输入休克大鼠肠淋巴液对正常大鼠红细胞的损伤作用

目的: 观察静脉输入休克大鼠肠淋巴液对正常大鼠红细胞参数、代谢以及血液黏度的影响,探讨休克肠淋巴液对红细胞的损伤作用。方法: 将引流休克1~3 h的大鼠肠淋巴液离心去细胞后,以等量生理盐水稀释,经股静脉输入正常大鼠(2 mL/kg),时间为30 min;另一组大鼠输入等量生理盐水作为对照组。输液结束后2.5 h,经腹主动脉取血,检测红细胞常规参数、三磷酸腺苷(ATP)、乳酸(LA)、2,3-二磷酸甘油酸(2,3-DPG)含量、内外液离子浓度以及血液黏度等指标。结果: 静脉输入休克肠淋巴液降低了正常大鼠红细胞数目、血红蛋白浓度、血细胞比容和ATP含量,使红细胞平均体积、2,3-DPG和LA含量及全血还原黏度显著增高,但对红细胞内外液离子浓度、全血黏度和血浆黏度无明显影响。结论: 静脉输入休克肠淋巴液引起正常大鼠红细胞能量代谢障碍,从而导致红细胞体积与全血还原黏度增加,即休克肠淋巴液可损伤红细胞。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.