下颌前伸位对OSAS患者上气道形状的影响

目的 :探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者下颌从正中颌位至前伸位时上气道的形状变化及其规律。方法 :17名成年男性OSAS患者和 2名成年女性OSAS患者 ,分别在正中颌位和下颌前伸位进行仰卧位上气道及其周围结构的螺旋CT扫描。测量各层面上气道的矢状径和横径 ,计算各层面的上气道形状 ,并将正中颌位和前伸位时的测量结果进行比较。结果 :下颌前伸 ,不但舌咽和喉咽的矢状径增大 ,而且横向增宽更明显 ,包括了除喉咽以外的上气道各个层面。此外 ,腭咽在水平面的长轴位于横向的椭圆形状有进一步扁平的趋势。结论 :下颌前伸可以影响鼻咽、腭咽、舌咽和喉咽等各段的形态变化 ,这种变化包括矢状和横向以及气道的几何形状。上气道形态的变化不仅仅是下颌前伸的机械牵拉造成的 ,还有神经调节以及其他尚未知晓的因素的共同作用。     

2种不同正颌术式对骨性Ⅲ类错畸形患者上气道形态的影响

目的： 建立骨性Ⅲ类错畸形患者正颌手术前、后上气道三维模型，比较不同正颌术式对骨性Ⅲ类错畸形患者上气道各截面积及容积的影响。方法： 28例骨性Ⅲ类错畸形患者经正颌-正畸联合会诊，制定手术方案，分为2组，实验A组（12例）为单纯双侧下颌支矢状劈开术（BSSRO）后退，即单颌手术组，实验B组（16例）为下颌骨BSSRO 后退 +上颌骨Le Fort I型截骨术前移，即双颌手术组。所有患者于正颌手术前（T1）和术后3个月（T2）分别行CT扫描，基于CT图像，应用Dolphin Imaging 11.7软件建立包含腭咽、舌咽和喉咽腔在内的上气道三维模型，测量、比较2组患者在正颌手术前、后的上气道各截面、腔隙的矢状径、冠状径、横截面积和容积改变的差异。采用SPSS 16.0 软件包进行统计学分析。结果： 在腭咽段，实验A组手术后各项数值均较术前减小；实验B组手术后除冠状径外，其余数值均较术前增大，且2组变化有显著差异（P<0.05）。在舌咽段及喉咽段，2组手术后数值均减小。在横截面积和容积方面，实验A组较实验B组减小更加明显，2组的减小量有显著差异（P<0.05）。结论： 与单颌手术相比，双颌手术对骨性Ⅲ类错畸形患者上气道形态的减小改变影响较小。     

上颌快速扩弓联合前牵引对安氏Ⅲ类患者上气道和舌位置的影响

目的:评价上颌快速扩弓联合前牵引对安氏Ⅲ类错患者咽腔和舌位置的影响。方法:对17名不伴有呼吸障碍的青少年安氏Ⅲ类错患者实施上颌快速扩弓联合前牵引矫治。于矫治前后拍摄头颅侧位定位片,对矫治后舌位置、上气道矢状径及相关数据进行统计学分析。结果:矫治结束后患者反解除,上齿槽座点(A点)前移,下颌发生顺时针旋转,舌姿势处于与腭穹更加接近的位置,上气道矢状径增加。结论:上颌快速扩弓联合前牵引矫治可以在短期内增加上气道矢状径及改善舌位置,矫治结果有利于口颌形态及功能的改善。     

分体式口腔矫治器治疗OSAHS患者前后上呼吸道形态CBCT分析

目的 观察阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患者戴用分体式口腔矫治器前后呼吸功能及上呼吸道形态的变化,探讨口腔矫治器治疗OSAHS的机制.方法 对15例经多导睡眠仪监测确诊为轻、中度OSAHS患者,戴用口腔矫治器前及戴用矫治器3个月后的上呼吸道行CBCT扫描,运用MIMICS 10.01和AutoCAD2010对上气道各段的矢状径、横径、截面积以及容积等指标进行测量分析,并比较治疗前后OSAHS患者呼吸暂停指数（AI）、低通气指数（HI）、呼吸紊乱指数（AHI）和最低血氧饱和度（SaO2）等指标的变化.结果 戴用口腔矫治器治疗后,OSAHS患者上呼吸道腭咽和舌咽区域的矢状径、横径、横截面积和体积均明显增大（P＜0.05）,而鼻咽区域变化不明显.戴用口腔矫治器后呼吸暂停指数（AI）、低通气指数（HI）、呼吸紊乱指数（AHI）明显降低（P＜0.05）,最低血氧饱和度（SaO2）显著提高（P＜0.05）.结论 OSAHS患者戴用口腔矫治器后,可通过扩大上气道腭咽和舌咽区域,保持上气道气流通畅,改善患者的呼吸功能而达到治疗目的.     

牵引成骨技术治疗小下颌畸形伴OSAS效果的初步报告

目的分析评价下颌骨牵引延长治疗小下颌畸形伴阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征后,患者上呼吸道、睡眠呼吸暂停指数及血的变化,方法 对５例小下颌畸形伴ＯＳＡＳ患者应用口内型牵引器行牵引颌骨牵引成骨管长下颌骨体、前伸下颌骨、扩大咽腔。结果 ５例下颌骨体最大牵引幅度为２４．４０ｍｍ最小牵引幅度８．５０ｍｍ。在小颌畸形得到明显改善的同时,患者咽腔扩大,睡眠呼吸暂停指数明显下降,血氧饱和度显著上升。最长随访时间１１个月     

下颌逐步前伸对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者舌咽部影响的三维有限元研究

目的 通过下颌逐步前伸对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患者舌咽部三维有限元模型进行加载,观察OSAHS患者舌咽部生物力学和形态学改变。方法 对OSAHS患者上气道行薄层CT扫描,获得OSAHS患者上气道DICOM格式的图像信息,采用Mimics10.0、Imageware10.0和Ansys8.0软件建立上气道、下颌骨、舌骨及 相关周围结构的三维有限元模型,然后通过逐步前伸下颌骨,观察舌咽部生物力学和形态的变化及规律。结果 成功建立了OSAHS患者上气道及结构的三维有限元模型。通过逐步前伸下颌骨,舌咽部发生相应形态变化,其主要表现为：上气道舌咽部会厌尖横截面横径增加,而上气道舌咽部会厌尖横截面矢状径减小;S1主应力主要分布于上气道前壁区肌肉牵拉处,应力位置未发生明显改变,舌咽部主应力值随下颌前伸距离增加而不断增加。结论 使用Mimics、Imageware和Ansys软件提高了建模效率和模型的精确性。通过对整体有限元模型的下颌逐步前伸加载,有效展示了下颌骨前伸与舌咽部两者之间的关系,研究方法可行。     

颅外固定牵引矫治重度小下颌畸形伴阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征六例报告

目的探讨使用颅外固定牵引装置矫治儿童患者小下颌畸形伴发阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome，OSAHS）。方法6例均为双侧颞下颌关节强直伴重度小下颌畸形及OSAHS患者。男性4例，女性2例，年龄1．5～14岁。全麻下颌下手术入路，下颌骨体部截骨并在远心骨段小型钛板固定，然后安置颅外固定牵引装置并与下颌骨上的钛板连接。同内置式牵引成骨方案。结果6例手术前后面型、后气道间隙和多道睡眠监测结果均有明显改变，患者术后睡眠及日间状态恢复正常，未发生术后不良反应。4个月后拆除牵引装置及固定钛板，牵引区新骨生长良好。结论治疗重度小下颌畸形伴OSAHS时颅外固定牵引装置具有手术简便、成骨质量好、牵引幅度大、牵引方向精确并可调等优点，特别适于下颌骨体积过小、无法安放较长内置式下颌骨牵引器的儿童患者。     

双侧下颌支矢状劈开截骨术后咽腔气道的变化

目的：通过头影测量分析骨性下颌前突患者双侧下颌支矢状劈开截骨术后咽腔气道的变化,为术后保持与防止复发提供依据。方法骨性下颌前突患者20例,均接受口内入路的下颌支矢状劈开截骨术。术前1周、术后1周、术后6个月拍摄标准颅颌侧位片进行头影测量,通过治疗前、后对照,比较下颌支矢状劈开截骨术后咽腔气道的改变。采用SPSS 17.0 软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果术后1周与术前1周相比,软腭长度显著增加,咽腔气道显著减小;术后6个月咽腔气道有所恢复,与术后1周相比软腭长度显著减小,咽腔气道显著增加;术后6个月与术前1周相比,软腭长度及咽腔气道变化无显著差异。结论骨性下颌前突患者行双侧下颌支矢状劈开截骨术后短期内咽腔气道较术前显著减小,可能加大发生睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的几率。但经过一段时间的组织适应和改建后,咽腔气道有恢复至术前宽度的趋势。     

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唇腭裂患者常伴有不同程度的颌骨畸形,需要进行正颌外科治疗,手术方法包括常规正颌外科手术和上颌骨牵引成骨术。常规正颌外科手术最常用的是Le Fort Ⅰ型截骨术,适用于轻至中度的上颌后缩畸形,有时还需要配合双侧下颌升支矢状劈开截骨术(BSSRO)和颏成形术,以进一步改善面型和咬合关系。上颌骨牵引成骨术可采用外置式或内置式牵引器进行,截骨线可根据治疗需要采用Le Fort Ⅰ型截骨线或上颌前部截骨线。正颌外科和牵引成骨术各有其优点和局限性,如何选择合适的治疗方案应综合分析患者病情及医生临床经验,并与患者充分沟通,才能取得良好的矫治效果。     

TMJ强直患者头影测量与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征关系的…

本研究通过１４例颞下颌关节强直继发阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者的产砂影测量结果和多导睡眠检测结果上关分析研究，初步建立睡眠呼吸暂停指数与最小矢状咽径（ＰＡＳ）和舌、软腭占口腔腔比例（ＴＳＡ／ＯＰＡ）间的相关关系，及睡眠时最低血氧饱和度水平与最小矢状咽径间的关系。研究结果显示：最小矢状咽径与ＡＩ呈显著负相关，舌和软腭占口咽腔比例与ＡＩ呈显著正相关关系；与最低血氧饱和度水平呈显著负相关关系。     

计算机辅助测量唇腭裂继发颌骨畸形患者手术前后口腔及气道容积的变化

目的 采用计算机辅助三维重建技术,测量并比较单侧完全性唇腭裂继发颌骨畸形患者双颌手术前后固有口腔(oral cavity proper)及上气道容积的变化,评估数字外科引导下正颌手术对于患者气道及语音的影响.方法 获取2015年7月至2019年12月收治的5例单侧完全性唇腭裂继发颌骨畸形患者接受双颌手术前后口腔CBCT...     

牵张成骨序列治疗颞下颌关节强直及继发畸形

目的:回顾我院应用牵张成骨序列治疗颞下颌关节强直及继发颌面部畸形的效果.方法:40例关节强直患者,平均年龄24.5岁(9～53岁),其中单侧强直11例,双侧29例,伴发OSAHS者27例.所有患者一期手术牵张成骨,二期手术拆除牵张器并同期行颞下颌关节成形术,同期或三期行正颌手术改善面部外形.通过术前术后最大张口度、面型及打鼾症状改善情况评估治疗效果.结果:关节成形术后40例患者张口度基本恢复正常,面型均得到显著改善,打鼾症状全部消失.经过4～72个月(平均20.5个月)的随访,4例患者关节强直复发.结论:应用一期牵张成骨二期关节成形治疗颞下颌关节强直及继发畸形能够精确控制面型和气道的改变.     

The Early Psychological Adjustment of Cleft Patients After Maxillary Distraction Osteogenesis and Conventional Orthognathic Surgery: A Preliminary Study

PURPOSE: To compare the early psychological changes of cleft lip and palate (CLP) and noncleft patients after maxillofacial corrective surgery, including maxillary distraction osteogenesis and conventional orthognathic surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nine CLP patients were compared with a group of 9 non-CLP patients having similar dentofacial deformities in a prospective longitudinal cohort study. Five of the CLP patients underwent maxillary distraction osteogenesis and 4 underwent conventional orthognathic surgery. A control group of 9 noncleft patients received conventional orthognathic surgery. All patients completed a set of questionnaires to enable their psychological profile to be assessed. The data were collected immediately before surgery (T1), and at 3 weeks (T2) and 12 weeks (T3) after surgery. RESULTS: The CLP patients treated with distraction osteogenesis were happier, but had a higher level of social anxiety and distress than the CLP patients receiving conventional orthognathic surgery. On the other hand, the CLP patients overall were happier, with lower social anxiety and distress, than the noncleft control group. The CLP patients showed a higher level of parental self-esteem than the noncleft patients. CONCLUSION: This preliminary study shows that CLP patients were generally happier, and had a higher level of parental support, than normal patients suffering from dentofacial deformities. Maxillary distraction osteogenesis seemed to induce a higher level of anxiety and distress in CLP patients than conventional orthognathic surgery in both cleft and noncleft patients.     

The effect of cranio-maxillofacial osteotomies and distraction osteogenesis on speech and velopharyngeal status: a critical review.

OBJECTIVES: To review the impact of maxillary advancement by orthognathic surgery and distraction osteogenesis on speech and velopharyngeal status based on the literature of the past 30+ years, to review the methods employed in previous studies to explain discrepancies in results, and to make recommendations for future studies. METHOD: Thirty-nine published articles on the effect of cranio-maxillofacial osteotomies and distraction osteogenesis on speech and velopharyngeal status were identified and were systematically analyzed. A total of 747 cases of cleft and noncleft patients were selected, including craniofacial deformities and syndromes mainly involving maxillary hypoplasia. RESULTS: Findings varied. Many studies found that surgery had no impact on speech and velopharyngeal status. Some reported worsening only in patients with preexisting velopharyngeal impairment or those with borderline velopharyngeal function before surgery. There was no clear difference in outcome between distraction and conventional osteotomy, although there have been few systematic comparisons. There was great variation among reviewed studies in the number of subjects, speech sample, number and type of listeners, speech outcome measures, and timing of postoperative assessment. Few studies employed reliability measures. CONCLUSION: None of the 39 reviewed studies compared conventional osteotomy and distraction by including both groups in a single study. Randomized controlled trials with adequate number of subjects and follow-up duration are needed.     

The sequential treatment of temporomandibular joint ankylosis with secondary deformities by distraction osteogenesis and arthroplasty or TMJ reconstruction

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sequential treatment of patients with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis and secondary deformities by distraction osteogenesis and subsequent arthroplasty or TMJ reconstruction. This study included 40 patients treated at a stomatological hospital in China; they ranged in age from 9 to 53 years (mean age 24.5 years). Ten of these patients were diagnosed with unilateral TMJ ankylosis and 30 with bilateral TMJ ankylosis. Twenty-seven patients also presented obstructive sleep apnoea–hypopnoea syndrome (OSAHS). All patients underwent distraction osteogenesis as the initial surgery, followed by arthroplasty or TMJ reconstruction. Some patients underwent orthognathic surgery to improve occlusion and face shape along with or after arthroplasty or TMJ reconstruction. The therapeutic effects were evaluated in terms of the improvements in maximum inter-incisal opening (MIO), appearance, and respiratory function. After the completion of treatment, all patients showed improvements in MIO and appearance, and the symptom of snoring disappeared. The airway space was significantly increased. Patient follow-up ranged from 6 to 85 months (mean 28.3 months), and four patients experienced relapse. This study suggests that treating TMJ ankylosis with secondary deformities by distraction osteogenesis as the initial surgery and arthroplasty or TMJ reconstruction as the second-stage treatment may achieve favourable outcomes, especially for patients with OSAHS; however, some patients may require orthognathic surgery.     

正颌外科治疗颞下颌关节强直伴阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征

目的 评价正颌外科手术治疗颞下颌关节强直伴阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)的效果。方法 12例颞下颌关节强直伴OSAS患者(男4例，女8例，年龄10～25岁，平均18．4岁；双侧颞下颌关节强直8例，单侧颞下颌关节强直4例)，采用颞下颌关节成形术、下颌矢状劈开前徙术、颏前徙成形术、舌骨悬吊术以及牵张成骨术移动下颌骨和舌骨。术后随访3～36个月。结果 12例患者张口度由术前的0～2mm增大到术后25～40mm；术后患者颜面形态明显改善；其连续血氧饱和度最低值由术前的42％提高至术后的90％以上，睡眠呼吸障碍解除和睡眠质量获得提高。结论 在颞下颌关节强直伴OSAS患者的治疗中，行颞下颌关节成形术的同时，辅助正颌外科手术，不仅可以增大患者的张口度，而且还能解决患者下颌后缩的畸形，同时解除上气道狭窄，从而缓解或纠正患者的低氧血症。     

Effect of maxillary distraction osteogenesis on velopharyngeal function: a pilot study

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine preoperative and postoperative changes of velopharyngeal function in cleft patients who underwent maxillary distraction osteogenesis using the Rigid External Distraction System. STUDY DESIGN: Six cleft patients followed for a minimum of 12 months after maxillary distraction were examined. Plain and contrast lateral-cephalograms were obtained preoperatively and postoperatively, and speech evaluation was performed by the same authorized speech therapist at the same time points. RESULTS: The mean distraction amount at the anterior nasal spine was 11.7 mm (range, 7.4 mm - 15.0 mm). Both the nasopharyngeal depth and velar length increased after maxillary distraction, but the need ratio (nasopharyngeal depth/velar length) also increased after distraction. Although scores for velopharyngeal closure dropped a few points after maxillary distraction, the rating for hypernasality remained unchanged in all patients but the patient whose distraction amount was 15.0 mm. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that maxillary distraction of less than 15 mm may not markedly affect velopharyngeal function in cleft patients.     

Maxillary distraction versus orthognathic surgery in cleft lip and palate patients: effects on speech and velopharyngeal function

This clinical randomized controlled trial was performed to compare the effects of distraction osteogenesis (DO) and conventional orthognathic surgery (CO) on velopharyngeal function and speech outcomes in cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients. Twenty-one CLP patients who required maxillary advancement ranging from 4 to 10 mm were recruited and randomly assigned to either CO or DO. Evaluation of resonance and nasal emission, nasoendoscopic velopharyngeal assessment and nasometry were performed preoperatively and at a minimum of two postoperative times: 3–8 months (mean 4 months) and 12–29 months (mean 17 months). Results showed no significant differences in speech and velopharyngeal function changes between the two groups. No correlation was found between the amount of advancement and the outcome measures. It was concluded that DO has no advantage over CO for the purpose of preventing velopharyngeal incompetence and speech disturbance in moderate cleft maxillary advancement.