食物嵌塞的病因及治疗

食物嵌塞在临床很常见熏治疗方法也较多熏但效果却难以令人满意。本文旨在对其发病原因和治疗方法作一综述熏为更好地解决这个问题提供参考和依据。     

食物嵌塞的病因及治疗

食物嵌塞在临床很常见，治疗方法也较多，但效果却难以令人满意。本文旨在对其发病原因和治疗方法作一综述，为更好地解决这个问题提供参考和依据。     

牙龈退缩的病因及治疗

牙龈退缩是口腔临床的常见症状之一。该文分析了牙龈退缩的病因,对牙龈退缩治疗的研究情况进行了综述。     

灼口综合征治疗方法的研究进展

灼口综合征(burning mouth syndrome,BMS)是一种病因不明、临床表现多样的慢性黏膜疼痛性疾病,又称舌痛症、舌感觉异常、口腔黏膜感觉异常等,临床上常有烧灼不适感,也可伴有口干、味觉异常等症状,但黏膜表面不伴有明显的临床损害特征,也无特征性的组织病理变化,患者常在夜间疼痛加剧。该病主要发生在舌部,也可以发生在唇、腭、颊等部位,女性多见,特别是更年期及绝经后的中年女性。其病因和发病机制尚不明确,可能与局部刺激因素、内分泌失调、精神心理因素、全身因素及神经性因素等相关。近年来,随着BMS发病率的上升,国内外学者对BMS的治疗做了许多研究,该疾病的治疗方法也层出不穷,主要有药物治疗、心理治疗、低能量激光治疗、中医治疗等。治疗BMS的传统方法是谷-核-E疗法,即谷维素-核黄素-维生素E联合治疗,而目前研究的热点是低能量激光治疗。但因其病因及发病机制仍不明确,尚没有确切的手段来治疗BMS,同时也缺乏全面、系统的治疗方案。因此,本文就近年来灼口综合征治疗方法的相关研究进展做一综述。     

灼口综合征的病因及治疗

灼口综合征（Burning Mouth Syndrome,BMS)临床发病率较高，在口腔粘膜病中占第三位，可能的诱发因素为局部过敏，刺激，感染，系统因素为更年期雌激素水平降低，营养缺乏，神经生理功能紊乱，而精神心理障碍可能是BMS最重要的原因。治疗的方法有去除局部刺激及感染，雌激素替代疗法，补充维生素及心理治疗。多种疗法联合治疗效果较好。     

味觉异常的病因和治疗研究进展

味觉异常是一种以味觉异常变化为特征的疾病,易导致患者出现食欲不振、体重减轻、营养不良,严重时甚至影响其身心健康,使其生活质量降低。味觉异常的病因、发病机制尚不明确,可能的致病因素较繁杂,目前尚无公认有效的检查方法和治疗方式。该类患者大多选择先于口腔科就诊。本文总结了现有研究下的味觉异常的定义、分类、病因、检查方法、治疗方式、预后,以及常见的伴发于其他疾病的味觉异常,为口腔临床医生对于该类患者的诊疗提供备选方案。     

老年人牙齿敏感症的非龋性病因分析和治疗

目的：通过对牙体敏感症状非龋性疾病的分析。寻找适当的治疗方法,以提高老年人的口腔健康水平和生活质量。方法：选择两年来因牙齿敏感症到专家门诊就诊的616例,分龋性和非龋性病因,重点分析非龋性病因的疾病种类。结果：216例535颗非龋性牙体敏感症中,磨损中占第一位（42％）,牙隐裂（25．8％）占第二位,位居第三位和第四位的是楔状缺损（15．2％）和根外露（14．0％）,结论：对老年人牙体敏感症只要诊断正确,治疗方法得当,均能收到理想效果,能显著延长牙齿寿命,以维护老年人口腔的身心健康。     

口臭的病因、诊断及治疗

口臭病因不明,可分为口源性口臭、非口源性口臭,如系统性疾病和精神性口臭;检查手段有化学分析法、感官感受分析法、冷凝水浴法、牛奶漱口氧耗竭试验、BANA分析、电子鼻等;治疗常需牙科、内科、耳鼻 喉科、精神科医生与药师和配膳师等配合,协同治疗。     

Drooling of saliva: a review of the etiology and management options

Drooling of saliva appears to be the consequence of a dysfunction in the coordination of the swallowing mechanism, resulting in excess pooling of saliva in the anterior portion of the oral cavity and the unintentional loss of saliva from the mouth. Drooling can produce significant negative effects on physical health and quality of life, especially in patients with chronic neurological disabilities. Various approaches to manage this condition have been described in the literature, including oral motor therapy, behavior modification via biofeedback, orofacial regulation therapy, drug therapy, radiotherapy, and surgical treatments. Minimally invasive modalities, such as injection of botulinum toxin, photocoagulation, and acupuncture, have also been reported. This article provides a comprehensive and thorough overview of drooling, with an emphasis on understanding its etiologies and modalities of treatment.     

The etiology and management of gagging: a review of the literature

Gagging in dental patients can be disruptive to dental treatment and may be a barrier to patient care, preventing the provision of treatment and the wearing of prostheses. This article reviews the literature on the gagging problem from English-language peer-reviewed articles from the years 1940 to 2002 found by conducting an electronic search of PubMed, coupled with additional references from citations within the articles. Dentally relevant articles have been cited wherever evidence exists, and a balanced view given in situations where there is controversy. The first section considers the normal gag reflex and factors that may be associated with the etiology of gagging, including anatomical and iatrogenic factors, systemic disorders, and psychological conditions. A review of the management of patients with an exaggerated gag reflex follows and includes strategies to assist clinicians.     

A review and proposal for the etiology of acute necrotizing gingivitis

There are numerous correlations between features of acute necrotizing gingivitis (ANG) and virus infections, notably cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections. The age range of occurrence of seroconversions to CMV positive and occurrence of ANG correlate both in industrialized countries (young adults) and in underdeveloped countries (young children). A depression in cell-mediated immunity, as evidenced by a decrease in T-lymphocyte helper/suppressor ratio and decreased responsiveness to the mitogen ConA, has been shown to occur in both CMV infection and ANG. There is a higher incidence of both CMV infection and ANG in young male homosexuals. These and other correlations, taken together, argue for a fundamental role for virus in ANG etiology.     

An update of the etiology and management of xerostomia

Salivary gland disease gives rise to salivary gland enlargement, pain, and prolonged xerostomia (dry mouth). Xerostomia is the most common long-standing problem for the majority of affected patients. There are many causes of dry mouth, with long-standing xerostomia being a particular problem in Sj?gren's syndrome and after radiation to the head and neck region. Xerostomia is usually managed with saliva substitutes, but a large number of potential systemic therapies of long-standing xerostomia now exist. Some-particularly immunosuppressants-are of fundamental interest for the potential reduction of gland damage in Sj?gren's syndrome but as yet are of limited clinical usefulness. Others, particularly pilocarpine and cevimeline, are, or have the potential to be, clinically useful in stimulating salivation by virtue of their action on cholinergic receptors.     

Isolated sphenoid sinus mucocele: etiology and management

Sphenoid isolated lesions are rare; they occur in 2% to 3% out of all paranasal sinus lesions. Diagnosis is based on the endoscopic examination and computed tomography scan or magnetic resonance imaging of the maxillofacial area. In this study, we present patients with sphenoid mucocele in the Maxillo-facial Surgery Department, University of Rome La Sapienza, treated with the endoscopic technique. Moreover, a literature review is performed, dealing with the evolution of approaches to the sphenoid sinus. From January 2001 to January 2007, we treated 75 patients affected by paranasal sinus mucocele. Out of this number, 8 patients (11%) presented an isolated localization in the sphenoid sinus. These patients were divided as follows: 5 involved the right sphenoid sinus and 3 involved the left sphenoid sinus. Isolated sphenoid sinus disease is a rare entity that can result in serious sequelae if diagnosis and treatment are inappropriately delayed. In our study, we highlighted how the endoscopic approach allows the removal of even large mucocele with the use of 45-degree angle optic and if it is possible to control and remove lateral walls of the sphenoid sinus. In our experience, we shifted from a traditional approach to the endoscopic approach. At the present time, the endoscopic approach represents the gold standard for sphenoid sinus mucocele treatment because it allows the best view of the sphenoid sinus and grants a better restoring of respiratory function and a higher compliance from the patient.     

龋病病因学与发病机制研究的回顾龋病学研究百年回顾与展望之五

本文扼要介绍白Miller提出化学细菌学说以来有关龋病病因的研究和论点。对龋病的病变机制和引发龋病的细菌特异性问题也作了回顾。     

Cavernous hemangioma of the palate. A review of etiology, pathogenesis and treatment options

Cavernous hemangiomas of the palate are a rare but not infrequent sighting in the oral and maxillofacial region. The etiology and pathogenesis of these lesions are not definitively understood and are currently being explored. Treatment options usually include, but are not limited to, surgical excision of the lesion. Alternative management paradigms should be considered when dealing with this type of lesion. Precaution should be taken before any surgical intervention.