hTERT启动子调控的SEA-CD80基因共表达重组腺病毒载体的构建及在不同肿瘤细胞中的表达鉴定

目的：构建肿瘤靶向性葡萄球菌肠毒素 A 和 CD80基因共表达重组腺病毒载体。方法：采用 PCR 技术从质粒 pShuttle - AFP - CD80扩增人 CD80全长 cDNA 片段,克隆至已构建载体 pMD18- T - BIS,取代小鼠CD80 cDNA 片段。重组质粒命名为 pMD18- T - hBIS。经酶切,将 CWV 增强子修饰的人端粒酶反转录酶启动子从已构建载体 pGL3- CWVE - hTP,亚克隆至穿梭质粒 pShuttle2,然后经酶切将片段 hCD80- IRES - SEA从 pMD18- T - hBIS 质粒亚克隆至 CWV 增强子修饰的人端粒酶反转录酶启动子下游,构建质粒 pShuttle2-CE - hTP - hBIS。再与腺病毒骨架质粒 pAdEasy -1共转化 E. coli BJ5183,以获得的重组子（命名为 Ad - CE- hTP - BIS）转染 Ad293细胞制备病毒并纯化。将病毒分别感染人肝癌细胞 H7721、宫颈癌细胞株 Hela 细胞和原代培养的人牙龈成纤维细胞,经免疫荧光染色后,激光共聚焦显微镜观察 SEA 和 CD80在细胞膜的表达情况。结果：重组腺病毒能够使 CD80和 SEA 在人肝癌细胞 H7721、宫颈癌细胞株 Hela 细胞膜上共表达,而在人牙龈成纤维细胞中不表达。结论：成功地构建了多肿瘤靶向性 SEA 和 CD80基因共表达重组腺病毒载体。为应用 SEA 和 CD80基因对人多种肿瘤进行靶向基因治疗奠定了基础。     

肝癌靶向性SEA基因重组腺病毒载体的构建及体外生物学活性鉴定

[目的]构建肝癌靶向性葡萄球菌肠毒素A（SEA）基因重组腺病毒载体。[方法]首先利用现有的腺病毒穿梭质粒pShuttle和pShuttle-CMV,构建新的不带CMV增强子/启动子而带有polyA加尾信号穿梭质粒,命名为pShuttle2。将AFP增强子、启动子及SEA基因分别从已构建的pKS-EP载体和pMD18-T-SEA载体上,亚克隆至pShuttle2中,再与腺病毒骨架质粒pAdEasy-1共转化E.coliBJ5183。以获得的重组子转染HEK293细胞后制备重组腺病毒,然后感染高表达AFP的肝癌细胞系Hepa1-6和不表达AFP的黑色素瘤细胞系B16、成纤维细胞系NIH3T3。采用间接免疫荧光法,经荧光显微镜观察和流式细胞术检测SEA在细胞膜表面的表达。采用3H掺入法检测膜表达的SEA体外诱导淋巴细胞增殖的活性。[结果]SEA能够靶向性地表达在高表达AFP的Hepa1-6细胞膜上,在不表达AFP的B16、NIH3T3细胞膜上不表达,并且体外能够诱导淋巴细胞增殖。[结论]成功地构建了肝癌靶向性SEA基因重组腺病毒载体,为进一步研究SEA在肝癌靶向基因治疗中的应用及其抗肿瘤免疫机制奠定了基础。     

Gene therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma based on tumour-selective suicide gene expression using the alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) enhancer and a housekeeping gene promoter

The aim of this study was to examine whether the human alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) enhancer could be used to induce hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-selective expression of the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) gene which is under the control of the phosphoglycerate kinase (pgk) promotor. The human AFP enhancer was linked with the non-tissue-specific, human housekeeping pgk promoter in a retroviral vector. AFP-producing HCC cells infected with retroviruses carrying the HSV-tk gene under the control of the AFP enhancer/pgk promoter were much more susceptible to the prodrug, ganciclovir (GCV), than those infected with the same retroviruses without the AFP enhancer. Non-HCC cells infected with retroviruses carrying the HSV-tk gene under the control of the AFP enhancer/pgk promoter exhibited profoundly increased resistance to GCV compared with those infected with the same retroviruses without the AFP enhancer. Northern blot analysis revealed that the AFP enhancer caused enhanced HSV-tk expression in AFP-producing HCC cells and suppressed HSV-tk expression in non-HCC cells. Our results indicate that the AFP enhancer could give HCC selectivity to the pgk promoter, and that this novel strategy may be useful for HCC-selective cancer gene therapy.     

Cell-specific expression of the diphtheria toxin A-chain coding sequence under the control of the upstream region of the human alpha-fetoprotein gene

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Development of the system to express a suicide gene selectively in tumor cells is essential for gene therapy. We constructed a plasmid containing the diphtheria toxin A (DTA) fragment linked to human alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) promoter and enhancer, and tested whether it can exert its cytocidal effect selectively on AFP-producing cells. METHODS: The chloramphenical acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene or DTA gene was linked to the 5' upstream region of the AFP gene. The plasmids were transfected into AFP-producing or non-producing cells by the lipopolyamine-coated DNA method. Expression of CAT activity and effects on cell growth of transfected cells were assessed. RESULTS: When the AFP-producing cells HuH-7 or HepG2 were cotransfected with CAT reporter plasmid and pAF5.1DTA plasmid, the CAT activity was greatly suppressed. In contrast, cotransfection with pAF5.1DTA-R, the inversely inserted DTA gene, did not inhibit CAT activity. Furthermore, cell growth of HuH-7 cells transfected with pAF5.1DTA plasmid was significantly inhibited compared with HuH-7 cells transfected with DTA-R plasmid. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that selective killing of AFP-producing cells will be attained by introducing the DTA gene linked to the promoter and enhancer region of AFP.     

分子伴侣疫苗抗肿瘤的研究进展

目的：研究HBV启动子调控下的GFP报告基因在肿瘤细胞中的表达。方法：采用DNA重组技术,将GFPs65T和HBV的EⅡmCMV启动子（增强子）亚克隆到哺乳动物表达载体pcDNA3中,构建了pcDNA3-GFP,pcDNA3-GFP-EⅡpcDNA3-GFP-EⅡ-w3各上含GFP的重组质粒,在Lipofectin介导下分别转染Hela和Bel7402肿瘤细胞,经G418抗性筛选,挑选阳性克隆并扩大培养用于荧光和W estern blotting检测,利用GEL Doc2000数字成像系统对GFP蛋白表达进行定量分析。结果：酶切和电泳表明重组质粒构建正确 ;获得了稳定转染各质粒的阳性细胞克隆;经Western blotting检测,亲本和空载细胞的GFP值在本底范围,GFP转染的各细胞,均可检测到27kD 的GFP目的蛋白;EⅡmCMV启动子调控的Hela-GFP-EⅡ,Hela-GFP-EⅡ-w表达的GFP量均低于Hela-GFP;pcDNA3-GFP-EⅡ-w在Bel7402细胞中的表达量明显高于其在H ela细胞中的表达量。结果：HBV启动子调控下的GFP报告基因能够在肝癌Bel7402细胞中表达并具有一定的专一性。     

Targeting gene therapy for hepatocarcinoma cells with the E. coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase suicide gene system directed by a chimeric alpha-fetoprotein promoter

For hepatocarcinoma (HCC) gene therapy, the tumoricidal efficacy and selective expression of therapeutic gene remain two major challenges. The Escherichia coli (E. coli) purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP)/9-(2-deoxy-beta-dribofuranosyl)-6-methylpurine (MeP-dR) suicide gene system exhibits excellent anti-tumor effects, indicating this system directed by a HCC-specific promoter would offer a possibility of targeting gene therapy for HCC. To test this hypothesis, here, we prepared a plasmid (p[HRE]AF/PNP) containing the E. coli PNP/MeP-dR system and a chimeric human alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) promoter, [HRE]AF. We introduced this plasmid into AFP-positive and low-AFP-generating human HCC cells, and evaluated its therapeutic effects on both human HCC cell lines. In the presence of hypoxia, the E. coli PNP gene directed by the [HRE]AF promoter were HCC-specifically expressed in two human HCC cell lines and, moreover, the [HRE]AF-PNP/MeP-dR therapy would yield significant and selective cytotoxicity in both AFP-positive and low-AFP-generating HCC cells. Our findings suggest the [HRE]AF-PNP/MeP-dR therapy has worthy potentialities as an effective strategy for targeting therapy of AFP-positive, and especially AFP-negative or low-AFP-generating HCC.     

小鼠甲胎蛋白基因顺式调控元件的选择性克隆重组及功能研究

目的构建并选择肝癌特异性甲胎蛋白(AFP)基因启动元件。方法采用PCR方法从小鼠肝脏克隆AFP基因增强子I、抑制子和启动子,经过不同组合构建了两个真核表达载体:pEGFP-1-EP(含调控序列I:增强子I 启动子)和pEGFP-1-ERP(含调控序列II:增强子I 抑制子 启动子)。通过瞬时转染,采用荧光显微镜观察和流式细胞仪检测所构建调控序列分别在小鼠肝癌细胞株Hepa1-6、黑色素瘤细胞株B16和成纤维细胞株NIH3T3的活性。结果所得AFP基因增强子I、抑制子和启动子序列与Genebank中公布的相关序列一致;荧光显微镜下:pEGFP-1-EP和pEGFP-1-ERP转染Hepa1-6细胞呈强阳性反应,pEGFP-1(空载体)转染Hepa1-6和三种质粒转染的B16、NIH3T3细胞均呈阴性反应;流式细胞仪检测结果显示:pEGFP-1-EP转染Hepa1-6阳性细胞率和平均荧光强度高于pEGFP-1-ERP转染Hepa1-6细胞,两者阳性细胞率和平均荧光强度均高于pEGFP-1转染Hepa1-6细胞;pEGFP-1转染Hepa1-6和三种质粒转染B16、NIH3T3阳性细胞率和平均荧光强度均较低。结论我们所构建小鼠AFP基因调控序列I和调控序列II的启动活性均具有肝癌特异性,且前者高于后者,并选择调控序列I在下一步肝癌特异性基因治疗中使用。     

人MAGE-3真核表达载体的构建与表达

目的 克隆人黑色素瘤特异性抗原MAGE-3基因，构建真核表达载体，建立MAGE-3阳性细胞株，制备肿瘤核酸疫苗。方法 用RT—PCR方法扩增MAGE-3cDNA，以pcDNA3．1 为载体，构建重组表达质粒pcDNA3．1／MAGE-3。重组质粒用脂质体转染鼠B16细胞，经RT—PCR、细胞免疫染色及免疫印迹法鉴定转化细胞中MAGE-3的表达。结果 正确构建了pcDNA3．1／MAGE-3重组质粒，并且在转化细胞中检测到了MAGE-3的表达。结论 成功构建了pcDNA3．1／MAGE-3真核表达质粒，建立了稳定表达人MAGE-3的鼠B16细胞株。     

人脂肪酸合成酶FAS启动子的克隆及其在几种肿瘤细胞中的转录活性分析

目的:克隆人脂肪酸合成酶基因FAS启动子的序列,构建重组荧光素酶表达载体pGL3-FAS,并分析其在几种肿瘤细胞中的转录活性,为其作为肿瘤靶向基因治疗的工具提供依据。方法:以人基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增FAS启动子区680bp活性序列,经测序鉴定正确后,克隆至荧光素酶表达载体pGL3-enhancer中,构建成重组荧光素酶表达载体pGL3-FAS。将pGL3-FAS通过脂质体转染胃癌细胞系SGC-7901、人宫颈癌细胞系Hela、人乳腺癌细胞系SKBR3、人肝癌细胞系HepG2以及NIH3T3成纤维细胞系中,应用荧光素酶检测系统测定荧光素酶活性,通过内参校正得到相对转录活性。结果:成功扩增出大小约为680bp的FAS启动子序列,经测序鉴定与Genebank报道的一致。经酶切鉴定,成功构建重组荧光素酶表达载体pGL3-FAS。瞬时转染pGL3-FAS,发现其在SGC-7901、Hela、SKBR3、HepG2细胞中均具有较强的荧光素酶活性,且荧光素酶活性高于强启动子SV40驱动的pGL3-control载体;而在正常成纤维细胞中,转录活性较低。结论:FAS启动子在肿瘤细胞中具有强转录活性,而在正常细胞中转录活性很低,具有良好的肿瘤靶向性,为肿瘤靶向基因治疗提供理论依据。     

IL-24-TRAIL基因载体的构建及其对乳腺癌干细胞迁移和凋亡的影响

目的 构建真核表达载体pIRES-IL-24-TRAIL,探讨其对乳腺癌干细胞迁移和凋亡的影响。方法 以人胎盘组织总RNA为模板,采用RT-PCR二步法,扩增TRAIL的cDNA序列,将其克隆入pIRES载体,扩增IL-24的cDNA序列,将其克隆入pIRES- TRAIL载体,构建重组真核表达载体pIRESIL-24- TRAIL,以Lipofectamine2000转染技术,将质粒pIRES- IL-24-TRAIL导入乳腺癌干细胞MCF-7和MDA-MB-231,流式细胞仪检测各组细胞凋亡情况,划痕实验比较不同组间细胞迁移情况。结果（1）克隆到TRAIL、IL-24基因的cDNA序列,成功构建其真核表达载体。（2）流式细胞仪发现,实验组比对照组细胞凋亡率高(P<0.05)。（3）细胞划痕实验显示实验组细胞迁移能力明显低于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论 pIRES-IL-24-TRAIL构建成功,并能诱导乳腺癌干细胞凋亡、降低其迁移能力。     

Gene-viro-therapy targeting liver cancer by a dual-regulated oncolytic adenoviral vector harboring IL-24 and TRAIL

Cancer-targeting gene-viro-therapy is a promising cancer therapeutic strategy that strengthens the antitumor effect of oncolytic viruses by expressing an inserted foreign antitumor gene. To achieve liver cancer targeting and to improve the safety of the ZD55 vector (a widely-used E1B55KD gene-deleted oncolytic adenoviral vector (OV), we previously constructed), we designed a novel OV named Ad·AFP·D55 that selectively replicates in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells by replacing the E1A promoter with the liver-cancer specific α-Fetoprotein (AFP) promoter based on the ZD55 vector. We found that the oncolytic adenoviruses Ad·AFP·D55-IL-24 and Ad·AFP·D55-TRAIL express tumor-suppressor gene interleukin-24 (IL-24) and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), respectively, significantly suppressed the HCC cell growth in vitro by inducing apoptosis by the caspase-8 and mitochondria-dependent caspase-9 signaling pathways. Furthermore, the combined treatment of Ad·AFP·D55-IL-24 and Ad·AFP·D55-TRAIL showed strong antitumor effects in vivo by significantly inhibiting the tumor growth in HCC HuH-7 cell xenograft mice, and markedly increasing animal survival rate. Therefore, this novel HCC cell-targeting OV carrying tumor-suppressor genes may provide a promising approach for liver cancer gene therapy.     

CtBP1基因shRNA真核表达载体的构建及其干扰效果的初步鉴定

目的：构建C-末端结合蛋白-1（CtBP1）基因RNA干扰（RNAi）的真核表达载体,转染人子宫内膜癌耐药细胞株B-MD-C1（ADR＋/＋）,初步鉴定其干扰效果。方法：以人CtBP1基因为靶基因,以pGenesil-1质粒为载体,根据GenBank数据库提供的CtBP1基因核苷酸序列,选择设计两条siRNA干扰序列,将带9个碱基茎环结构的干扰序列插入带有绿色荧光蛋白（EGFP）基因、卡那霉素（Kanr）抗性基因及U6启动子的真核表达载体pGenesil-1中,构建针对CtBP1基因的shRNA真核表达载体,转化大肠杆菌DH5α菌株,提取质粒,进行限制性内切酶酶切鉴定和测序分析。确认载体构建成功后,用脂质体LipofectamineTM2000将重组质粒瞬时转染人子宫内膜癌耐药细胞株B-MD-C1（ADR＋/＋）,在荧光显微镜下观察绿色荧光蛋白表达,计数转染细胞数,计算转染效率,RT-PCR法检测载体对CtBP1基因的表达抑制效果。结果：构建针对CtBP1基因的pGenesil-1-CtBP1小发夹RNA（pGenesil-1-CtBP1-shRNA）,经限制性内切酶酶切、PCR和DNA测序证实与设计完全一致;在荧光显微镜下观察到B-MD-C1（ADR＋/＋）细胞表达绿色荧光蛋白（EGFP）,证实重组质粒己转染入细胞,转染效率达到60%-70%;RT-PCR结果显示B-MD-C1（ADR＋/＋）细胞中CtBP1基因被特异抑制,基因表达抑制率达40%以上,与转染试剂对照组、空白对照组和阴性序列对照组间的差异均具有统计学意义（P均〈0.05）。结论：成功构建CtBP1基因的shRNA表达载体,可以有效抑制B-MD-C1（ADR＋/＋）细胞上CtBP1基因表达。为进一步研究CtBP1基因功能进而逆转肿瘤的多药耐药奠定基础。     

人mda-7/IL-24对淋巴瘤细胞Namalwa的抑制作用

目的:研究黑素瘤分化相关基因-7(melanoma differentiation associated gene-7,mda-7,又称IL-24)对淋巴瘤细胞系Namalwa细胞的抑制作用。方法:用半定量RT-PCR方法检测10个造血系统恶性肿瘤细胞系(Namalwa、Raji、K562、NB4、U937、Ramous、CEM、KG1a、HL60、J6-1)中mda-7/IL-24的表达情况。用RT-PCR方法从活化的人外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)中克隆mda-7/IL-24编码区,构建真核表达载体pTarget-IL-24。经测序鉴定后,用脂质体法转染Namalwa细胞,筛选稳定表达细胞株。转染细胞经RT-PCR和Western blotting证实mda-7/IL-24的表达。通过MTF法、集落形成试验、流式细胞术、裸鼠体内成瘤实验来评价mda-7/IL-24对肿瘤细胞增殖、生长特性、集落形成、凋亡情况、体内致瘤能力的作用。结果:10个造血系统恶性肿瘤细胞系中未检测到mda-7/IL-24的表达;转染重组质粒pTarget-IL-24的Namalwa细胞在mRNA与蛋白水平都有mda-7/IL-24的表达;稳定表达mda-7/IL-24的Namalwa细胞增殖活力以及集落形成能力与转染空载体的对照组相比明显下降(P<0.05);但是两者的凋亡率比较无统计学意义。裸鼠体内移植瘤实验结果显示稳定表达mda-7/IL-24的Namalwa细胞株的致瘤性明显低于转染空载体的对照组(P<0.05)。结论:mda-7/IL-24对来源于Burkitt淋巴瘤的Namalwa细胞系具有明显的增殖抑制作用,为Burkitt淋巴瘤的基因治疗提供了新的思路。     

Inoculation of human interleukin-17 gene-transfected Meth-A fibrosarcoma cells induces T cell-dependent tumor-specific immunity in mice

OBJECTIVE: The biological activities of interleukin-17 (IL-17), a newly cloned cytokine, have not been fully elucidated. The present study was designed to assess the in vitro and in vivo effect of transfecting the IL-17 gene into tumor cells. METHODS: A complementary DNA (cDNA) encoding human IL-17 (hIL-17) was obtained by polymerase chain reaction amplification from the human CD4+ T cell cDNA library and inserted into the plasmid pRc/cytomegalovirus to construct an expression vector for the hIL-17 gene. Murine Meth-A fibrosarcoma cells were transfected with the hIL-17 gene using the lipofectin method. The hIL-17 gene-expressing clone (Meth-A/IL-17) was selected and analyzed for cytokine expression by Northern blot. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the in vitro proliferation rate among parent Meth-A, cells transfected with vector alone and Meth-A/IL-17 cells. When the tumor cells were transplanted subcutaneously into BALB/c nude (nu+/nu+) mice, there was no difference in in vivo growth rates among the three cell lines. Challenge with tumor cells in conventional BALB/c mice, however, resulted in the rejection of Meth-A/IL-17 cells, but the other two lines did grow. After immunization with Meth-A/IL-17 cells, the mice were rechallenged by parent Meth-A or syngeneic MOPC-104E plasmacytoma cells; the immunized mice rejected the Meth-A cells, but not the MOPC-104E cells. Injecting the anti-thy 1,2 (CD90), anti-CD4 or anti-CD8 monoclonal antibody into conventional BALB/c mice resulted in the resumption of in vivo growth of Meth-A/IL-17 cells, but injecting the anti-asialo GM1 antibody did not. Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis demonstrated a significant increase in the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II antigens and lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 on Meth-A/IL-17 cells. CONCLUSION: Meth-A cells transfected with the hIL-17 gene can induce tumor-specific antitumor immunity by augmenting the expression of MHC class I and II antigens, and both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells may play important roles in inducing antitumor immunity, suggesting the possibility of developing a tumor vaccine incorporating IL-17-transfected tumor cells.     

肿瘤特异性Survivin、Livin共沉默RNAi载体的构建及其在前列腺癌细胞中的RNA干涉作用

目的:构建含Survivin基因启动子的、肿瘤特异性Survivin、Livin共沉默RNAi载体,研究该载体在前列腺癌细胞中的RNA沉默作用。方法:运用分子克隆技术,选取Survivin、Livin基因RNAi特异性序列,构建以Survivin、Livin基因为靶点的、含Survivin启动子的CGM30 miR-30 shRNA载体。经测序验证,用脂质体法转染PC-3细胞,RT-PCR、免疫印迹实验检测Survivin、Livin的表达变化,并用流式细胞术检测转染后PC-3细胞的凋亡变化。结果:构建的共沉默RNAi重组载体转染PC-3细胞后,Survivin、Livin基因在mRNA和蛋白水平上的表达均明显下调（P＜0.01）,且转染后的细胞凋亡增加了约15％,而正常前列腺上皮BPH-1细胞中则无此作用。结论:成功构建了含Survivin启动子、特异性沉默Survivin、Livin基因表达的RNAi共沉默载体CGM30-SP-svv-liv,转染该重组质粒后可促进肿瘤细胞的凋亡。     

A tumor-specific conditionally replicative adenovirus vector expressing TRAIL for gene therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma

We constructed a novel hepatocellular carcinoma-specific conditionally replicative adenovirus (CRAd). This adenovirus, designated Ad.HS4.AFP.E1A/TRAIL, expresses E1A to mediate viral replication and TRAIL to enhance HCC-killing efficacy under the control of a modified AFP promoter. An insulator HS-4 was placed in front of the AFP promoter to enhance the fidelity of the heterologous promoter. This virus was shown to have specific cytolytic activity in AFP-expressing HCC cells in vitro. Furthermore, the replication efficiency of Ad.HS4.AFP.E1A/TRAIL correlated well with AFP expression of the host cells, showing a 100-fold and 1 000 000-fold decrease in the low-and non-AFP-expressing HCC cells, respectively, compared to the high AFP-expressing HCC cells. An increase in mRNA of TRAIL and the elevated Caspase-3 activity were also observed in Ad.HS4.AFP.E1A/TRAIL-infected HCC cells. These results indicated that TRAIL expression from the viral vector activated the Caspase-3 enzymatic capacity and the HCC cells were sensitive to TRAIL. In vivo, Ad.HS4.AFP.E1A/TRAIL effectively prevented the growth of low AFP-expressing BEL-7404 xenografts. These results indicate that Ad.HS4.AFP.E1A/TRAIL could provide a new strategy of gene therapy for HCC.