6，7－二甲氧基－2，4－二羟基喹唑啉合成工艺的改进

以藜芦醛（２）为原料经硝化－氧化得硝基酸４，再按类似物６－甲氧基－７－苄氧基－２，４－二羟基喹唑啉的合成法经酰氯－酰胺化、还原和环合反应合成了标题化合物１。对各步反应的工艺条件和后处理方法进行了改进，使从２至１的总收率达２０．６％。     

6－氟－7－氯－8－硝基－1，4－二氢－4－氧代喹啉－3－羧酸乙酯及其N－乙基物的亲核取代

６－氟－７－氯－８－硝基－１，４－二氢－４－氧代喹啉－３－羧酸乙酯（１）及其Ｎ－乙基物（２）与１－甲基哌嗪反应都形成７－取代的产物；与巯基乙醇反应，１形成７－取代产物，而２形成７，８－二取代产物；２与氟化钾反应得６，８－二氟－７－氯代化合物，而１与氟化钾在相同条件下不起反应。     

2，6－二羟基－3－甲酰－4－甲氧基－5－甲基苯甲酸甲酯的合成

报道了以２，６－二羟基－３－甲基－４－甲氧基苯甲酸甲酯为原料，用Ｖｉｌｓｍｅｉｅｒ甲酰化反应制备标题化合物的新方法。     

2，4－二氯－5－氟苯甲酸的新合成法

以间硝基甲苯为原料经还原、重氮化、热解、氯化、氧化等５步反应，制得２，４－二氯－５－氟苯甲酸，总收率３２．４％。它是喹诺酮类药物的原料。     

3－硝基－1，2，4－三唑类乏氧细胞放射增敏剂的构效关系

为了寻找毒性低、增敏作用强的乏氧细胞放射增敏剂，设计并合成了一系列５－溴－，５－甲基－，和５－未取代的３－硝基－１，２，４－三唑－１－乙酰胺类化合物，用ＨｅＬａＳ３细胞进行了体外试验。结果表明５－溴取代衍生物的增敏作用强于相应的５－甲基－或５－未取代的硝基三唑衍生物，但是它们的毒性亦增大。修饰１位乙酰胺侧链也可以改变化合物的增敏作用和亲脂性。在所测定的化合物中ＴＡ－１０１［２－（３－硝基－１－三唑基）乙酰胺］由于有高的增敏作用和低亲脂性，可能是一个有希望的放射增敏剂。     

硝基芳烃用NaBH4－SbCl3或NaBH4－BiCl3还原成伯胺

硝基芳烃用ＮａＢＨ４－ＳｂＣｌ３或ＮａＢＨ４－ＢｉＣｌ３还原成伯胺ＲｅｎＰＤ等［ＳｙｎＣｏｍｍｕｎ，１９９５；２５：３７９９］硝基芳烃于乙醇中加ＮａＢＨ４－ＳｂＣｌ３或ＮａＢＨ４－ＢｉＣｌ３室温反应可得相应的伯胺。１１例收率８０％～９５％。［金恰摘周...     

双（2，6－哌嗪二酮）类抗肿瘤药物的研究：2，3－二乙酰氧基－1，4－二（3′，5′－二酮－N4′－取代哌嗪甲基）苯的合成

双（２，６－哌嗪二酮）类抗肿瘤药物的研究：２，３－二乙酰氧基－１，４－二（３′，５′－二酮－Ｎ４′－取代哌嗪甲基）苯的合成李全，沈旭，邵华武，谢毓元（中国科学院上海药物研究所２０００３１）１９６９年Ｃｒｅｉｇｈｔｏｎ等人试图用ＥＤＴＡ与甲酰胺反应合成...     

4－溴－3，5－二甲氧基苯甲酸的合成

苄基嘧啶衍生物的重要中间体──４－溴－３，５－二甲氧基苯甲酸（１）可以对氨基苯甲酸（４）为起始原料，经溴化、甲氧基化、Ｓａｎｄｍｅｙｅｒ反应制得，总收率达５７％以上。     

硝基咪唑N－烷基化的固液相转移催化法

硝基咪唑Ｎ－烷基化的固液相转移催化法ＬｉｕＺＺ等［ＳｙｎＣｏｍｍｕｎ，１９９３：２３．２６１１］２－甲基－４（５）－硝基咪唑与卤烷在Ｋ２ＣＯ３／ＴＢＡＢ／ＣＨ３ＣＮ固液相转移催化下生成１－烷基－２－甲基－４－硝基咪唑，１０例收率８４～９６％。该反应收...     

药物对映体含量测定的核磁共振法研究──Ⅱ．3，4－环氧－3，4－二氢－2，2－二甲基－6－乙酰胺基－7－硝基－二氢－1－苯骈吡喃

报道了位移试剂Ｅｕ（ＦＯＤ）３、Ｅｕ（ＨＦＣ）３，存在下３，４－环氧－３，４－二氢－２，２－二甲基－６－乙酰胺基－７－硝基－二氢－１－苯骈吡喃（Ⅰ）的镧诱导位移（ＬＩＳ）值；在手性位移试剂Ｅｕ（ＨＦＣ）３存在下，观察到５－Ｈ和８－Ｈ明显的对映体位移差值（△△δ），据此，可对化合物Ⅰ直接进行对映体的定量分析。当Ｅｕ（ＨＦＣ）３：Ⅰ为０．９５５（０．７０５）（摩尔比）时，８－Ｈ（５－Ｈ）的（＋）和（－）对映体两峰峰谷高度为峰高的３．５％（７．１％），即当对映体之一的含量不低于３．５％（７．１％）时，可对化合物Ⅰ的对映体含量进行精确的直接测定。     

新型喹啉酸咪唑乙酯类化合物的合成及活性研究

目的：设计合成新型的抗厌氧菌喹诺酮类药物。方法：首先由1-羟乙基-2-甲基-5-硝基咪唑经氯代、碘交换生成1-碘乙基-2-甲基-5-硝基咪唑，然后再与各种哌嗪4位取代的1-烷基-6-氟-7-哌嗪基-1，4-二氢-4-氧代喹啉-3-羧酸作用生成目标化合物。结果：设计合成了一系列新型含咪唑结构的喹啉酸乙酯类似物，利用元素分析、核磁共振进行了结构确认，活性测试表明所合成的16个化合物中，化合物d4、d15的抗厌氧菌活性略高于甲硝唑，体外抗革兰氏阴性细菌的活性低于对照物诺氟沙星。     

Nitro analogues of chlorambucil as potential hypoxia-selective anti-tumour drugs

The chlorambucil isomer 4-[3-[N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl] butanoic acid (m-chlorambucil) has been synthesized for the first time, and the two isometric nitro derivatives of both m-chlorambucil and chlorambucil itself have been prepared as potential hypoxia-selective cytotoxins. Reduction potentials (E1/2) of the two nitro compounds were determined by cyclic voltammetry, and one-electron reduction potentials (E(1] were estimated. Both the chlorambucil isomers and the derived nitro compounds crosslink DNA, as determined by their cytotoxicity ratios in DNA repair-proficient and -deficient cell lines, but neither of the nitro derivatives showed selective toxicity under hypoxic conditions, probably due to their rather low reduction potentials.     

Glutathione conjugation of nitro compounds by monkey glutathione S-transferases

The distribution in Japanese monkey tissues of glutathione S-transferase activity toward some aromatic nitro compounds was examined by measuring the release of the nitro group as nitrite ion. The activity was especially high in liver, kidney and small intestine when compounds such as 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide, 5-nitrofurfural diacetal and o-dinitrobenzene were used as substrates. The nitrite-releasing activity of the major enzyme purified from rhesus monkey liver was also tested on fifty-two nitro compounds including nineteen nitrofuran derivatives. Among the thirty-three nitro compounds other than the nitrofuran derivatives tested as substrates, the purified enzyme showed activity only toward o-dinitrobenzene, 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide, 3,4-dinitrobenzoic acid, p-dinitrobenzene, 2,5-dinitrobenzoic acid, 2,5-dinitrophenol, tetra-chloronitrobenzene and 2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid. The crude supernatant fraction of rhesus monkey liver showed activity in substrate specificity roughly similar to that of the purified enzyme. On the other hand, among at least ten carcinogenic 2-substituted 5-nitrofran derivatives tested, 4,6-diamino-2-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-s-triazine, 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde semicarbazone, N-[[3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]methyl] acetamide, and N-[5-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-1-3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)acetamide were shown to be enzymatically conjugated with reduced glutathione. Among the other nine 2-substituted 5-nitrofuran derivatives tested, six compounds could be the substrates of the enzyme, and 5-nitrofurfural and 5-nitrofurfural diacetal were especially good substrates. There was, however, little apparent correlation between their carcinogenicity and susceptibility to glutathione S-transferase. The bulky substituents at position 2 appeared to decrease the susceptibility of these nitrofuran derivatives to the enzyme. Both Vmax and Km values of the purified enzyme varied greatly among the substrates, and the optimum pH fell between 7.5 and 9.0 in most cases.     

Effect of aromatic nitro compounds on oxidative metabolism by cytochrome P-450 dependent enzymes.

The effect of aromatic nitro compounds on the oxidative metabolism of representative type I (hexobarbital and aminopyrene) and type II (aniline and zoxazolamine) substrates by cytochrome P-450 dependent liver enzymes was studied. Nitro compounds (nitrobenzene, p-nitrobenzoate, 2-nitrofluorene, and 2-nitronaphthalene) inhibited the oxidation of type II substrates by rabbit liver microsomal enzymes; however, they had no effect on the metabolism of the type I compounds. Inhibition of type II metabolism was characterized graphically as S,I-hyperbolic non-competitive. The influence of aromatic nitro compounds on the interaction of type I and type II substrates with oxidized and reduced cytochrome P-450 was studied by difference spectroscopy. From Lineweaver-Burke plots, nitro compounds were shown to competitively interact with type II compounds for cytochrome p-450 binding sites. Nitro compounds completely prevented the appearance of a type I binding spectrum with either hexobarbital or aminopyrene even when the modifier was present at concentrations less than 10(-8)M. Aromatic nitro compounds appear to therefore inhibit the metabolism of the type II substrates through a mixed mechanism of interaction with the microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes.     

Evaluation of antiproliferative effect of N-(alkyladamantyl)phthalimides in vitro

A series of (1-adamantyl)phthalimides, 1-4, and (2-adamantyl)phthalimides, 5-8, characterized by different chain length between the adamantyl and the phthalimide moiety were synthesized, as well as 1- and 2-adamantylphthalimides substituted by nitro 9, 10, and amino group 11, 12, and phthalimides bearing homoadamantyl 13 and protoadamantyl substituent 14 and 15. The compounds were tested for antiproliferative activity in vitro on a series of five human cancer lines: MCF-7 (breast carcinoma), SW 620 (colon carcinoma), HCT 116 (colon carcinoma), MOLT-4 (acute lymphoblastic leukemia), H 460 (lung carcinoma), and a non-tumor cell line HaCaT (human keratinocytes). All compounds except nitro derivatives 9 and 10 exhibited antiproliferative activity. The activity was generally better in the 2-adamantyl series 5-8 and in the compounds having the longest alkyl spacers as in 4 and 8, or with an amino group as in 9 and 10. The most active compounds with the propylene spacer 4 and 8 showed the highest selectivity toward tumor cells. The activity was found to be due to a delay in the progress through the cell cycle at G1/S phase.     

Effects of nitro compounds, isosorbide dinitrate, 5-isosorbide mononitrate and glyceryl trinitrate on Ca-uptake into Ca-stores and Ca-release from Ca-stores in rabbit isolated femoral veins and femoral arteries

In organ bath studies, effects of isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN), 5-isosorbide mononitrate (ISMN), a major metabolite of ISDN, and glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) on Ca-uptake into Ca-stores and Ca-release from Ca-stores were tested in the rabbit isolated femoral veins and femoral arteries. ISDN (10(-4) M) and GTN (10(-4) M) inhibited Ca-uptake in the femoral veins but not in the femoral arteries. The selectivity to the femoral veins was not observed in ISMN (10(-3) M) and GTN (3 X 10(-6) M). All the nitro compounds inhibited Ca-release from Ca-stores more effectively in the femoral veins than in the femoral arteries. The present results may explain the selectivity of the nitro compounds to the femoral veins.     

Identification of a mitochondrial p-dinitrobenzene reductase activity in rat liver

Nitroreductase activity has been known to occur under nitrogen atmosphere in the cytosolic and microsomal fractions of liver homogenate. The present study describes a new localisation for a subcellular nitro reduction activity which occurs in liver mitochondria under aerobic conditions. Mitochondria were isolated from rat liver and assayed for their capacity to reduce certain nitro compounds by measuring spectrophotometrically both the appearance of amino compounds and the consumption of NADH. Intact mitochondria were found to possess a p-dinitrobenzene (p-DNB) reductase activity which was reduced by over 50% upon addition of detergent. The activity was destroyed by heat, and was present at only 20% in the microsomal fraction. It was strictly NADH-dependent, while only little or no activity occurred with NADPH or other oxidative substrates. Moreover, this nitro reduction was protein concentration- and time-dependent reaching a plateau after 20 min, and was also inhibited by thiol reagents. Assayed under the same conditions, rat liver mitochondria showed about 15% activity with o-DNB and m-DNB, while there was less than 5% activity with a series of p-nitro compounds including chloramphenicol. The presence of a nitroreductase activity in liver mitochondria, although shown here to be restricted to p-DNB, may have important implications regarding cytotoxicity from nitro compounds.     

Toxicity of nitrobenzene compounds towards isolated hepatocytes: dependence on reduction potential

1. The cytotoxicity of p-substituted nitrobenzenes towards isolated hepatocytes under aerobic or hypoxic conditions has been determined. The nitrobenzene concentration required to cause 50% cytoxicity in 2 h was a function of the one-electron reduction potential of the nitrobenzene, with the more cytotoxic compounds having the strongest electron-withdrawing substituents. 2. The effectiveness of the nitrobenzenes at causing cytotoxicity under aerobic but not hypoxic conditions was markedly increased if hepatocyte catalase was inhibited with azide. 3. Nitrobenzenes at cytotoxic concentrations induced cyanide-resistant respiration in isolated hepatocytes. Their effectiveness correlated with their cytotoxicity. 4. The rate of oxygen activation of these nitrobenzenes by ascorbate was also a function of the one-electron reduction potential. The nitro compounds with the strongest electron-withdrawing substituents were the most rapidly reduced. 5. Most nitrobenzenes were more cytotoxic under aerobic than hypoxic conditions. Ascorbate enhanced hypoxic, but not aerobic, cytotoxicity. 6. It was concluded that the cytotoxicity of different nitrobenzenes is related to their ease of reduction to nitro radical anions and nitrosobenzenes. Aerobic cytotoxicity is probably initiated by redox cycling and oxygen activation by the nitro radical anions whereas hypoxic cytotoxicity is probably initiated by the alkylation of macromolecules by nitrosobenzene metabolites.     

氨基吡咯里嗪酮的制备和异构体的结构鉴定

对1,2-二氢-1-吡咯里嗪酮(1)进行硝化,得到其5,6和7位3种硝基取代物(2)。确证了该3种硝基取代物的结构。经还原,制得了相应的3种氨基-1,2-二氢-1-吡咯里嗪酮类化合物。