血管重建术治疗颅内复杂动脉瘤围手术期护理体会

目的探讨血管重建治疗颅内复杂动脉瘤围手术期的护理体会。方法回顾性总结15例颅内外行搭桥血管重建技术治疗复杂颅内动脉瘤临床治疗围手术期护理资料。结果患者手术均顺利,手术治疗后痊愈8例,症状明显好转3例,术后未发生护理并发症,均顺利出院;死亡4例。结论血管重建治疗颅内复杂动脉瘤创伤大、手术难度高,围手术期的精心护理以及严密监控能为手术顺利进行提供保障,提高了手术成功率,促进患者健康恢复,提高术后生活质量。     

血管内支架置入术治疗大动脉炎的围手术期护理

目的 探讨血管内支架置入术治疗大动脉炎的围术期的护理。方法 对80例行血管内支置入术患者术前有针对性的围手术期护理,术前、术中、术后严密监测血压、脉搏等体征,并加强对局部出血、栓塞、感染等并发症的观察。结果 本组患者术后血压及其它狭窄症状均明显改善。其中4例术中出现下肢动脉血栓,3例术后出现穿刺点渗血,经积极治疗、护理后痊愈。结论 合理有效的围术期护理是血管内支架治疗大动脉炎性主动脉狭窄成功的一个重要保障。     

经皮血管内支架成形术治疗颈动脉狭窄30例围术期护理

目的:探讨对颈动脉狭窄行经皮血管内支架成形术围术期的护理方法.方法:对30例颈动脉狭窄患者的42条血管置入42枚支架,在围术期对患者进行精心护理.结果:手术成功率为100%,手术过程顺利,患者生命体征平稳,术后无严重并发症发生,且临床症状及体征明显改善.结论:对颈动脉狭窄接受经皮血管内支架成形术治疗的患者在围术期进行精心护理,是提高治疗效果的重要保证.     

血管内支架治疗大动脉炎性主动脉狭窄的护理

目的 :探讨血管内支架置入术治疗大动脉炎性主动脉狭窄患者的围术期观察及护理要点。方法 :对 11例手术患者术前进行有针对性的心理护理 ,术中及术后严密监测血压 ,并加强对出血、栓塞、感染等并发症的观察。结果 :11例患者术后血压及狭窄症状均明显改善。其中 1例术中出现下肢动脉血栓 ,1例术后出现穿刺点渗血 ,经积极治疗护理后痊愈。结论 :合理有效的围术期护理是血管内支架治疗大动脉炎性主动脉狭窄成功的一个重要保障     

颅内外血管搭桥治疗颅内复杂动脉瘤的观察与护理

目的:探讨颅内外血管搭桥治疗颅内复杂动脉瘤围手术期的观察与护理。方法:17例行颅内外血管搭桥手术的颅内复杂动脉病人根据其具体情况,在围手术期给予严密的观察和精心的护理。结果:病人均顺利手术。手术治疗后痊愈12例,症状明显好转5例,术后未出现明显并发症,均顺利出院。结论:颅内外血管搭桥虽然手术方式复杂,手术时间较长,但通过围手术期细致、耐心的健康宣教、心理护理、基础护理以及严密监测等综合措施,可提高手术效果,确保病人得到良好的康复。     

经皮血管内支架成形术治疗颈动脉狭窄30例围术期护理

目的：探讨对颈动脉狭窄行经皮血管内支架成形术围术期的护理方法。方法：对30例颈动脉狭窄患者的42条血管置入42枚支架，在围术期对患者进行精心护理。结果：手术成功率为100％，手术过程顺利，患者生命体征平稳，术后无严重并发症发生，且临床症状及体征明显改善。结论：对颈动脉狭窄接受经皮血管内支架成形术治疗的患者在围术期进行精心护理，是提高治疗效果的重要保证。     

7例移植肾动脉狭窄病人介入治疗围术期护理

[目的]对单中心7例移植肾动脉狭窄(transplant renal arterystenosis,TRAS)病人经过介入治疗后情况的回顾性研究,探讨移植肾动脉狭窄病人介入治疗围术期护理。[方法]统计单中心近3年来182例同种异体肾移植手术病人的临床表现、肾功能检查、影像学检查等资料。对出现TRAS症状前后尿量、血肌酐、血压、水肿程度等数据的变化进行比较分析,归纳此类病人围术期的护理要点和重要性。[结果]7例肾移植术后肾动脉狭窄的病人均接受了介入手术治疗,1例在接单纯球囊扩张的过程中出现血管破裂,4例单纯球囊扩张、2例支架植入均成功,经过介入治疗成功的6例病人中,术后均未发生血栓、出血、再狭窄等严重并发症。病人介入前少尿、血压居高不下(药物控制效果差)、体重增加、水肿、负荷量增加、肾功能减退、心理状态差等情况得到完全改善。[结论]良好的围术期护理是TRAS介入治疗成功后减少术后并发症、扭转术前不良临床表现的重要保障之一,对术后病人提高生活质量起到关键作用。     

高龄中重度肺功能减退行冠状动脉搭桥患者的围手术期护理

目的 探讨70岁以上高龄冠状动脉搭桥患者围手术期的护理体会.方法 回顾分析102例中重度肺功能减退的高龄冠状动脉搭桥患者围手术期护理.结果 经过精心治疗和护理,102例患者均治愈出院.结论 加强术前呼吸道准备及术后呼吸道管理对预防并发症发生十分重要.     

颈动脉狭窄行血管内支架成形术50例围术期护理

目的：探讨颈动脉狭窄行血管内支架成形术患者围术期的护理方法。方法：对50例患者术前做好心理护理、术前准备、手术配合,术后针对切口出血及并发症进行精心观察及护理。结果：本组均成功植入支架,患者临床症状改善,未发生并发症。结论：血管内支架成形术治疗颈动脉狭窄安全、有效,但由于疾病特点和此类新技术的应用,周密、细致的围术期护理十分重要。     

急诊冠脉搭桥患者围术期的护理

目的探讨急诊冠状动脉搭桥术患者围术期的护理方法,提高患者抢救成功率。方法分析18例急诊冠脉搭桥手术患者围术期危险因素及死亡原因,护理上对患者围术期进行密切多系统监护,维持血流动力学稳定,防止心律失常、出血、低心排综合征及重要脏器损害等各种并发症。结果本组18例患者中,16例恢复出院,2例术后死亡,病死率11.11％;5例出现围术期并发症,占27．78％。结论急诊冠脉搭桥手术患者死亡发生率高,围手术期有效的处理及护理,可提高患者抢救成功率。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.