静息态脑功能磁共振成像的研究进展

人脑是目前所知的最完善、最复杂的动态信息处理系统。脑功能磁共振成像（fonctional Magnetic Resonance Imaging,f MRI）是一种新型的髙效的无辐射非介入性损伤的成像技术,现已广泛应用于脑功能研究[1]。近年来静息态脑功能磁共振成像（resting-state functional MRI,rf MRI）日益受到大家的关注,广泛应用于神经心理学和神经系统疾病影像学方面的基础与临床研究。     

脑功能磁共振成像的研究进展

在人类跨入新世纪的时候 ,脑神经科学也进入了一个关键时期。正电子发射体层扫描 (ｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｅｍｉｓｓｉｔｉｏｎｔｏｍｏｇｒａ ｐｈｙ,ＰＥＴ)和功能性磁共振成像 (ｆｕｎｃ ｔｉｏｎａｌｍａｇｎｅｔｉｃｒｅｓｏｎａｎｃｅｉｍａｇｉｎｇ ,ｆＭＲＩ)技术发挥了重要作用 ,而ｆＭＲＩ为临床ＭＲ诊断从单一形态学研究到形态与功能相结合的系统研究开辟了一条崭新的道路 ,近年来很多学者已经对其进行了深入研究 ,现将ｆＭＲＩ相关研究及新进展综述如下。1　ｆＭＲＩ发展史回顾美国学者Ｏｇａｗａ[1] 在 1990年首先发现血液中的脱氧…     

正常人脑静息态功能磁共振的脑功能连接

目的探讨正常人脑静息状态下的不同专属脑网络间的连接强度及其意义。方法选取36名健康受试者进行静息态功能磁共振(rs-fMRI)扫描,采用独立成分分析(ICA)方法分离静息状态五大专属性功能脑网络,将五大脑网络分别作为感兴趣区,并采用多变量Granger因果分析方法(GCA)分析相关脑网络之间的功能因果连接的强度关系。采用SPM5.0软件进行分析处理。结果应用ICA方法得到5个经典的正常人静息态脑网络成分,分别为默认网络(DMN)、记忆网络(MeN)、运动网络(MoN)、听觉网络(AN)和执行控制网络(ECN)。GCA分析表明,DMN和其余4个网络之间、MeN和ECN之间、AN和MoN之间、ECN和AN之间均存在显著的因果联系。结论正常人在静息状态下存在特定的脑功能连接网络,且这些网络之间有着显著的因果联系。     

静息态功能磁共振成像在癫痫中的研究进展

癫痫是一种慢性神经系统疾病,其分类广泛、机制复杂,具有反复发作和不可预测的特点,对患者的生活造成了一定的影响。深度了解其病理生理机制对疾病的治疗和提高患者生活质量十分重要,静息态功能磁共振成像(resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging,rs-fMRI)现已成为探究癫痫脑功能改变的有效方法。目前基于rs-fMRI研究癫痫的数据分析方法主要有低频振幅(amplitude of low frequency fluctuation,ALFF)、局部一致性(regional homogeneity,ReHo)、功能连接(function connection,FC)和图论分析。本文将对rs-fMRI的各种分析方法在癫痫中的应用作一综述,为癫痫的病理生理机制及术前定位、治疗提供重要参考。     

2型糖尿病认知功能损害及其静息态功能磁共振成像研究进展

糖尿病认知损害是糖尿病在中枢神经系统的常见并发症,静息状态下脑活动的异常是糖尿病认知损害的表现之一。静息态功能磁共振基于血氧水平依赖成像,按分析方法分为功能分离和功能整合两类,反映大脑神经活动变化情况。功能磁共振成像新技术的不断发展使糖尿病早期认知损害的检出成为可能,尤其是静息态功能磁共振成像具有非侵入性、无电离辐射且时空分辨率较高等优势,已逐渐成为研究认知损害神经生理机制的有效手段。在我国,因2型糖尿病占糖尿病的90%以上而成为研究热点,本文将围绕静息态功能磁共振成像在2型糖尿病认知损害中的研究与应用予以综述。     

静息状态脑功能连接磁共振成像的分析方法及应用

多数功能磁共振成像(fMRI)研究是在特定的实验任务条件下对大脑的活动进行分析.然而,大脑在静息状态下仍存在自发神经元活动,这些自发活动具有较强的低频同步性,对于静息状态下的大脑活动的研究有利于全面认识大脑的内在活动机制.本文主要综述目前静息状态脑功能连接fMRI常用分析方法及其在临床疾病中的初步应用.     

急慢性疼痛脑磁共振动态功能连接分析研究进展

疼痛作为一种令人不悦的主观感受,不仅与注意力、情绪、运动等紧密相关,并且具有动态特性.这种复杂且动态的交互关系可能反映了疼痛处理的神经编码机制.借助以功能磁共振成像为代表的无创神经影像学方法,已发现脑网络的异常激活参与疼痛产生.动态功能连接(dynamic functional connectivity,dFC)作为一...     

帕金森病辅助运动区静息态脑网络功能磁共振研究进展

静息态功能磁共振成像(resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging,rs-fMRI)研究已被广泛应用于帕金森病(Parkinson's disease,PD)等神经退行性疾病的病理生理分析.帕金森患者的症状包括运动症状及非运动症状,辅助运动区(supplementary motor area,SMA)与帕金森病的病理生理有关.在这篇综述中,笔者总结了PD患者有关SMA区的rs-fMRI研究,反映了大脑网络重组与适应的变化,以跟踪和预测帕金森病的进展.     

静息态功能磁共振成像观察正常人听觉皮层功能

目的 探讨正常人听觉皮层与全脑的正相关及负相关的功能连接.方法 采用静息态下平面回波成像技术采集44名健康受试者fMRI数据,分别以左侧及右侧AⅠ区为种子点,用功能连接的方法观察左、右大脑初级听觉皮层与全脑的正相关及负相关功能连接脑图.结果 分别以双侧AⅠ区为种子点时,正激活的脑网络主要包含双侧AⅠ、AⅡ、岛叶、辅助运动区及扣带回,以同侧为主;与右侧AⅠ区相关的正激活脑区还包括同侧背侧丘脑.与双侧AⅠ区相关的负激活脑网络与脑默认网络大体一致,主要包括双侧后扣带回/楔前叶、额叶内侧回、顶下小叶,双侧小脑半球可见明显激活.结论 静息态磁共振功能连接可满意显示听觉皮层的连接脑图.正相关功能连接主要局限在听觉系统内,负相关功能连接类似于默认网络.     

无灶性癫痫静息态功能MRI的功能连接研究

目的应用静息态功能MRI(rs-f MRI)功能连接方法(FC)研究无灶性癫痫(NLE)的脑功能改变,探论FC对NLE的应用价值。加深对NLE病理生理机制的理解,为其诊断及治疗提供可靠的理论依据。材料与方法对43例NLE患者和46例性别、年龄、教育程度及利手相匹配的健康志愿者(对照组),采用3.0 T超导MR扫描仪进行静息态功能序列扫描,然后将病例组与对照组分别进行FC分析,再对ALFF分析结果进行两样本t检验分析,并分析FC统计脑图与病程的相关性。结果与正常对照组相比,病例组右侧海马FC增加的脑区位于右颞上回、左颞下回、双颞中回、双前额内侧回,右额中回;左侧海马FC增加的脑区位于双颞上回、左海马旁回、左额叶、右前额内侧回、左顶下小叶、右中央后回。右侧海马FC降低的脑区位于左内囊膝、左顶下小叶、右扣带回、左额上回、左额叶;左侧海马降低的脑区位于右小脑后叶、左小脑前叶、右颞上回、右丘脑。病例组右侧海马FC病程正相关的脑区位于:左额下回、左颞下回、左颞上回、右额叶、右楔前叶、右顶叶、右顶下小叶、右额中回;左侧海马FC与病程正相关的脑区位于左舌回、双额中回、左顶下小叶、右中央后回。病例组右侧海马FC与病程呈负相关的脑区位于左小脑前叶、左内囊膝;病例组左侧海马FC与病程负相关的脑区位于左小脑扁桃体、左额上回、右颞上回、左楔前叶。结论 ALFF和FC方法可作为一种无创的脑功能研究方法,能检测出NLE静息态脑功能变化,了解与临床变量(病程)的相关性,为癫痫的病理生理机制研究提供可靠的理论依据。     

基于VMHC方法的青少年网络成瘾静息态功能磁共振成像研究

目的基于体素-镜像同伦连接(voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity,VMHC)技术研究网络成瘾青少年大脑半球功能连接的改变。材料与方法收集18名网络成瘾青少年以及18名配对正常对照组被试者静息态功能磁共振成像数据以及结构像数据,获取基于VMHC方法计算的被试大脑半球间的功能连接,分析组间VMHC差异以及差异脑区平均VMHC值与被试上网时间的关系,并分析VMHC对网络成瘾的诊断意义。结果网瘾组内侧前额叶VMHC显著增强(VMHC值_网瘾组=0.45,VMHC值_对照组=0.29,P<0.001),该脑区平均VMHC值与网瘾组被试周上网时间具有显著正相关(r=0.48,P=0.003)。受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线结果显示内侧前额叶平均VMHC值对于网瘾青少年具有一定的诊断价值[曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)=0.86,最佳阈值=0.41,敏感度为72%,特异度为94%]。结论内侧前额叶增强的VMHC值提示网瘾青少年两半球间功能连接改变,并为网络成瘾的诊断提供了客观的影像学依据。     

Interhemispheric neuroplasticity following limb deafferentation detected by resting-state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (fcMRI) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (fcMRI) studies in rat brain show brain reorganization following peripheral nerve injury. Subacute neuroplasticity was observed 2 weeks following transection of the four major nerves of the brachial plexus. Direct stimulation of the intact radial nerve reveals a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activation pattern in the forelimb regions of the sensory and motor cortices that is significantly different from that observed in normal rats. Results of this fMRI experiment were used to determine seed voxel regions for fcMRI analysis. Intrahemispheric connectivities in the sensorimotor forelimb representations in both hemispheres are largely unaffected by deafferentation, whereas substantial disruption of interhemispheric sensorimotor cortical connectivity occurs. In addition, significant intra- and interhemispheric changes in connectivities of thalamic nuclei were found. These are the central findings of the study. They could not have been obtained from fMRI studies alone—both fMRI and fcMRI are needed. The combination provides a general marker for brain plasticity. The rat visual system was studied in the same animals as a control. No neuroplastic changes in connectivities were found in the primary visual cortex upon forelimb deafferentation. Differences were noted in regions responsible for processing multisensory visual-motor information. This incidental discovery is considered to be significant. It may provide insight into phantom limb epiphenomena.     

A review of current evidence-based clinical applications for breast magnetic resonance imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important new tool for imaging of the breast. MRI has now been demonstrated to be the most sensitive imaging method for detecting breast carcinoma, allowing depiction of cancers that are occult on mammography, ultrasound, and clinical breast examination. This is tempered by imperfect specificity due to overlap in the features of benign and malignant lesions, and by higher examination cost and more limited availability compared to other breast imaging tests. This article describes the current evidence-based clinical indications for use of breast MRI. Specifically, MRI has been shown to be advantageous for cancer assessment for screening patients at high risk, evaluating patients with a new breast cancer diagnosis, monitoring patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and evaluating patients with metastatic axillary adenocarcinoma and unknown primary site. This tool has also been shown to be useful for the evaluation of silicone breast implant integrity. Employment of breast MRI as a problem solving technique for equivocal mammographic or clinical findings is controversial. For each of these clinical applications, the evidence regarding the diagnostic accuracy of breast MRI will be reviewed. An understanding of the current evidence will facilitate the most appropriate utilization of this important medical resource.     

双相情感障碍的静息态功能MRI研究进展

磁共振成像(MRI)技术在评估脑解剖结构及功能变化方面得到日益广泛的应用,并逐渐成为临床研究双相障碍(BD)的重要工具。作者就静息态功能磁共振成像的常用分析方法及其在BD研究中的应用进展进行文献综述,以期为BD的病理机制研究提供影像学依据。     

静息态磁共振功能连接方法的多模态应用

目的 探讨度中心度(DC)、镜像组织功能连接(VMHC)和基于感兴趣区的功能连接(ROI-FC)3种多模态静息态磁共振功能连接类数据处理方法在反映脑功能信息中的价值.方法 采集10名正常志愿者和10例亚急性期脑桥梗死患者的静息态fMRI数据.首先采用DC和VMHC对数据进行预分析,获得梗死患者脑功能显著改变的脑区作为ROI,然后采用ROI-FC分析梗死患者脑功能网络的改变.结果 采用DC未得到有意义的结果,VMHC发现患者左右顶下小叶/角回功能连接显著降低,以此为ROI,ROI-FC发现患者右楔前叶、左顶下小叶、左右颞中回、左右额中回功能连接降低,左额中回/中央前回、左额上回和右扣带回后部/楔前叶的功能连接增强.结论 综合应用DC、VMHC和ROI-FC 3种静息态fMRI功能连接类数据处理方法,可发现脑桥梗死患者相关的脑功能网络紊乱,为脑梗死的临床研究提供有价值的信息.     

Informing brain connectivity with optogenetic functional magnetic resonance imaging

Optogenetic functional magnetic resonance imaging (ofMRI) is a novel approach that combines optogenetic control of neural circuits with high-field functional MRI. Optogenetics is a neuro-modulation technology in which light-activated trans-membrane conductance regulators are introduced into specifically targeted cell types to allow temporally precise, millisecond-scale activity modulation in vivo. By combining optogenetic control with fMRI readout, neural activity arising from specific circuit elements defined by genetic identity, cell body location, and axonal projection targets can be monitored in vivo across the whole brain. These unique features of ofMRI open new vistas for in vivo characterization of the dense plexus of neural connections according to their type and functionality.     

An investigation of functional and anatomical connectivity using magnetic resonance imaging

This article examines functional and anatomical connectivity in healthy human subjects measured with magnetic resonance imaging methods. Anatomical connectivity in white matter is obtained from measurements of the diffusion tensor. A Monte-Carlo simulation determines the probability that a particle diffuses between two points, with the probability of a jump in a particular direction from a given voxel being based on the local value of the diffusion tensor components. Functional connectivity between grey matter pixels is assessed without recourse to a specific activation paradigm, by calculating the correlation coefficient between random fluctuations in the blood oxygenation level-dependent signal time course in different pixels. The methods are used to examine the anatomical and functional connectivities between crowns of adjacent gyri. A high functional connectivity was found between grey matter pixels, with white matter displaying only very low correlation. A comparison of the measurements of anatomical and functional connectivity found that there is no simple correlation between these measures, except that low values of functional connectivity were not found together with high values of anatomical connectivity. Furthermore pairs of regions situated around the central sulcus indicated a dependence of the two connectivity measures on each other. These results are in accordance with an interpretation that regions which are clearly directly linked by white matter fiber tracts should show high functional connectivity, but that the inverse need not be true as functional connectivity may also be indirectly mediated via more distant grey matter regions.