酸性成纤维细胞生长因子/胶原蛋白复合海绵的研制及其组织相容性

我们以牛跟腱和酸性成纤维细胞生长因子(acidic fibroblast growth factor,aFGF)为原料,研制了一种新型的创伤敷料--aFGF/胶原蛋白复合海绵,并检测了其物理性能和组织相容性,特别是在血液相容性方面,研究其作为医用生物材料的安全性.结果显示:制备的高剂量和低剂量aFGF/胶原蛋白复合海绵的急性毒性试验、刺激性试验结果均为阴性;复钙试验表明aFGF/胶原蛋白复合海绵复钙时间较长,具有较好的抗凝特性;溶血试验表明复合海绵对红细胞的破坏很小,符合生物材料的溶血性要求;血小板黏附试验表明aFGF/胶原蛋白复合海绵的血小板黏附量较少且未被激活,对血小板没有明显的破坏作用.结果表明,aFGF/胶原蛋白复合海绵具有较好的组织相容性,具备临床应用的可能性.     

壳聚糖-胶原海绵的研制及其应用研究

以壳聚糖、胶原为主要原料 ,研制一种新型的创伤敷料 ,并对其在临床上的应用进行初步的探讨。首先制备高纯度的胶原蛋白溶液 ,使之与壳聚糖溶液键合 ,冷冻干燥成为海绵体。然后进行毒理学检测 ,包括急性毒性试验、刺激性试验、过敏性试验和溶血性试验 ;并在骨科的开放性创面上进行了临床试验。壳聚糖 -胶原海绵的毒理学试验均呈阴性 ,在临床上有促进创面愈合 ,阻止渗液溢出的功效。因此 ,所研制的壳聚糖—胶原海绵无毒副作用 ,具有良好的临床疗效 ,具备推广应用的前景     

纤维化胶原蛋白海绵的制备及其自组装工艺

背景：传统的胶原蛋白海绵支架降解速度过快,机械强度低,在应用过程中容易塌陷,很难维持其固有形态,不能满足长期执行细胞支架功能的需要,常见的交联方式又存在细胞毒性或胶原蛋白变性等缺陷。目的：设计一种新的交联工艺,并对工艺条件进行优化,制备出力学性能和耐降解性能良好的胶原蛋白海绵支架材料。方法：通过体外自组装技术对胶原蛋白进行改性处理,制备具有丝状结构的胶原蛋白纤维,采用单因素分析考察初始胶原蛋白质量浓度、磷酸盐终浓度及pH值对胶原蛋白自组装转化率的影响;根据单因素实验结果,采用正交实验得到最佳胶原蛋白自组装工艺条件。将最佳工艺条件制备的胶原蛋白溶液与未进行改性处理的胶原蛋白溶液冷冻干燥得到胶原蛋白海绵,并进行表征。结果与结论：胶原蛋白体外自组装的最佳工艺为：初始胶原蛋白质量浓度为2 g/L,pH=8,磷酸盐终浓度为15 mmol/L,此时自组装转化率最大。扫描电镜显示改性处理胶原蛋白海绵具有纤维丝构成的网状结构,其溶胀率、保水率、机械强度均高于未改性处理胶原蛋白海绵(P < 0.05),克服了未改性处理胶原蛋白海绵降解过快的缺陷。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程     

胶原海绵医治体表出血创面的动物实验观察

目的 检测胶原海绵的类型及其对体表出血创面的影响；方法 利用酸碱法从牛腱提取精制可溶性胶原蛋白，冻干制成海绵状止血材料，用SDS－PAGE电泳分析胶原海绵的成分；观察用此胶原海绵治疗家兔耳部出血和体表感染创面止血情况；结果 由I型胶原蛋白组成的胶原海绵不仅止血时间短、减少出血量，而且能促进创面愈合；结论 胶原海绵可作为创面止血修复材料。     

肌腱缝合线生物相容性的实验研究

为了解肌腱缝合线的生物相容性，在细胞毒性实验的基础上，进行了全身急性毒性试验、热原试验、皮肤刺激试验、溶血试验等生物学研究。根据标准对试验数据进行分析和评估。结果显示人工肌腱缝合线的急性毒性试验、溶血试验、热原试验、皮肤刺激试验均为阴性，表明此种缝合线的生物相容性良好，是理想的医用生物材料。     

bFGF对人脐带间充质干细胞增殖及胶原产生的影响

 目的：观察碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（bFGF）对人脐带间充质干细胞（hUCMSCs）增殖及I、III型胶原产生的影响。方法：贴壁培养hUCMSCs, 流式细胞术分析其表面标记(CD45、CD34、CD105、CD29和HLA-DR),成脂及成骨诱导其分化,以鉴定其为间充质干细胞,确定bFGF促增殖最适浓度为20 μg/L。分为实验组和对照组,实验组添加 bFGF (20  μg/L) 于DMED/F12培养液中,对照组使用DMED/F12常规培养液。MTT法测定hUCMSCs 存活和增殖能力, 分析bFGF 对hUCMSCs 增殖的影响,RT-PCR测定其I、III型胶原 mRNA的变化;Western blotting测定其I、III型胶原蛋白的含量。结果：MTT生长曲线提示bFGF促进hUCMSCs的增殖。用含与不含bFGF培养基培养的hUCMSCs 均表达 CD29,不表达 CD34、CD45和 HLA-DR,油红O染色和茜素红染色阳性。RT-PCR结果显示了实验组 I、III型胶原mRNA表达较对照组减少(P<0.05)。Western blotting检测结果显示了实验组I、III型胶原蛋白的表达较对照组减少(P<0.05)。结论：bFGF可显著促进hUCMSCs增殖,且不改变细胞的表面标志物表达。bFGF对hUCMSCsⅠ、Ⅲ型胶原mRNA和蛋白的表达呈抑制效应,提示其在促进创面愈合的同时可能不会引起Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原蛋白沉积,从而减少瘢痕增生。     

交联透明质酸凝胶膜的制备及其生物相容性的研究

制备交联透明质酸凝胶膜并评价其生物相容性.本研究采用己二酸二酰肼作为交联剂制备交联透明质酸凝胶膜,并采用GB/T16886医疗器械生物学评价标准规定的方法,对凝胶膜进行体外溶血试验、细胞毒性试验、急性毒性试验、眼刺激试验、皮内反应试验、致敏试验以及鼠伤寒沙门氏菌回复突变试验、哺乳动物培养细胞染色体畸变试验和小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验等三项遗传毒性试验.结果表明交联透明质酸凝胶膜无溶血性、无眼刺激作用、无皮内刺激和致敏作用,未见急性毒性反应,细胞毒性0～1级;三项遗传毒性试验均为阴性.交联透明质酸凝胶膜具有良好的生物相容性,是一种理想的医用生物材料.     

胶原蛋白海绵对肝脏创伤止血的效果北大核心

背景:艾瑞金胶原蛋白海绵理化性能稳定,并已通过国家食品药品监督管理局的理化性能和生物相容性评价检测。目的:观察艾瑞金胶原蛋白海绵的止血效果。方法:取21只SD大鼠,建立肝脏出血创面,随机分3组干预:在实验组(n=7)肝脏创口内部植入艾瑞金胶原蛋白海绵,同时在肝脏切口表面外敷艾瑞金胶原蛋白海绵;在阳性对照组(n=7)肝脏创口内部植入医用胶原蛋白海绵,同时在肝脏切口表面外敷医用金胶原蛋白海绵;在空白对照组(n=7)肝脏切口表面外敷医用纱布,记录出血量及止血时间,干预后7,14,28 d进行肝脏创面组织学观察。结果与结论:①出血量及止血时间:3组出血量比较无差异;实验组、阳性对照组止血时间与空白对照组比较差异无显著性意义,实验组止血时间短于阳性对照组(P≤0.05);②肝脏创面组织学观察:实验组干预后7 d胶原材料被纤维结缔组织完全包裹,炎性细胞浸润以中性粒细胞为主,胶原材料开始降解,周边结缔组织内有新生毛细血管;干预后14 d,包裹胶原材料的纤维结缔组织明显增厚,中性粒细胞减少,巨噬细胞增多;干预后28 d,胶原材料完全降解,大部肝组织恢复正常,部分肝组织旁的炎性结缔组织中可看到巨噬细胞、单核细胞、成纤维细胞和毛细血管。阳性对照组情况类似于实验组。空白对照组干预后14 d创伤处结缔组织明显,肝窦含有红细胞,偶见肝组织内出血,空泡变性;干预后28 d,创口处具有较厚结缔组织,肝窦含有红细胞,被复肝星状细胞;③结果表明:艾瑞金胶原蛋白海绵对肝脏创伤止血效果明显,组织相容性好。     

人工血管管壁涂层生物材料的生物相容性评价

对人工血管管壁涂层的生物材料进行生物相容性的实验评价.按照国际标准,对相关单个和混合材料进行急性全身毒性试验、热源试验、溶血试验和细胞毒性试验. 结果表明:本实验涉及的生物材料胶原蛋白、聚乳酸以及混合组分材料均符合生物相容性评价实验的安全标准.说明胶原蛋白和聚乳酸作为复合型人工血管管壁涂层材料具有生物相容性和安全性,可为临床产品的研制提供依据.     

胶原蛋白海绵交联工艺的优化

背景：胶原蛋白材料具有良好的生物相容性和生物可降解性,但在临床应用过程中也暴露出了机械强度低、耐降解性能差等问题。大量研究报道,通过适当的交联可以改善胶原蛋白材料的缺陷,调控其多孔网络结构、溶胀性和降解性。 目的：优化胶原蛋白海绵的碳化二亚胺交联工艺,探讨其最佳工艺条件。 方法：利用碳化二亚胺对胶原蛋白海绵进行交联改性,得到具有疏松、多孔网络结构的胶原蛋白海绵,同时采用正交实验对交联工艺进行优化,单因素中选择碳化二亚胺浓度(5,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,100 mmol/L)、交联时间(2,4,6,8,12,16,20,24 h)及交联温度(5,10,15,20,25,30,35 ℃)为实验因子,以孔径、孔隙率、吸水性、降解率来筛选胶原蛋白海绵交联的最佳工艺。 结果与结论：当碳化二亚胺浓度为50 mmol/L、交联温度为20 ℃、交联时间为6 h时,胶原蛋白海绵的各项性能最为优越,为最优工艺条件,其中平均孔径大小为105 μm,孔隙率为79.45%,吸水率为287.14%,降解率最优为15.04%(2 d)。表明通过对胶原蛋白海绵的交联改性,极大提高了海绵的吸水性能和耐降解性能。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程全文链接：     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.