局部匀场在磁共振全身弥散成像中的应用

目的探讨局部匀场在磁共振全身弥散成像中的应用,提高全身弥散成像的质量。材料与方法对40例行全身弥散扫描成像的患者,在容易出现截断伪影的颈部和胸部交界处分别添加局部匀场和未添加局部匀场,扫描完成后经3D最大信号投影(maximum intensity projection,MIP)法重建,观察是否有截断伪影的出现。结果添加局部匀场后图像的截断伪影明显减少,添加匀场和未添加匀场图像质量之间的差异具有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论局部匀场在提高磁共振全身弥散成像质量,防止截断伪影的出现上具有重要的意义。     

磁共振功能成像在三叉神经痛中的研究进展

三叉神经痛(trigeminal neuralgia,TN)表现为分布于三叉神经面部支配区突发的剧烈电击样短暂疼痛,发病机制包括"周围致病学说"和"中枢致病学说",前者以"血管压迫学说"为代表,支持血管压迫导致三叉神经脱髓鞘,进而神经传导通路受损;后者突出"中枢神经系统"在三叉神经痛的产生及维持过程中作用。作者将从扩散张量成像技术(diffusion tensor imaging,DTI)、静息态功能磁共振成像(resting-state functional MRI,rs-fMRI)及基于体素的形态学分析方法(voxel-based morphometry,VBM)这三个方面展开,综述功能磁共振成像在三叉神经痛中的研究进展。     

多模态MRI在阿尔茨海默病早期诊断中的研究进展

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)是发生于中老年人中最常见的中枢神经系统退行性疾病,以进行性认知障碍和行为非认知功能能力的减低为主要症状。近年来,随着磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)多种序列的逐渐成熟,多模态MRI诊断在AD早期诊断中占有越来越重要的角色;作者就磁共振成像中结构性磁共振(structural magnetic resonance imaging,s MRI)、磁共振波谱成像(magnetic resonance spectroscopy,MRS)、磁共振弥散张量成像(diffusion tensor imaging,DTI)和磁共振扩散峰度成像(diffusion kurtosis imaging,DKI)、磁敏感加权成像(susceptibility weighted imaging,SWI)和定量磁敏感成像(quantitative susceptibility mapping,QSM)及静息态功能磁共振(functional MRI,f MRI)在AD早期诊断中的应用进行综述。     

磁共振功能成像在胎盘中的应用进展

胎盘功能的评估对理解和诊断胎盘疾病至关重要。近年来,磁共振功能成像越来越多地应用于胎盘的动物实验和临床研究,能够提供胎盘的血流灌注、氧合状态、组织扩散和代谢等功能信息,具有较高的研究价值和良好的临床应用前景。     

乙肝后肝硬化患者局灶性脑白质高信号与轻微型肝性脑病相关性的MRI研究

目的探讨乙肝后肝硬化患者局灶性脑白质高信号(white matter hyperintensity,WMH)与轻微型肝性脑病(minimal hepatic encephalopathy,MHE)的关系。材料与方法前瞻性收集在我院就诊的乙肝后肝硬化患者38例,其中包括无肝性脑病(non hepatic encephalopathy,n HE)20例,MHE 18例。所有受试者接受神经心理学测验、血液生化检查以及头部磁共振扫描。由2名神经影像医师根据液体衰减反转恢复序列图像评估受试者局灶性WMH的有无及严重程度:Fazekas量表评分0~1分为无或轻度局灶性WMH,Fazekas量表评分≥2分为中重度局灶性WMH。比较n HE与MHE两组间年龄、性别、肝硬化病程、肝功能Child-Pugh分级、静脉血氨浓度、局灶性WMH有无及严重程度的差异;采用多因素logistic回归分析肝硬化患者伴发MHE的独立预测因素;采用Spearman等级相关分析肝硬化患者局灶性WMH与认知功能的相关性。结果在年龄、性别匹配的前提下,MHE组与n HE组相比,中重度局灶性WMH的患者更多,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);肝硬化病程、肝功能Child-Pugh分级、静脉血氨浓度在两组间差异无统计学意义(P值均0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析表明中重度局灶性WMH是肝硬化患者伴发MHE的独立预测因素(OR=18.62,95%CI:2.43~142.86;P0.05)。Spearman等级相关显示:肝硬化患者局灶性WMH的严重程度与数字连接测验-A的完成时间呈显著正相关(r=0.617,P0.01),与数字符号测验及数字广度测验评分呈显著负相关(r=-0.695,P0.01;r=-0.558,P0.01)。结论肝硬化患者的中重度局灶性WMH是MHE的独立预测因素,提示患者可能伴发MHE。     

子宫颈癌IVIM与DCE-MRI灌注相关性研究

目的分析体素内不相干运动(introvoxel incoherent motion,IVIM)与磁共振动态增强扫描(dynamic contrast enhanced MRI,DCE-MRI)两种模型评估子宫颈癌血流灌注参数的相关性,并探讨两种模型参数对不同病理类型子宫颈癌的诊断价值。材料与方法搜集我院2016年4月至2017年6月初诊子宫颈癌53例,所有患者于治疗前行MRI检查,包括IVIM及DCE-MRI序列,测量IVIM的灌注参数D*值、f值,计算两者的乘积f D*值,测量DCE-MRI的参数K~(trans),K_(ep)、Ve值。采用Spearman法分析全部子宫颈癌组、子宫颈鳞癌组及子宫颈腺癌组各参数的相关性。采用独立样本t或t'检验比较各参数在子宫颈鳞癌与腺癌组的差异,并进行ROC曲线分析。结果全部子宫颈癌组,D*及f D*均与DCE-MRI各参数呈轻度至中度正相关(r值:0.357~0.672),而f与DCE-MRI各参数均无相关性。D*与Ktrans在子宫颈腺癌组呈高度正相关性(r=0.900),而在鳞癌组呈轻度至中度正相关(r=0.669)。宫颈腺癌的f、K~(trans)、K_(ep)值均高于宫颈鳞癌(P值:0.002~0.013),ROC曲线分析曲线下面积为0.788、0.749及0.722,以f值0.29为临界值,诊断子宫颈腺癌的敏感度、特异度及准确率分别为63.64%,92.86%及86.79%。结论不同病理类型子宫颈癌的IVIM及DCE-MRI模型灌注参数均呈正相关,f、Ktrans及Kep值有助于子宫颈鳞癌和腺癌的鉴别。     

高分辨MR颅内血管壁成像技术研究及临床应用新进展

颅内动脉病变导致的动脉狭窄是缺血性脑卒中的主要风险之一,其病因包括动脉粥样硬化、动脉夹层、动脉炎、烟雾病等。高分辨MR血管壁成像(high resolution magnetic resonance vascular wall imaging,HR-MR VWI)是目前唯一可在体进行颅内血管壁成像的无创检查技术,具有高空间分辨率、对比-噪声比等优势,能鉴别诊断颅内动脉粥样硬化、动脉夹层、动脉炎、烟雾病等,为临床诊断和指导治疗提供重要信息和依据。作者就3.0 T高分辨率MR颅内血管壁成像技术及临床应用进展予以综述。     

动态对比增强磁共振成像对急性胰腺炎血流灌注的研究

目的研究动态对比增强磁共振成像(dynamic contrast enhanced MRI,DCE-MRI)对急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis,AP)的诊断价值。材料与方法本研究获得我院伦理委员会批准,受检者均签署知情同意书。搜集我院经临床确诊的AP患者45例及对照组20例。使用3.0 T磁共振对所有患者行T1WI、T2WI、脂肪抑制T2WI、多反转角T1WI-LAVA及T1WI-LAVA动态对比增强扫描序列,并通过Omni-Kinetics Version V2.0.10后处理软件Omitk DCEMRITool工具对多反转角T1WI-LAVA及T1WI-LAVA动态对比增强图像进行后处理,获得AP与对照组胰腺DCE-MRI灌注参数Ktrans、Vp、AUC值。用Wilcoxon符号秩和检验比较对照组胰头、体、尾灌注参数两两之间的差异。用Wilcoxon秩和检验比较对照组与AP组灌注参数的差异。结果 AP组的Ktrans、Vp、AUC值分别为(0.417,0.132~0.746)ml/min、(0.058,0.028~0.12)、(4.467,3.594~7.447);对照组胰腺的Ktrans、Vp、AUC值分别为(0.762,0.389~0.918)ml/min,(0.222,0.111~0.347),(6.597,4.646~9.226)。AP组胰腺的Ktrans、Vp,AUC值低于对照组,且差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。对照组胰头、体、尾的Vp值两两比较差异无统计学意义(P均0.05),对照组胰头的Ktrans值、AUC值要高于胰体与胰尾,且差异有统计学意义(P均0.05),而胰体与胰尾的Ktrans值、AUC值的差异无统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论 DCE-MRI可无创、无辐射的量化评估胰腺微循环灌注情况,从而为进一步研究AP灌注奠定理论和实践基础。     

鞍区黄色肉芽肿一例并文献复习

正患者男,6岁,于6月前无明显诱因出现左眼视物模糊,无头晕、头痛、恶心呕吐、吞咽困难等,外院行相应治疗后症状未见明显缓解。入院专科查体未见明显异常,实验室检查提示三碘甲状腺原氨酸(triiodothyronine,T3)、四碘甲状腺原氨酸(thyroxine,T4)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(free triiodothyronine,FT3)、游离四碘甲状腺原氨酸(free thyroxine,FT4)、黄体生成素(luteinizing     

一例越野训练致热射病患者的护理

热射病是一种致命性急症,临床上表现为高热和神志障碍,甚至出现弥散性血管内凝血（DIC）及多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）,对机体造成广泛的损伤,其病死率高。因此,早期诊断、快速降温及各脏器的对症支持治疗     

Multiple antipsychotic medication prescribing patterns

OBJECTIVE: To assess current prescribing practices regarding concomitant use of antipsychotic medications and summarize the reasons clinicians may prescribe >1 scheduled agent. METHODS: The pharmacy identified patients at William R Sharpe Jr Hospital currently receiving antipsychotic therapy. All patients receiving >/=2 scheduled antipsychotic agents concomitantly were included in the study. Data regarding the demographics, current medication combinations used, history of therapeutic regimens tried, and prescriber rationale were prospectively evaluated for a 60-day period beginning December 13, 2000, and ending February 10, 2001. Prescriber rationale for using >1 antipsychotic simultaneously and other drug therapy regimens that had been tried were compared with chart documentation and published therapeutic guidelines for schizophrenia. RESULTS: Over a 60-day surveillance period, 206 patients were placed on scheduled antipsychotic medications, with 85 (41%) receiving at least 2 agents. Responders to a prescriber questionnaire (59%) indicated the most common rationale for combination therapy was augmentation; the least likely rationale was cross-titration. Survey responses also indicated a belief that there was questionable therapeutic benefit in more than half of the patients being treated with multiple antipsychotic combinations. Additionally, chart documentation showed that the majority of these patients did not receive an adequate trial of monotherapy with other atypical or typical agents, or clozapine prior to the combination antipsychotic regimen. Fifty-one percent of medical records did not document the rationale for concomitant therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the lack of published data, the practice of using multiple antipsychotic agents is considered to be a gray area that requires the prescriber to be at a heightened level of awareness in assessing effectiveness and safety. Documentation of rationale, adverse effects, and response to the treatment regimen is essential in providing optimal care for the patient.     

Metabolic side effects of antipsychotic medication

The use of second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) is associated with metabolic side effects including weight gain, diabetes mellitus and an atherogenic lipid profile. These adverse effects are not only the risk factors for cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus leading to increased morbidity and mortality but may also impair the patient's adherence to treatment. SGAs in particular are associated with significant weight gain with clozapine and olanzapine carrying the highest risk, whereas newer agents, such as risperidone and aripiprazole, are considered to be less prone to cause weight gain. Consequently, a consensus development conference convened issuing recommendations on patient monitoring when treated with SGAs. The metabolic effects of antipsychotic drugs should be of concern when planning a patient's treatment strategy. Baseline screening and regular follow-up monitoring whose intervals should depend on the individual predisposition are advised. Possible therapeutical strategies for the management of drug-induced obesity include therapeutic approaches, such as life style change and pharmaceutical intervention. Drugs with a weight reducing effect become more important because of the lack of compliance with behavioural intervention. Topiramate, histamine-antagonists, dopaminergic- and serotoninergic agents have shown positive results in the management of psychotropic medication induced weight gain. However, further trials are required to support a specific therapeutical approach as well as studies to investigate the underlying mechanisms for future drug development.     

Australian case managers' views about the impact of antipsychotic medication on mental health consumers

This study examined case managers' views about antipsychotic medications and the impact of side‐effects on mental health consumers in a community setting. Nine case managers were purposively sampled and interviewed. Content analysis was used to generate a series of themes. The findings indicated that case managers perceived that a lack of consumer insight was one of the main reasons for wanting to reduce, or altogether cease, antipsychotic medication. However, case managers lacked an adequate level of knowledge about antipsychotic medication side‐effects. Without a sufficient level of knowledge, case managers may be unable to fully address consumers' concerns.     

A systematic review of cardiovascular effects after atypical antipsychotic medication overdose

As the use of atypical antipsychotic medications (AAPMs) increases, the number of overdoses continues to grow. Cardiovascular toxicity was common with older psychiatric medications but seems uncommon with AAPM. We conducted a systematic literature review to describe the cardiovascular effects reported after overdose of 5 common AAPM: aripiprazole, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, and ziprasidone. We included case reports and case series describing overdose of these 5 medications identified in a search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and abstracts from major toxicology meetings. We found 13 pediatric cases (age, <7 years), 22 adolescent cases (age, 7-16 years), and 185 adult cases. No pediatric case described a ventricular dysrhythmia or a cardiovascular death. In the adolescent and adult cases, we found numerous reports of prolonged corrected QT interval and hypotension, but there were only 3 cases of ventricular dysrhythmia and 3 deaths that may have been due to direct cardiovascular toxicity. The results from case series reports were similar to the single case report data. Our review suggests that overdose of AAPM is unlikely to cause significant cardiovascular toxicity.     

A comparative study of antipsychotic medication taking in people with schizophrenia

Medication adherence is problematic in all chronic illnesses, none more so than in individuals with schizophrenia. The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine the factors that impacted upon antipsychotic medication taking in people with schizophrenia living in regional–rural and metropolitan Victoria, Australia, and to assess if differences existed between these two groups of participants in the factors that affected medication taking. The Factors Influencing Neuroleptic Medication Taking Scale was used with a non‐probability survey sample of 81 people with schizophrenia. Ethics approval was given by university and hospital ethics committees. The results showed, overall, that there were no significant differences between the sets of participants in several demographic characteristics, insight, stigma, substance abuse, types of antipsychotic medications, significant others' support, and access to case managers and general practitioners. There were statistically significant differences between the two groups concerning living circumstances, involvement in religious/spiritual activities, perceived impact of medication side‐effects, and access to psychiatrists. However, there were no statistically significant relationships between these factors and medication omission. The implications of the findings for consumers, mental health nurse case managers, families, mental health service provision, and further research, are considered.     

Assessment of the side effects of antipsychotic medication

BACKGROUND: Antipsychotic medication is the first-line treatment for people with psychosis in the State Hospital, Carstairs: Scotland's only high-security forensic hospital. The Clinical Standards for Schizophrenia (Clinical Standards Board for Scotland 2001) require clinicians to use standardised rating scales to monitor the side effects associated with medication. Liverpool University Neuroleptic Side Effect Rating Scale (LUNSERS) (Day et al 1995) was implemented in the hospital in December 2003. A baseline audit was carried out following its implementation to establish the incidence of side effects. Of those patients audited (n=152), 87 (57 per cent) reported either low or medium (n=51, 34 per cent) LUNSERS scores, indicating an acceptable level of medication tolerance. CONCLUSION: It is expected that clinicians will continue to use LUNSERS as part of their routine clinical practice to help inform patients and meet national standards.     

Role of ethnicity in predicting antipsychotic medication adherence

BACKGROUND: Clinicians treating schizophrenia face increasingly diverse ethnic populations. Ethnic groups may have different approaches to the management of schizophrenia, which could impact antipsychotic medication adherence. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between adherence and ethnicity or the specific medication used after controlling for other factors. METHODS: Texas Medicaid claims were retrieved for persons aged 21-65 years, diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, after initiating treatment with olanzapine (n = 1875), risperidone (n = 982), or haloperidol (n = 726) between January 1997 and August 1998. The association between ethnicity (African American, Mexican American, white) or medication and days' use of the medication in the year following initiation was assessed using multivariate linear regression. Covariates included other patient demographics, region, comorbid mental health conditions, and prior medication and healthcare resource use. RESULTS: African American and Mexican American patients were significantly less adherent than white patients (19 d less, p < 0.001 for African Americans; 18 d less, p = 0.003 for Mexican Americans). For patients of all ethnicities, olanzapine was associated with 23 more adherent days than risperidone and 55 more adherent days than haloperidol (p < 0.001 for each comparison). CONCLUSIONS: When other factors were controlled for, ethnicity was a significant predictor of medication adherence following initiation on an antipsychotic medication, and patients of all ethnicities were most adherent when taking olanzapine, less adherent when taking risperidone, and least adherent when taking haloperidol.     

The effect of antipsychotic medication on metabolic syndrome

This article highlights the need for mental health nurses to take a proactive role in the identification and prevention of metabolic syndrome to improve quality of life for patients with schizophrenia. A range of strategies to help mental health nurses address some of the physical health problems associated with metabolic syndrome in individuals with schizophrenia is outlined.     

护理干预对抗精神病药物致代谢综合征患者生活质量的影响

目的：探讨护理干预对抗精神病药物致代谢综合征患者生活质量的影响。方法随机将60例患者分为对照组和干预组各30例,对照组按精神病、代谢综合征护理常规进行护理和健康教育;干预组在对照组的基础上针对疾病与治疗知识的认知及行为进行护理干预,干预3个月后比较两组空腹血糖、血脂( TC、TG、LDL-C)、血压、体重指数等指标改善情况及生活质量。结果干预3个月后,干预组空腹血糖、TC、TG、LDL-C、血压、体重指数改善均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义( P<0.05);两组患者生活质量8个维度(躯体健康、躯体角色功能、躯体疼痛、精力、社会功能、情绪角色功能、心理健康、总体健康)评分比较,干预组高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义( P<0.05)。结论护理干预促进了抗精神病药物致代谢综合征患者的康复,提高了患者的生活质量。