前囊膜染色在白色白内障连续环形撕囊中的应用

目的 探讨白色白内障连续环形撕囊术中前囊膜染色的方法。方法 对128眼白色白内障施行超声乳化手术．用0．1％台盼蓝（trypanblue）前囊膜染色后．再做连续环形撕囊。58眼先在前房内注入空气泡，置换房水，在气泡下进行前囊膜染色：70眼在前房内先注入弥散性强的黏弹剂，应用特制的前囊膜染色针头（其末端封塞．出孔位于近末端弯曲面下方）．在黏弹剂下进行前囊膜染色。结果 12．8眼均获得满意的前囊膜着色。在气泡下染色前囊膜．同时伴有角巩膜隧道切口、辅助穿刺切口和虹膜隐窝着色。19眼染色过程中前房气泡逃逸，其中，4眼局部角膜内皮细胞着色。在黏弹剂下行前囊膜染色，术中前房稳定，无角膜内皮细胞着色．无角巩膜隧道切口、辅助穿刺切口和虹膜隐窝着色。结论 白色白内障的眼底红光反射缺失．连续环形撕囊操作困难。通过前囊膜染色增加了前囊膜与其下晶状体皮质的对比度．应用特制的前囊膜染色针头，在黏弹剂下行前囊膜染色，简单便捷，使前囊膜染色范围更具可控性．减少了染色剂对眼内其他组织的潜在损伤。     

成熟或过熟白内障眼连续环形撕囊术中晶状体前囊的染色

连续环形撕囊术 (continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis,CCC)是白内障超声乳化术的关键步骤之一。但在成熟或过熟白内障的眼中 ,由于晶状体呈白色混浊 ,手术显微镜同轴照明下缺乏视网膜红光反射作背景 ,囊膜结构难以看清 ,故难于实施 CCC。近来 ,一些学者利用不同的染色剂和染色技术成功地将晶状体前囊染色 ,从而为成熟或过熟白内障患眼施行 CCC展示了良好的应用前景。     

Anterior capsule staining for capsulorhexis in cases of white cataract: comparative clinical study

PURPOSE: To compare the safety and efficacy of trypan blue 0.1%, gentian violet 0.001%, indocyanine green 0.5% (ICG), fluorescein 2%, and the patient's autologous blood for anterior capsule staining in cases of white cataract. SETTING: Rajendra Prasad Center for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. METHODS: Fifty eyes of 50 patients with age-related white cataract had anterior capsule staining with trypan blue, ICG, or gentian violet under an air bubble or subcapsularly with fluorescein or autologous blood followed by phacoemulsification with foldable intraocular lens implantation. Each stain was used in 10 eyes. The ease of creating a continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (CCC) and the complications during the surgery were noted. Postoperative examinations at 6 hours, 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month included slitlamp microscopy, uncorrected visual acuity, and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA). The staining patterns on the anterior capsule, side port, corneal tunnel, and anterior cortex were assessed intraoperatively and within 6 hours and at 1 day. The intraocular pressure (IOP) was assessed at 1 day; pachymetry, at 1 day and 1 month; and the endothelial cell count, at 1 month. RESULTS: The surgeon had best visualization during the anterior capsulorhexis with trypan blue, ICG, and gentian violet, and a complete CCC was achieved in all eyes in the 3 groups. Two eyes each in the fluorescein and autologous blood groups had extension of the CCC so that the capsulorhexis was complete but not curvilinear. Anterior capsule fibrosis was detected with trypan blue (1 eye) and ICG (2 eyes). The anterior vitreous was stained with fluorescein in 2 eyes. All eyes achieved a BCVA of 20/30 or better from 1 week postoperatively to the last follow-up. The side port and corneal tunnel were stained most intensely with gentian violet followed by trypan blue and ICG and less intensely with fluorescein and autologous blood. The IOP, pachymetry, and endothelial cell loss were comparable between the stains. CONCLUSION: Although trypan blue, ICG, gentian violet, fluorescein, and autologous blood were safely used to stain the anterior capsule for phacoemulsification in eyes with white cataract, trypan blue, ICG, and gentian violet were more effective in staining the capsule.     

晶状体前囊染色在白内障手术中的应用

目的 探讨晶状体前囊染色在白内障手术中应用。方法 在６５２眼白内障摘出术中,采用０．５％吲哚青绿溶液进行晶状体前囊染色后,实施连续环形撕囊术或截囊术。结果 所有病例在吲哚青绿溶液注入前房后,晶状体前囊染成浅绿色,在手术显微镜下清晰可辨,使撕囊或截囊术得以快速顺利完成,并且不干扰其他手术步骤进行,术后无不良反应。结论 吲哚青绿溶液晶状体囊染色有助于白内障手术中辨认晶状体前囊。     

台盼蓝晶状体囊膜染色的研究进展

连续环行撕囊术（continuous curvilinemr capsulorhexis，CCC）是保证白内障超声乳化吸除术成功完成的关键步骤，而CCC的顺利完成取决于术者对晶状体前囊膜的良好分辨。用染色剂染色前囊膜使之清晰可见，有利于顺利完成CCC。台盼蓝晶状体囊膜染色技术已广泛应用于缺乏有效眼底红光反射的白内障超声乳化手术中，并取得了显著的临床效果，但也遇到了一些问题。本文就近几年台盼蓝晶状体囊膜染色的基础研究与临床应用结果做一综述。     

曲安奈德在白内障超声乳化摘出术后囊膜破裂中的应用

目的　评价前房内注射曲安奈德（ｔｒｉａｍｃｉｎｏｌｏｎｅａｃｅｔｏｎｉｄｅ,ＴＡ）应用于白内障超声乳化摘出术中后囊膜破裂的临床意义。方法　将在白内障超声乳化摘出术中发生后囊膜破裂的患者（４３例４３眼）分为两组,试验组（２０例２０眼）在术中使用ＴＡ辅助前段玻璃体切割,对照组（２３例２３眼）除不使用ＴＡ外所有手术步骤和试验组一致,随访１个月,观察两组患者的最佳矫正视力、眼压、角膜厚度、视网膜黄斑中心凹厚度、术后炎症反应程度、角膜内皮细胞密度以及术后并发症情况。结果　术后１ｄ最佳矫正视力试验组为（０．７５±０．１７）ｌｏｇＭＡＲ,优于对照组的（０．９２±０．２１）ｌｏｇＭＡＲ（Ｐ＝０．０１７）;术后１ｄ以及１周时炎症反应的症状和体征综合得分及角膜厚度试验组均优于对照组（均为Ｐ＜０．０５）;术后１个月黄斑中心凹厚度试验组为（１８８±２２）μｍ,低于对照组的（２２７±３１）μｍ（Ｐ＝０．００１）。术后人工晶状体移位以及瞳孔欠圆的发生率试验组均低于对照组（均为Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论　应用ＴＡ辅助治疗白内障超声乳化摘出术中后囊膜破裂有助于减轻术后炎症反应和减少术后并发症发生率。     

Anterior lens capsule abnormalities in Alport syndrome

Alport syndrome is a hereditary, progressive disease characterized by progressive nephritis, sensorineural deafness, and ocular abnormalities, including anterior lenticonus. The ultrastructure of the lens capsule abnormalities in Alport syndrome is reported. Four anterior lens capsules from 31-year-old patient and 26-year-old patient with lenticonus who were affected by the Alport syndrome were obtained at capsulectomy. And all four anterior lens capsules were examined by transmission electron microscopy. The histopathologic findings showed that the thickness of the anterior lens capsules was decreased (4-13 microm) and that there were many vascular dehiscences localized at the inner part of the lens capsule. There were large numbers of capsular dehiscences containing fibrillar materials and vacuoles. The anterior capsules were clearly fragile in this disease, forming the basis for the progressive lenticonus and anterior polar cataract.     

Gentian violet solution for staining the anterior capsule

PURPOSE: To evaluate the histopathological changes after injecting gentian violet solution into the anterior chamber of rats and to describe a technique that uses gentian violet to allow a clear view of the anterior capsule during continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (CCC) in human eyes with white mature cataract. SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Dicle, Diyarbakir, Turkey. METHODS: In this masked, experimental study (first stage), 0.05 mL of gentian violet 0.01% or 0.001% solution or balanced salt solution (BSS) (control group) was injected into the anterior chamber of 30 eyes of 30 Wistar albino rats. One, 24, and 48 hours after injection, 4 eyes in each group and 2 eyes in the control group were enucleated, and histopathological examination was performed. In the second stage, these solutions were used for staining the anterior capsule in the 18 human eyes with white mature cataract. The success rate of CCC and intraoperative and postoperative complications were evaluated. RESULTS: Histopathological examination revealed no pathology in any group. A CCC was completed in all cases. No intraoperative or postoperative complications were observed in human eyes except mild corneal edema and mild inflammatory reaction in the anterior chamber that improved within 1 week. Mean follow-up was 3.4 months. Visualization of the anterior capsule was better with gentian violet 0.01% solution. CONCLUSIONS: Gentian violet solutions at 0.01% and 0.001% concentrations had no evident toxic effect that caused significant histopathological changes. The staining technique was practical and helped the surgeon visualize the anterior capsule. However, gentian violet may have adverse effects that lead to corneal edema.     

Painting technique for staining the anterior lens capsule

We describe a technique of capsule staining called capsule painting. Using a Khokhar capsule painting cannula, the dye is spread directly over the anterior capsule but to no other part of the anterior chamber. There is minimal turbulence in the anterior chamber as there is no need to replace the injected viscoelastic material. The use of minimal dye and viscoelastic material reduces the cost of surgery.     

晶状体囊染色技术在超声乳化术中的应用

目的探讨晶状体囊染色技术在晶状体超声乳化术中应用的有效性和安全性.方法在难以看清晶状体前囊的65例(83眼)老年性白内障的手术过程中,使用囊染色剂vision blue(0.6 g·L-1的苔盼蓝缓冲溶液)气泡下染色法进行前囊染色,观察术中和术后情况.结果囊染色剂vision blue对晶状体前囊有较好的染色效果,可使手术操作变得安全易行,术中术后无不良反应.结论囊染色剂vision blue在晶状体超声乳化术中对晶状体前囊染色的应用是有效的和安全的.     

Experimental staining of the anterior lens capsule in albino rabbits.

PURPOSE: To study the value and safety of staining the anterior lens capsule in albino rabbits. SETTING: Ophthalmology Department, Cairo University, and Ophthalmic Pathology Department, Research Institute of Ophthalmology, Cairo, Egypt. METHODS: The experiment was divided into 3 stages. First, the capacity of different concentrations of crystal violet solution to stain the anterior lens capsule of postmortem albino rabbit eyes was tested. The toxicity of different concentrations of the dye (2% to 0.25%) was then tested to determine the highest concentration that was nontoxic to the cornea and trabecular meshwork. The third step was to detect possible toxicity of lower concentrations (0.1% to 0.05%). Different dye concentrations were injected into the anterior chamber of the rabbit eyes. The eyes were examined after 1 and 3 days, 1 week, and 1 month using light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: Different concentrations of crystal violet stained the anterior lens capsule, allowing for easy capsulorhexis. The use of the 2% and 1% concentrations was accompanied with irreversible damage to all corneal layers. The use of the 0.5% concentration caused damage to stromal keratocytes and endothelium. The use of the 0.25% concentration did not damage any corneal layer or the trabecular meshwork. Lower concentrations of 0.1% and 0.05% also stained the capsule, providing good visibility for successful capsulorhexis, and were less toxic to the corneal endothelium. CONCLUSION: Staining the anterior lens capsule with 0.25% to 0.05% concentrations of crystal violet solution caused no injury to the cornea or trabecular meshwork in albino rabbit eyes.     

Results of surgery on white cataract using trypan blue capsule staining to visualize capsulorrhexis

PURPOSE: To evaluate surgery on white cataracts using trypan blue capsule staining. METHODS: A retrospective study comprised 64 eyes of 60 patients with white cataract that had surgery with trypan blue capsule staining. The average age was 62.4 years and progress observation periods were 5.6 months. The rate of successful continuous curvilinear capsulorrhexis(CCC), complications, visual acuity, intraocular pressure(IOP), flare value, and corneal endothelial cell loss were studied. RESULTS: The CCC was completed uneventfully in 93.8% eyes. Posterior capsule rupture occurred in 2 eyes, and early perforation in 1 eye. Accidental vitreous staining and endothelial staining with trypan blue were observed in 1 eye each. There were no postoperative complications associated with trypan blue. Forty-five eyes had a best corrected visual acuity of 0.8 or better at the last visit. Twelve eyes had some ocular pathology resulting in visual loss, and a reliable visual acuity test could not be performed in 6 eyes. The mean postoperative IOP was within the normal range. The mean postoperative flare returned to within normal range 1 month after surgery. The mean corneal endothelial loss was 13.7%, and that of eyes with nucleus of grade 2 or softer was only 2.9%. CONCLUSIONS: Cataract surgery using trypan blue was safe and effective in managing white cataracts.     

超声乳化术中后囊破裂时后房型人工晶体前囊夹持固定术

目的：评价超声乳化术中后囊不完整时的人工晶体前囊夹持固定术的效果。方法：对在超声乳化白内障摘除术中后囊破裂的64眼行后房型人工晶体前囊夹持固定术。结果：64眼均获得满意的人工晶体前囊夹持固定,没有一例发生人工晶体从前囊环上脱落。随访1－54个月,62眼恢复到0．5以上的视力,1．0以上者40眼。未发现其他与固定有关的并发症。结果：完整的前囊环行切开口是后囊不完整时夹持固定后房型人工晶体的最佳位置之一。     

Biomechanical changes in the anterior lens capsule after trypan blue staining

PURPOSE: To examine the effect of trypan blue staining on the biomechanical behavior of the porcine anterior lens capsule. SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany. METHODS: Fifty-five anterior lens capsules from porcine cadaver eyes were used. Two parallel 8.0 mm x 4.0 mm large capsule strips were prepared from each capsule. After trypan blue staining for various time intervals combined with exposure to white light (6000 lux) or with no light exposure, biomechanical stress-strain measurements were performed using an automated material tester. Untreated specimens and specimens treated with glutaraldehyde 0.1% were used as controls. The absorption spectrum of trypan blue 0.1% solution and the emission spectrum of the light source were measured. RESULTS: After treatment with light and trypan blue, at 25% strain, there was a statistically significant increase in stress of up to 70.1% and in elastic stiffness of 47% and a decrease in the ultimate mechanical strain of up to 13%. There were no biomechanical changes in capsules with trypan blue staining in the absence of light or after a short illumination time of 30 seconds, indicating a light-dependent process. After 30 minutes of glutaraldehyde 0.1% treatment, there was an increase in stress of 321.6% at 25% strain and a decrease in the ultimate strain of 47.6%. The emission spectrum of the light source included the absorption peak for trypan blue at 580 nm. CONCLUSIONS: Trypan blue staining of the lens capsule combined with light irradiation for at least 1 minute led to an increase in elastic stiffness at 25% strain and a reduction in the ultimate extensibility. This effect is probably due to the photosensitizing action of trypan blue, leading to light-induced collagen crosslinking of the capsule collagen similar to age-related crosslinking. Nucleus expression might be impeded by the increased capsule stiffness. Continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis is facilitated.     

台盼蓝囊膜染色辅助撕囊技术在超声乳化术中的应用

目的：探讨0．1％台盼蓝溶液囊膜染色辅助撕囊技术的有效性，和手术操作技巧，方法：回顾分析接受台盼蓝溶液染色的25例成熟期，过熟期白内障的撕囊成功率及超声乳化术后的并发症等有关情况。结果：经台盼蓝囊膜染色后25例成熟期，过熟期白内障的环形撕囊成功率为100％，染色全过程仅需1－2分钟即可完成，门诊随访期间所有病例均未发现与染色有关的角膜内皮受损，虹膜炎及眼压升高等并发症。结论：若能正确掌握染色和撕囊技巧，台盼蓝囊膜染色可显著提高缺乏红光反射的白内障的前囊膜前见度，撕囊成功率，既安全又有效又方便快捷。     

台盼蓝在白色白内障超声乳化术中的应用

目的 探讨台盼蓝对晶状体前囊染色在白色白内障手术中应用效果。方法82例87眼随机分为染色组43例46眼与对照组39例41眼，染色组术中用台盼蓝染色，观察前囊膜着色效果、撕囊成功率、在超声乳化术中囊膜保护的完整率以及术中、术后并发症等，并与对照组进行统计学分析。结果染色组前囊膜均均匀着色，撕囊成功率与术中囊膜完整率均为100％，与对照组比较有明显统计学差异；术后视力、眼压、炎症反应、角膜内皮水肿与对照组比较无统计学差异。结论台盼蓝染色是一种简单安全的晶状体前囊膜染色技术，提高了前囊膜的可见度，有助于白色白内障超声乳化术连续环形撕囊术(continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis,COC)和整个手术的顺利进行。